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Chauhan R, Navale GR, Saini S, Panwar A, Kukreti P, Saini R, Roy P, Ghosh K. Modulating the aggregation of human prion protein PrP 106-126 by an indole-based cyclometallated palladium complex. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:11995-12006. [PMID: 38963284 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00704b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
The spontaneous aggregation of infectious or misfolded forms of prion protein is known to be responsible for neurotoxicity in brain cells, which ultimately leads to the progression of prion disorders. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in animals and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans are glaring examples in this regard. Square-planar complexes with labile ligands and indole-based compounds are found to be efficiently inhibitory against protein aggregation. Herein, we report the synthesis of an indole-based cyclometallated palladium complex. The ligand and complex were characterized by various spectroscopic techniques such as UV-visible, NMR, IR, and HRMS. The molecular structure of the complex was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. The interaction of the complex with PrP106-126 was studied using UV-visible spectroscopy, CD spectroscopy, MALDI-TOF MS, and molecular docking. The inhibition effects of the complex on the PrP106-126 aggregation, fibrillization and amyloid formation phenomena were analysed through the ThT assay, CD, TEM and AFM. The effect of the complex on the aggregation process of PrP106-126 was determined kinetically through the ThT assay. The complex presented high binding affinity with the peptide and influenced the peptide's conformation and aggregation in different modes of binding. Furthermore, the MTT assay on neuronal HT-22 cells showed considerable protective properties of the complex against PrP106-126-mediated cytotoxicity. These findings suggest that the compound influences peptide aggregation in different ways, and the anti-aggregation action is primarily associated with the metal's physicochemical properties and the reactivity rather than the ligand. As a result, we propose that this compound be investigated as a potential therapeutic molecule in metallopharmaceutical research to treat prion disease (PD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Chauhan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Govinda R Navale
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Saakshi Saini
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Abhishek Panwar
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Langol 795004, India
| | - Prashant Kukreti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Rajat Saini
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Partha Roy
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Kaushik Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India.
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
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2
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Alsiary RA, Alghrably M, Saoudi A, Al-Ghamdi S, Jaremko L, Jaremko M, Emwas AH. Using NMR spectroscopy to investigate the role played by copper in prion diseases. Neurol Sci 2020; 41:2389-2406. [PMID: 32328835 PMCID: PMC7419355 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-04321-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Prion diseases are a group of rare neurodegenerative disorders that develop as a result of the conformational conversion of normal prion protein (PrPC) to the disease-associated isoform (PrPSc). The mechanism that actually causes disease remains unclear. However, the mechanism underlying the conformational transformation of prion protein is partially understood-in particular, there is strong evidence that copper ions play a significant functional role in prion proteins and in their conformational conversion. Various models of the interaction of copper ions with prion proteins have been proposed for the Cu (II)-binding, cell-surface glycoprotein known as prion protein (PrP). Changes in the concentration of copper ions in the brain have been associated with prion diseases and there is strong evidence that copper plays a significant functional role in the conformational conversion of PrP. Nevertheless, because copper ions have been shown to have both a positive and negative effect on prion disease onset, the role played by Cu (II) ions in these diseases remains a topic of debate. Because of the unique properties of paramagnetic Cu (II) ions in the magnetic field, their interactions with PrP can be tracked even at single atom resolution using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Various NMR approaches have been utilized to study the kinetic, thermodynamic, and structural properties of Cu (II)-PrP interactions. Here, we highlight the different models of copper interactions with PrP with particular focus on studies that use NMR spectroscopy to investigate the role played by copper ions in prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawiah A. Alsiary
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia/King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mawadda Alghrably
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelhamid Saoudi
- Oncology, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia/King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suliman Al-Ghamdi
- Oncology, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia/King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lukasz Jaremko
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariusz Jaremko
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul-Hamid Emwas
- Imaging and Characterization Core Lab, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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3
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Du W, Gong G, Wang W, Xu J. Regulation of the aggregation behavior of human islet amyloid polypeptide fragment by titanocene complexes. J Biol Inorg Chem 2017; 22:1065-1074. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-017-1484-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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4
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Zhu D, Gong G, Wang W, Du W. Disaggregation of human islet amyloid polypeptide fibril formation by ruthenium polypyridyl complexes. J Inorg Biochem 2017; 170:109-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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5
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Wang W, Zhao C, Zhu D, Gong G, Du W. Inhibition of amyloid peptide fibril formation by gold-sulfur complexes. J Inorg Biochem 2017; 171:1-9. [PMID: 28282581 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2017.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-related diseases are characterized by protein conformational change and amyloid fibril deposition. Metal complexes are potential inhibitors of amyloidosis. Nitrogen-coordinated gold complexes have been used to disaggregate prion neuropeptide (PrP106-126) and human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP). However, the roles of metal complexes in peptide fibril formation and related bioactivity require further exploration. In this work, we investigated the interactions of amyloid peptides PrP106-126 and hIAPP with two tetracoordinated gold-sulfur complexes, namely, dichloro diethyl dithiocarbamate gold complex and dichloro pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate gold complex. We also determined the effects of these complexes on peptide-induced cytotoxicity. Thioflavin T assay, morphological characterization, and particle size analysis indicated that the two gold-sulfur complexes effectively inhibited the fibrillation of the amyloid peptides, which led to the formation of nanoscale particles. The complexes reduced the cytotoxicity induced by the amyloid peptides. Intrinsic fluorescence, nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectrometry revealed that the complexes interacted with PrP106-126 and hIAPP via metal coordination and hydrophobic interaction, which improved the inhibition and binding of the two gold-sulfur compounds. Our study provided new insights into the use of tetracoordinated gold-sulfur complexes as drug candidates against protein conformational disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenji Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, PR China
| | - Cong Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, PR China
| | - Dengsen Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, PR China
| | - Gehui Gong
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, PR China
| | - Weihong Du
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, PR China.
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6
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Zhang B, Zhu D, Wang W, Gong G, Du W. Influence of oxodiperoxovanadate complexes on prion neuropeptide fibril formation. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra25849a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Different oxodiperoxovanadate complexes inhibit the fibril formation of prion neuropeptides by different action modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baohong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Renmin University of China
- Beijing
- China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
| | - Dengsen Zhu
- Department of Chemistry
- Renmin University of China
- Beijing
- China
| | - Wenji Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Renmin University of China
- Beijing
- China
| | - Gehui Gong
- Department of Chemistry
- Renmin University of China
- Beijing
- China
| | - Weihong Du
- Department of Chemistry
- Renmin University of China
- Beijing
- China
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7
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Zhu D, Zhao C, Wang X, Wang W, Wang B, Du W. Roles of DMSO-type ruthenium complexes in disaggregation of prion neuropeptide PrP106–126. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra21523d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
DMSO-type ruthenium complexes with aromatic ligands disaggregate the mature PrP106–126 fibrilsviametal coordination and hydrophobic interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengsen Zhu
- Department of Chemistry
- Renmin University of China
- Beijing
- China
| | - Cong Zhao
- Department of Chemistry
- Renmin University of China
- Beijing
- China
| | - Xuesong Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Renmin University of China
- Beijing
- China
| | - Wenji Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Renmin University of China
- Beijing
- China
| | - Baohuai Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- China
| | - Weihong Du
- Department of Chemistry
- Renmin University of China
- Beijing
- China
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8
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Effects of gold complexes on the assembly behavior of human islet amyloid polypeptide. J Inorg Biochem 2015; 152:114-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2015.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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9
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Ning L, Pan D, Zhang Y, Wang S, Liu H, Yao X. Effects of the Pathogenic Mutation A117V and the Protective Mutation H111S on the Folding and Aggregation of PrP106-126: Insights from Replica Exchange Molecular Dynamics Simulations. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125899. [PMID: 25993001 PMCID: PMC4439087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The fragment 106-126 of prion protein exhibits similar properties to full-length prion. Experiments have shown that the A117V mutation enhances the aggregation of PrP106-126, while the H111S mutation abolishes the assembly. However, the mechanism of the change in the aggregation behavior of PrP106-126 upon the two mutations is not fully understood. In this study, replica exchange molecular dynamics simulations were performed to investigate the conformational ensemble of the WT PrP106-126 and its two mutants A117V and H111S. The obtained results indicate that the three species are all intrinsically disordered but they have distinct morphological differences. The A117V mutant has a higher propensity to form β-hairpin structures than the WT, while the H111S mutant has a higher population of helical structures. Furthermore, the A117V mutation increases the hydrophobic solvent accessible surface areas of PrP106-126 and the H111S mutation reduces the exposure of hydrophobic residues. It can be concluded that the difference in populations of β-hairpin structures and the change of hydrophobic solvent accessible areas may induce the different aggregation behaviors of the A117V and the H111S mutated PrP106-126. Understanding why the two mutations have contrary effects on the aggregation of PrP106-126 is very meaningful for further elucidation of the mechanism underlying aggregation and design of inhibitor against aggregation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dabo Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- School of pharmaceutical technology, Qiandongnan National Polytechnic, Kaili, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shaopeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huanxiang Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- * E-mail: (HL); (XY)
| | - Xiaojun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
- * E-mail: (HL); (XY)
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10
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Wang X, Zhu D, Zhao C, He L, Du W. Inhibitory effects of NAMI-A-like ruthenium complexes on prion neuropeptide fibril formation. Metallomics 2015; 7:837-46. [PMID: 25856332 DOI: 10.1039/c5mt00029g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Prion diseases are a group of infectious and fatal neurodegenerative disorders caused by the conformational conversion of a cellular prion protein (PrP) into its abnormal isoform PrP(Sc). PrP106-126 resembles PrP(Sc) in terms of physicochemical and biological characteristics and is used as a common model for the treatment of prion diseases. Inhibitory effects on fibril formation and neurotoxicity of the prion neuropeptide PrP106-126 have been investigated using metal complexes as potential inhibitors. Nevertheless, the binding mechanism between metal complexes and the peptide remains unclear. The present study is focused on the interaction of PrP106-126 with NAMI-A and NAMI-A-like ruthenium complexes, including KP418, KP1019, and KP1019-2. Results demonstrated that these ruthenium complexes could bind to PrP106-126 in a distinctive binding mode through electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. NAMI-A-like ruthenium complexes can also effectively inhibit the aggregation and fibril formation of PrP106-126. The complex KP1019 demonstrated the optimal inhibitory ability upon peptide aggregation, and cytotoxicity because of its large aromatic ligand contribution. The studied complexes could also regulate the copper redox chemistry of PrP106-126 and effectually inhibit the formation of reactive oxygen species. Given these findings, ruthenium complexes with relatively low cellular toxicity may be used to develop potential pharmaceutical products against prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Rowinska-Zyrek M, Salerno M, Kozlowski H. Neurodegenerative diseases – Understanding their molecular bases and progress in the development of potential treatments. Coord Chem Rev 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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12
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He L, Wang X, Zhu D, Zhao C, Du W. Methionine oxidation of amyloid peptides by peroxovanadium complexes: inhibition of fibril formation through a distinct mechanism. Metallomics 2015; 7:1562-72. [DOI: 10.1039/c5mt00133a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Peroxovanadium complexes inhibit the fibril formation of neurodegenerative amyloid peptides by oxidizing methionine residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei He
- Department of Chemistry
- Renmin University of China
- Beijing, China
| | - Xuesong Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Renmin University of China
- Beijing, China
| | - Dengsen Zhu
- Department of Chemistry
- Renmin University of China
- Beijing, China
| | - Cong Zhao
- Department of Chemistry
- Renmin University of China
- Beijing, China
| | - Weihong Du
- Department of Chemistry
- Renmin University of China
- Beijing, China
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13
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Multitarget ligands and theranostics: sharpening the medicinal chemistry sword against prion diseases. Future Med Chem 2014; 6:1017-29. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.14.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases (PrDs) are fatal neurodegenerative disorders, for which no effective therapeutic and diagnostic tools exist. The main pathogenic event has been identified as the misfolding of a disease-associated prion protein. Nevertheless, pathogenesis seems to involve an intricate array of concomitant processes. Thus, it may be unlikely that drugs acting on single targets can effectively control PrDs. In addition, diagnosis occurs late in the disease process, by which point it is difficult to determine a successful therapeutic intervention. In this context, multitarget ligands (MTLs) and theranostic ligands (TLs) emerge for their potential to effectively cure and diagnose PrDs. In this review, we discuss the medicinal chemistry challenges of identifying novel MTLs and TLs against PrDs, and envision their impact on prion drug discovery.
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14
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Wang X, Cui M, Zhao C, He L, Zhu D, Wang B, Du W. Regulation of aggregation behavior and neurotoxicity of prion neuropeptides by platinum complexes. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:5044-54. [PMID: 24787240 DOI: 10.1021/ic500092t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Prion diseases belong to a group of infectious, fatal neurodegenerative disorders. The conformational conversion of a cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) into an abnormal misfolded isoform (PrP(Sc)) is the key event in prion disease pathology. PrP106-126 resembles PrP(Sc) in some physicochemical and biological characteristics, such as apoptosis induction in neurons, fibrillar formation, and mediation of the conversion of native cellular PrP(C) to PrP(Sc). Numerous studies have been conducted to explore the inhibiting methods on the aggregation and neurotoxicity of prion neuropeptide PrP106-126. We showed that PrP106-126 aggregation, as assessed by fluorescence assay and atomic force microscopy, is inhibited by platinum complexes cisplatin, carboplatin, and Pt(bpy)Cl2. ESI-MS and NMR assessments of PrP106-126 and its mutant peptides demonstrate that platinum complexes bind to the peptides in coordination and nonbonded interactions, which rely on the ligand properties and the peptide sequence. In peptides, methionine residue is preferred as a potent binding site over histidine residue for the studied platinum complexes, implying a typical thiophile characteristic of platinum. The neurotoxicity induced by PrP106-126 is better inhibited by Pt(bpy)Cl2 and cisplatin. Furthermore, the ligand configuration contributes to both the binding affinity and the inhibition of peptide aggregation. The pursuit of novel platinum candidates that selectively target prion neuropeptide is noteworthy for medicinal inorganic chemistry and chemical biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China , Beijing 100872, People's Republic of China
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15
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He L, Wang X, Zhao C, Zhu D, Du W. Inhibition of human amylin fibril formation by insulin-mimetic vanadium complexes. Metallomics 2014; 6:1087-96. [DOI: 10.1039/c4mt00021h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of human amylin fibril formation by insulin-mimetic vanadium complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei He
- Department of Chemistry
- Renmin University of China
- Beijing, China
| | - Xuesong Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Renmin University of China
- Beijing, China
| | - Cong Zhao
- Department of Chemistry
- Renmin University of China
- Beijing, China
| | - Dengsen Zhu
- Department of Chemistry
- Renmin University of China
- Beijing, China
| | - Weihong Du
- Department of Chemistry
- Renmin University of China
- Beijing, China
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16
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Zhao C, Wang X, He L, Zhu D, Wang B, Du W. Influence of gold–bipyridyl derivants on aggregation and disaggregation of the prion neuropeptide PrP106–126. Metallomics 2014; 6:2117-25. [DOI: 10.1039/c4mt00219a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Gold–bipyridyl derivants affect aggregation and disaggregation of a prion neuropeptide PrP106–126.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Zhao
- Department of Chemistry
- Renmin University of China
- Beijing, China
| | - Xuesong Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Renmin University of China
- Beijing, China
| | - Lei He
- Department of Chemistry
- Renmin University of China
- Beijing, China
| | - Dengsen Zhu
- Department of Chemistry
- Renmin University of China
- Beijing, China
| | - Baohuai Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing, China
| | - Weihong Du
- Department of Chemistry
- Renmin University of China
- Beijing, China
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