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Ramesova A, Vesela B, Svandova E, Lesot H, Matalova E. Caspase-9 inhibition decreases expression of Mmp9 during chondrogenesis. Histochem Cell Biol 2022; 157:403-413. [PMID: 34999953 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-021-02067-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Besides cell death, caspase-9 participates in non-apoptotic events, including cell differentiation. To evaluate a possible impact on the expression of chondrogenic/osteogenic factors, a caspase-9 inhibitor was tested in vitro. For this purpose, mouse forelimb-derived micromass cultures, the most common chondrogenic in vitro model, were used. The following analyses were performed based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) arrays and real-time PCR. The expression of several chondrogenesis-related genes was shown to be altered, some of which may impact chondrogenic differentiation (Bmp4, Bmp7, Sp7, Gli1), mineral deposition (Alp, Itgam) or the remodelling of the extracellular matrix (Col1a2, Mmp9) related to endochondral ossification. From the cluster of genes with altered expression, Mmp9 showed the most significant decrease in expression, of more than 50-fold. Additionally, we determined the possible impact of caspase-9 downregulation on the expression of other Mmp genes. A mild increase in Mmp14 was observed, but there was no change in the expression of other studied Mmp genes (-2, -3, -8, -10, -12, -13). Interestingly, inhibition of Mmp9 in micromasses led to decreased expression of some chondrogenic markers related to caspase-9. These samples also showed a decreased expression of caspase-9 itself, suggesting a bidirectional regulation of these two enzymes. These results indicate a specific impact of caspase-9 inhibition on the expression of Mmp9. The localisation of these two enzymes overlaps in resting, proliferative and pre-hypertrophic chondrocytes during in vivo development, which supports their multiple functions, either apoptotic or non-apoptotic. Notably, a coincidental expression pattern was identified in Pik3cg, a possible candidate for Mmp9 regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ramesova
- Laboratory of Odontogenesis and Osteogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - B Vesela
- Laboratory of Odontogenesis and Osteogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - E Svandova
- Laboratory of Odontogenesis and Osteogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic. .,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary University, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - H Lesot
- Laboratory of Odontogenesis and Osteogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - E Matalova
- Laboratory of Odontogenesis and Osteogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary University, Brno, Czech Republic
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A Pilot Study of Seamless Regeneration of Bone and Cartilage in Knee Joint Regeneration Using Honeycomb TCP. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14237225. [PMID: 34885378 PMCID: PMC8658628 DOI: 10.3390/ma14237225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The knee joint is a continuous structure of bone and cartilage tissue, making it difficult to regenerate using artificial biomaterials. In a previous study, we succeeded in developing honeycomb tricalcium phosphate (TCP), which has through-and-through holes and is able to provide the optimum microenvironment for hard tissue regeneration. We demonstrated that TCP with 300 μm pore diameters (300TCP) induced vigorous bone formation, and that TCP with 75 μm pore diameters (75TCP) induced cartilage formation. In the present study, we regenerated a knee joint defect using honeycomb TCP. 75TCP and 300TCP were loaded with transforming growth factor (TGF)-β alone or bone morphogenic protein (BMP)-2+TGF-β with or without Matrigel and transplanted into knee joint defect model rabbits. 75TCP showed no bone or cartilage tissue formation in any of the groups with TGF-β alone and BMP-2+TGF-β with/without Matrigel. However, for 300TCP and BMP-2+TGF-β with or without Matrigel, vigorous bone tissue formation was observed in the TCP holes, and cartilage tissue formation in the TCP surface layer was continuous with the existing cartilage. The cartilage area in the TCP surface was larger in the group without Matrigel (with BMP-2+TGF-β) than in the group with Matrigel (with BMP-2+TGF-β). Therefore, honeycomb TCP can induce the seamless regeneration of bone and cartilage in a knee joint.
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Burton CW, DiFeo Childs R, McClellan P, Yu Q, Bundy J, Gao M, Evans E, Landis W. Silica/polycaprolactone nanofiber scaffold variants for human periosteal cell growth. J Biomed Mater Res A 2019; 107:791-801. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Phillip McClellan
- University of Akron; Akron Ohio
- Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland Ohio
| | - Qing Yu
- University of Akron; Akron Ohio
| | - Joshua Bundy
- University of Akron; Akron Ohio
- Indiana University; Bloomington Indiana
| | - Min Gao
- Kent State University; Kent Ohio
| | | | - William Landis
- University of Akron; Akron Ohio
- University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco California
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Liu S, Zhang E, Yang M, Lu L. Overexpression of Wnt11 promotes chondrogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in synergism with TGF-β. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 390:123-31. [PMID: 24474615 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-1963-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), the most widely used cell source for cartilage tissue engineering, are multipotent cells which have been shown to differentiate into various mesenchyme-lineage cell types including chondrocytes. However, the molecular mechanisms controlling the chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs remain to be fully elucidated. It has been demonstrated that Wnt signaling involves regulating chondrogenesis and MSC differentiation. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of Wnt11, a member of noncanonical Wnts, in MSCs during chondrogenic differentiation. We observed that overexpression of Wnt11 inhibited proliferation of MSCs and caused a G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. The expression level of chondrogenic markers, aggrecan and Collagen II, was significantly increased in MSCs transduced with Wnt11 as compared with non-transduced cells or MSCs transduced with the empty lentiviral vector. Furthermore, ectopic expression of Wnt11 stimulated gene expression of chondrogenic regulators, SRY-related gene 9, Runt-related transcription factor 2, and Indian hedgehog. Finally, Wnt11 overexpression promoted chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs in synergism with TGF-β. Collectively, these results indicate that Wnt11 plays a crucial role in regulating MSC chondrogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, 117 North Nanjing Street, 110001, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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Chung R, Foster BK, Xian CJ. Inhibition of protein kinase-D promotes cartilage repair at injured growth plate in rats. Injury 2013; 44:914-22. [PMID: 23427856 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2013.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Injured growth plate cartilage is often repaired by bony tissue, causing bone growth defects in children. Currently, mechanisms for the undesirable repair remain unclear and there are no biological treatments available to prevent the associated bone growth defects. Osterix is known as a vital transcription factor for osteoblast differentiation which is critical for normal bone formation and bone repair, and osterix is known to be regulated by protein kinase-D; however it is unknown whether protein kinase-D-osterix signalling plays any roles in the bony repair of injured growth plate. METHODS Using a rat model, this study investigated potential roles of protein kinase-D (PKD) in regulating expression of osteogenic transcription factor osterix and the growth plate bony repair. 4 days post injury at the proximal tibial growth plate, rats received four once-daily injections of vehicle or 2.35 mg/kg gö6976 (a PKD inhibitor), and growth plate tissues collected at day 10 were examined histologically and molecularly. In addition, effects of PKD inhibition on osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation were examined in vitro using rat bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells. RESULTS Compared to vehicle control, PKD inhibition caused a decrease in bone volume (p<0.05), an increase in % of mesenchymal tissue (p<0.01), and an increase in cartilaginous tissue within the injury site. Consistently, gö6976 treatment tended to decrease expression of bone-related genes (osterix, osteocalcin) and increase levels of cartilage-related genes (Sox9, collagen-2a, collagen-10a1). In support, in vitro experiments showed that gö6976 presence in the primary rat marrow stromal cell culture resulted in a decrease of alkaline phosphatase(+) CFU-f colonies formed (p<0.05) and an increase in collagen-2a expression in chondrogenic pellet culture (p<0.05). CONCLUSION These studies suggest that PKD is important for growth plate bony repair and its inhibition after growth plate injury may result in less bone formation and potentially more cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Chung
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
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Wu L, Cai X, Zhang S, Karperien M, Lin Y. Regeneration of articular cartilage by adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stem cells: perspectives from stem cell biology and molecular medicine. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:938-44. [PMID: 23042088 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) have been discovered for more than a decade. Due to the large numbers of cells that can be harvested with relatively little donor morbidity, they are considered to be an attractive alternative to bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells. Consequently, isolation and differentiation of ASCs draw great attention in the research of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Cartilage defects cause big therapeutic problems because of their low self-repair capacity. Application of ASCs in cartilage regeneration gives hope to treat cartilage defects with autologous stem cells. In recent years, a lot of studies have been performed to test the possibility of using ASCs to re-construct damaged cartilage tissue. In this article, we have reviewed the most up-to-date articles utilizing ASCs for cartilage regeneration in basic and translational research. Our topic covers differentiation of adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stem cells into chondrocytes, increased cartilage formation by co-culture of ASCs with chondrocytes and enhancing chondrogenic differentiation of ASCs by gene manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
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Torreggiani E, Lisignoli G, Manferdini C, Lambertini E, Penolazzi L, Vecchiatini R, Gabusi E, Chieco P, Facchini A, Gambari R, Piva R. Role of Slug transcription factor in human mesenchymal stem cells. J Cell Mol Med 2012; 16:740-51. [PMID: 21645238 PMCID: PMC3822845 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2011.01352.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathways that control mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) differentiation are not well understood, and although some of the involved transcription factors (TFs) have been characterized, the role of others remains unclear. We used human MSCs from tibial plateau (TP) trabecular bone, iliac crest (IC) bone marrow and Wharton’s jelly (WJ) umbilical cord demonstrating a variability in their mineral matrix deposition, and in the expression levels of TFs including Runx2, Sox9, Sox5, Sox6, STAT1 and Slug, all involved in the control of osteochondroprogenitors differentiation program. Because we reasoned that the basal expression level of some TFs with crucial role in the control of MSC fate may be correlated with osteogenic potential, we considered the possibility to affect the hMSCs behaviour by using gene silencing approach without exposing cells to induction media. In this study we found that Slug-silenced cells changed in morphology, decreased in their migration ability, increased Sox9 and Sox5 and decreased Sox6 and STAT1 expression. On the contrary, the effect of Slug depletion on Runx2 was influenced by cell type. Interestingly, we demonstrated a direct in vivo regulatory action of Slug by chromatin immunoprecipitation, showing a specific recruitment of this TF in the promoter of Runx2 and Sox9 genes. As a whole, our findings have important potential implication on bone tissue engineering applications, reinforcing the concept that manipulation of specific TF expression levels may elucidate MSC biology and the molecular mechanisms, which promote osteogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Torreggiani
- Dipartimento di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare, Sezione di Biologia Molecolare, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Yoshida CA, Komori H, Maruyama Z, Miyazaki T, Kawasaki K, Furuichi T, Fukuyama R, Mori M, Yamana K, Nakamura K, Liu W, Toyosawa S, Moriishi T, Kawaguchi H, Takada K, Komori T. SP7 inhibits osteoblast differentiation at a late stage in mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32364. [PMID: 22396760 PMCID: PMC3292551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
RUNX2 and SP7 are essential transcription factors for osteoblast differentiation at an early stage. Although RUNX2 inhibits osteoblast differentiation at a late stage, the function of SP7 at the late stage of osteoblast differentiation is not fully elucidated. Thus, we pursued the function of SP7 in osteoblast differentiation. RUNX2 induced Sp7 expression in Runx2−/− calvarial cells. Adenoviral transfer of sh-Sp7 into primary osteoblasts reduced the expression of Alpl, Col1a1, and Bglap2 and mineralization, whereas that of Sp7 reduced Bglap2 expression and mineralization at a late stage of osteoblast differentiation. Sp7 transgenic mice under the control of 2.3 kb Col1a1 promoter showed osteopenia and woven-bone like structure in the cortical bone, which was thin and less mineralized, in a dose-dependent manner. Further, the number of processes in the osteoblasts and osteocytes was reduced. Although the osteoblast density was increased, the bone formation was reduced. The frequency of BrdU incorporation was increased in the osteoblastic cells, while the expression of Col1a1, Spp1, Ibsp, and Bglap2 was reduced. Further, the osteopenia in Sp7 or Runx2 transgenic mice was worsened in Sp7/Runx2 double transgenic mice and the expression of Col1a1 and Bglap2 was reduced. The expression of Sp7 and Runx2 was not increased in Runx2 and Sp7 transgenic mice, respectively. The expression of endogenous Sp7 was increased in Sp7 transgenic mice and Sp7-transduced cells; the introduction of Sp7 activated and sh-Sp7 inhibited Sp7 promoter; and ChIP assay showed the binding of endogenous SP7 in the proximal region of Sp7 promoter. These findings suggest that SP7 and RUNX2 inhibit osteoblast differentiation at a late stage in a manner independent of RUNX2 and SP7, respectively, and SP7 positively regulates its own promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina A. Yoshida
- Department of Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hisato Komori
- Department of Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Zenjiro Maruyama
- Department of Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Miyazaki
- Department of Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Keishi Kawasaki
- Department of Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Furuichi
- Department of Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Ryo Fukuyama
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, Kure, Japan
| | - Masako Mori
- Department of Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kei Yamana
- Teijin Institute for Biomedical Research, Teijin, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kouhei Nakamura
- Department of Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Periodontology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Wenguang Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Satoru Toyosawa
- Department of Oral Pathology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Takeshi Moriishi
- Department of Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kawaguchi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Takada
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Komori
- Department of Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
RUNX2 is an essential transcription factor for osteoblast differentiation and chondrocyte maturation. SP7, another transcription factor, is required for osteoblast differentiation. Major signaling pathways, including FGF, Wnt, and IHH, also play important roles in skeletal development. RUNX2 regulates Sp7 expression at an early stage of osteoblast differentiation. FGF2 upregulates Runx2 expression and activates RUNX2, and gain-of-function mutations of FGFRs cause craniosynostosis and limb defect with upregulation of Runx2 expression. Wnt signaling upregulates Runx2 expression and activates RUNX2, and RUNX2 induces Tcf7 expression. IHH is required for Runx2 expression in osteoprogenitor cells during endochondral bone development, and RUNX2 directly regulates Ihh expression in chondrocytes. Thus, RUNX2 regulates osteoblast differentiation and chondrocyte maturation through the network with SP7 and with FGF, Wnt, and IHH signaling pathways during skeletal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihisa Komori
- Department of Cell Biology, Unit of Basic Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan.
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Mandal CC, Drissi H, Choudhury GG, Ghosh-Choudhury N. Integration of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, Akt kinase, and Smad signaling pathway in BMP-2-induced osterix expression. Calcif Tissue Int 2010; 87:533-40. [PMID: 20872216 PMCID: PMC3055166 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-010-9419-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Accepted: 07/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Osterix (Osx), a BMP-2-regulated transcription factor, controls expression of genes essential for osteoblast differentiation. Using progressive deletion of the Osx promoter, we characterized a Smad binding element (SBE) between -552 and -839 bp from its transcription start site. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay showed binding and in vivo recruitment of Smads 1 and 5 to the Osx SBE. Inactivation of PI 3-kinase by the pharmacologic inhibitor Ly294002 or by dominant negative (DN) enzyme significantly blocked BMP-2-induced Osx protein and mRNA expression and Osx transcription. Finally, both DN PI 3-kinase and DN Akt significantly attenuated Smad 5-dependent transcription of Osx, demonstrating the first evidence for a concerted action of PI 3-kinase/Akt signaling with BMP-specific Smads for expression of Osx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandi Charan Mandal
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Hicham Drissi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New England Musculoskeletal Institute, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Goutam Ghosh Choudhury
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA. Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA. VA Research, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Nandini Ghosh-Choudhury
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA. VA Research, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Rastegar F, Shenaq D, Huang J, Zhang W, Zhang BQ, He BC, Chen L, Zuo GW, Luo Q, Shi Q, Wagner ER, Huang E, Gao Y, Gao JL, Kim SH, Zhou JZ, Bi Y, Su Y, Zhu G, Luo J, Luo X, Qin J, Reid RR, Luu HH, Haydon RC, Deng ZL, He TC. Mesenchymal stem cells: Molecular characteristics and clinical applications. World J Stem Cells 2010; 2:67-80. [PMID: 21607123 PMCID: PMC3097925 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v2.i4.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Revised: 06/26/2010] [Accepted: 07/03/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are non-hematopoietic stem cells with the capacity to differentiate into tissues of both mesenchymal and non-mesenchymal origin. MSCs can differentiate into osteoblastic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic lineages, although recent studies have demonstrated that MSCs are also able to differentiate into other lineages, including neuronal and cardiomyogenic lineages. Since their original isolation from the bone marrow, MSCs have been successfully harvested from many other tissues. Their ease of isolation and ex vivo expansion combined with their immunoprivileged nature has made these cells popular candidates for stem cell therapies. These cells have the potential to alter disease pathophysiology through many modalities including cytokine secretion, capacity to differentiate along various lineages, immune modulation and direct cell-cell interaction with diseased tissue. Here we first review basic features of MSC biology including MSC characteristics in culture, homing mechanisms, differentiation capabilities and immune modulation. We then highlight some in vivo and clinical evidence supporting the therapeutic roles of MSCs and their uses in orthopedic, autoimmune, and ischemic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farbod Rastegar
- Farbod Rastegar, Deana Shenaq, Jiayi Huang, Wenli Zhang, Bing-Qiang Zhang, Bai-Cheng He, Liang Chen, Guo-Wei Zuo, Qing Luo, Qiong Shi, Eric R Wagner, Enyi Huang, Yanhong Gao, Jian-Li Gao, Stephanie H Kim, Jian-Zhong Zhou, Yang Bi, Yuxi Su, Gaohui Zhu, Jinyong Luo, Xiaoji Luo, Jiaqiang Qin, Russell R Reid, Hue H Luu, Rex C Haydon, Zhong-Liang Deng, Tong-Chuan He, Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, United States
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