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Tasić N, Konjević I, Lobato A, Metarapi D, Finšgar M, Oliveira FM, Sofer Z, Gusmão R, Zhang X, Hočevar SB. Study of V 2CT x-MXene Based Immunosensor for Sensitive Label-Free Impedimetric Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:30196-30208. [PMID: 38814245 PMCID: PMC11181268 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c04567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Rapid and reliable immunosensing is undoubtedly one of the priorities in the efficient management and combat against a pandemic, as society has experienced with the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak; simple and cost-effective sensing strategies are at the forefront of these efforts. In this regard, 2D-layered MXenes hold great potential for electrochemical biosensing due to their attractive physicochemical properties. Herein, we present a V2CTx MXene-based sensing layer as an integral part of a label-free immunosensor for sensitive and selective detection of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. The sensor was fabricated on a supporting screen-printed carbon electrode using Nafion as an immobilizing agent for MXene and glutaraldehyde, the latter enabling effective binding of protein A for further site-oriented immobilization of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. A thorough structural analysis of the sensor architecture was carried out, and several key parameters affecting the fabrication and analytical performance of the immunosensor were investigated and optimized. The immunosensor showed excellent electroanalytical performance in combination with an impedimetric approach and exhibited a low detection limit of only 45 fM SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Its practical applicability was successfully demonstrated by measuring the spike protein in a spiked artificial nasopharyngeal fluid sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Tasić
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova ulica 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ivan Konjević
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova ulica 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University
of Ljubljana, Večna
pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alnilan Lobato
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova ulica 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- International
Postgraduate School Jožef Štefan, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dino Metarapi
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova ulica 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matjaž Finšgar
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University
of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Filipa M. Oliveira
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry
and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Praha 6-Dejvice, Czech Republic
| | - Zděnek Sofer
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry
and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Praha 6-Dejvice, Czech Republic
| | - Rui Gusmão
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry
and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Praha 6-Dejvice, Czech Republic
| | - Xueji Zhang
- School
of
Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University
Health Science Center, 3688 Nanhai Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518054, Guangdong P.R. China
| | - Samo B. Hočevar
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova ulica 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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