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Phan LX, Owji AP, Yang T, Crain J, Sansom MSP, Tucker SJ. Electronic Polarizability Tunes the Function of the Human Bestrophin 1 Cl - Channel. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.14.567055. [PMID: 38014257 PMCID: PMC10680768 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.14.567055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms of anion permeation within ion channels and nanopores remain poorly understood. Recent cryo-electron microscopy structures of the human bestrophin 1 chloride channel (hBest1) provide an opportunity to evaluate ion interactions predicted by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations against experimental observations. We implement the fully polarizable forcefield AMOEBA in MD simulations of open and partially-open states of the hBest1. The AMOEBA forcefield models multipole moments up to the quadrupole; therefore, it captures induced dipole and anion- π interactions. By including polarization we demonstrate the key role that aromatic residues play in ion permeation and the functional advantages of pore asymmetry within the highly conserved hydrophobic neck of the pore. We establish that these only arise when electronic polarization is included in the molecular models. We also show that Cl - permeation in this region can be achieved through hydrophobic solvation concomitant with partial ion dehydration, which is compensated for by the formation of contacts with the edge of the phenylalanine ring. Furthermore, we demonstrate how polarizable simulations can help determine the identity of ion-like densities within high-resolution cryo-EM structures. Crucially, neglecting polarization in simulation of these systems results in the localization of Cl - at positions that do not correspond with their experimentally resolved location. Overall, our results demonstrate the importance of including electronic polarization in realistic and physically accurate models of biological systems. Statement of Significance Ion channels are nanoscale protein pores that enable the selective passage of charged ions across cell membranes. Understanding the underlying mechanisms for selective anion permeation through such pores remains a challenge. To simulate their behavior efficiently in silico , fixed charge models are typically employed. However, this approach is insufficient for the study of anions. Here, we use simulations with explicit treatment of electrostatics to investigate the interactions of chloride ions in the human bestrophin 1 channel. We find that electronic polarization tunes the state of the channel and affects the interactions of chloride ions thereby revealing a mechanism for permeation. Furthermore, these simulations can be used to resolve experimental ambiguity in ion-like densities from cryo-EM structures.
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2
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Benzene, an Unexpected Binding Unit in Anion–π Recognition: The Critical Role of CH/π Interactions. SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/sci4030032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We report high-level ab initio calculations (CCSD(T)(full)/CBS//SCS-RI-MP2(full)/aug-cc-pwCVTZ) that demonstrate the importance of cooperativity effects when Anion–π and CH/π interactions are simultaneously established with benzene as the π-system. In fact, most of the complexes exhibit high cooperativity energies that range from 17% to 25.3% of the total interaction energy, which is indicative of the strong influence of the CH/π on the Anion–π interaction and vice versa. Moreover, the symmetry-adapted perturbation theory (SAPT) partition scheme was used to study the different energy contributions to the interaction energies and to investigate the physical nature of the interplay between both interactions. Furthermore, the Atoms in Molecules (AIM) theory and the Non-Covalent Interaction (NCI) approach were used to analyze the two interactions further. Finally, a few examples from the Protein Data Bank (PDB) are shown. All results stress that the concurrent formation of both interactions may play an important role in biological systems due to the ubiquity of CH bonds, phenyl rings, and anions in biomolecules.
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3
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Mous S, Gotthard G, Ehrenberg D, Sen S, Weinert T, Johnson PJM, James D, Nass K, Furrer A, Kekilli D, Ma P, Brünle S, Casadei CM, Martiel I, Dworkowski F, Gashi D, Skopintsev P, Wranik M, Knopp G, Panepucci E, Panneels V, Cirelli C, Ozerov D, Schertler GFX, Wang M, Milne C, Standfuss J, Schapiro I, Heberle J, Nogly P. Dynamics and mechanism of a light-driven chloride pump. Science 2022; 375:845-851. [PMID: 35113649 DOI: 10.1126/science.abj6663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chloride transport by microbial rhodopsins is an essential process for which molecular details such as the mechanisms that convert light energy to drive ion pumping and ensure the unidirectionality of the transport have remained elusive. We combined time-resolved serial crystallography with time-resolved spectroscopy and multiscale simulations to elucidate the molecular mechanism of a chloride-pumping rhodopsin and the structural dynamics throughout the transport cycle. We traced transient anion-binding sites, obtained evidence for how light energy is used in the pumping mechanism, and identified steric and electrostatic molecular gates ensuring unidirectional transport. An interaction with the π-electron system of the retinal supports transient chloride ion binding across a major bottleneck in the transport pathway. These results allow us to propose key mechanistic features enabling finely controlled chloride transport across the cell membrane in this light-powered chloride ion pump.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Mous
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume Gotthard
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Biology and Chemistry Division, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - David Ehrenberg
- Experimental Molecular Biophysics, Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Saumik Sen
- Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tobias Weinert
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Biology and Chemistry Division, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Philip J M Johnson
- Laboratory of Nonlinear Optics, Photon Science Division, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Daniel James
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Biology and Chemistry Division, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Karol Nass
- Laboratory of Femtochemistry, Photon Science Division, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Antonia Furrer
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Biology and Chemistry Division, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Demet Kekilli
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Biology and Chemistry Division, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Pikyee Ma
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Biology and Chemistry Division, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Steffen Brünle
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Biology and Chemistry Division, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Cecilia Maria Casadei
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Biology and Chemistry Division, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Martiel
- Laboratory for Macromolecules and Bioimaging, Photon Science Division, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Florian Dworkowski
- Laboratory for Macromolecules and Bioimaging, Photon Science Division, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Dardan Gashi
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Biology and Chemistry Division, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Femtochemistry, Photon Science Division, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Petr Skopintsev
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Biology and Chemistry Division, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Maximilian Wranik
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Biology and Chemistry Division, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Gregor Knopp
- Laboratory of Femtochemistry, Photon Science Division, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Ezequiel Panepucci
- Laboratory for Macromolecules and Bioimaging, Photon Science Division, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Valerie Panneels
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Biology and Chemistry Division, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Claudio Cirelli
- Laboratory of Femtochemistry, Photon Science Division, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Dmitry Ozerov
- Science IT, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Gebhard F X Schertler
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Biology and Chemistry Division, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Meitian Wang
- Laboratory for Macromolecules and Bioimaging, Photon Science Division, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Chris Milne
- Laboratory of Femtochemistry, Photon Science Division, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Joerg Standfuss
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Biology and Chemistry Division, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Igor Schapiro
- Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Joachim Heberle
- Experimental Molecular Biophysics, Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Przemyslaw Nogly
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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4
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Kuzniak-Glanowska E, Glanowski M, Kurczab R, Bojarski AJ, Podgajny R. Mining anion-aromatic interactions in the Protein Data Bank. Chem Sci 2022; 13:3984-3998. [PMID: 35440982 PMCID: PMC8985504 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00763k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutual positioning and non-covalent interactions in anion–aromatic motifs are crucial for functional performance of biological systems. In this context, regular, comprehensive Protein Data Bank (PDB) screening that involves various scientific points of view and individual critical analysis is of utmost importance. Analysis of anions in spheres with radii of 5 Å around all 5- and 6-membered aromatic rings allowed us to distinguish 555 259 unique anion–aromatic motifs, including 92 660 structures out of the 171 588 structural files in the PDB. The use of a scarcely exploited (x, h) coordinate system led to (i) identification of three separate areas of motif accumulation: A – over the ring, B – over the ring-substituent bonds, and C – roughly in the plane of the aromatic ring, and (ii) unprecedented simultaneous comparative description of various anion–aromatic motifs located in these areas. Of the various residues considered, i.e. aminoacids, nucleotides, and ligands, the latter two exhibited a considerable tendency to locate in region Avia archetypal anion–π contacts. The applied model not only enabled statistical quantitative analysis of space around the ring, but also enabled discussion of local intermolecular arrangements, as well as detailed sequence and secondary structure analysis, e.g. anion–π interactions in the GNRA tetraloop in RNA and protein helical structures. As a purely practical issue of this work, the new code source for the PDB research was produced, tested and made freely available at https://github.com/chemiczny/PDB_supramolecular_search. The comprehensive analysis of non-redundant PDB macromolecular structures investigating anion distributions around all aromatic molecules in available biosystems is presented.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michał Glanowski
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences Niezapominajek 8 30-239 Kraków Poland
| | - Rafał Kurczab
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences Smętna 12 31-343 Kraków Poland
| | - Andrzej J Bojarski
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences Smętna 12 31-343 Kraków Poland
| | - Robert Podgajny
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University Gronostajowa 2 30-387 Kraków Poland
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Balamurugan K, Pisabarro MT. Stabilizing Role of Water Solvation on Anion-π Interactions in Proteins. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:25350-25360. [PMID: 34632193 PMCID: PMC8495695 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this work, anion-π interactions between sulfate groups (SO4 2-) and protein aromatic amino acids (AAs) (histidine protonated (HisP), histidine neutral (HisN), tyrosine (Tyr), tryptophan (Trp), and phenylalanine (Phe)) in an aqueous environment have been analyzed using quantum chemical (QC) calculations and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Sulfates can occur naturally in solution and can be contained in biomolecules playing relevant roles in their biological function. In particular, the presence of sulfate groups in glycosaminoglycans such as heparin and heparan sulfate has been shown to be relevant for protein and cellular communication and, consequently, for tissue regeneration. Therefore, anion-π interactions between sulfate groups and aromatic residues represent a relevant aspect to investigate. QC results show that such an anion-π mode of interaction between SO4 2- and aromatic AAs is only possible in the presence of water molecules, in the absence of any other cooperative non-covalent interactions. Protonated histidine stands out in terms of its enhancement in the magnitude of interaction strength on solvation. Other AAs such as non-protonated histidine, tyrosine, and phenylalanine can stabilize anion-π interactions on solvation, albeit with weak interaction energy. Tryptophan does not exhibit any anion-π mode of interaction with SO4 2-. The order of magnitude of the interaction of aromatic AAs with SO4 2- on microsolvation is HisP > HisN > Tyr > Trp > Phe. Atoms in molecules (AIM) analysis illustrates the significance of water molecules in stabilizing the divalent SO4 2- anion over the π surface of the aromatic AAs. MD simulation analysis shows that the order of magnitude of the interaction of SO4 2- with aromatic AAs in macroscopic solvation is HisP > HisN, Tyr, Trp > Phe, which is very much in line with the QC results. Spatial distribution function analysis illustrates that protonated histidine alone is capable of establishing the anion-π interaction with SO4 2- in the solution phase. This study sheds light on the understanding of anion-π interactions between SO4 2- and aromatic AAs such as His and Tyr observed in protein crystal structures and the significance of water molecules in stabilizing such interactions, which is not feasible otherwise.
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6
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Rather IA, Wagay SA, Ali R. Emergence of anion-π interactions: The land of opportunity in supramolecular chemistry and beyond. Coord Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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7
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Chakravarty S, Ung AR, Moore B, Shore J, Alshamrani M. A Comprehensive Analysis of Anion-Quadrupole Interactions in Protein Structures. Biochemistry 2018; 57:1852-1867. [PMID: 29482321 PMCID: PMC6051350 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b01006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The edgewise interactions of anions with phenylalanine (Phe) aromatic rings in proteins, known as anion-quadrupole interactions, have been well studied. However, the anion-quadrupole interactions of the tyrosine (Tyr) and tryptophan (Trp) rings have been less well studied, probably because these have been considered weaker than interactions of anions hydrogen bonded to Trp/Tyr side chains. Distinguishing such hydrogen bonding interactions, we comprehensively surveyed the edgewise interactions of certain anions (aspartate, glutamate, and phosphate) with Trp, Tyr, and Phe rings in high-resolution, nonredundant protein single chains and interfaces (protein-protein, DNA/RNA-protein, and membrane-protein). Trp/Tyr anion-quadrupole interactions are common, with Trp showing the highest propensity and average interaction energy for this type of interaction. The energy of an anion-quadrupole interaction (-15.0 to 0.0 kcal/mol, based on quantum mechanical calculations) depends not only on the interaction geometry but also on the ring atom. The phosphate anions at DNA/RNA-protein interfaces interact with aromatic residues with energies comparable to that of aspartate/glutamate anion-quadrupole interactions. At DNA-protein interfaces, the frequency of aromatic ring participation in anion-quadrupole interactions is comparable to that of positive charge participation in salt bridges, suggesting an underappreciated role for anion-quadrupole interactions at DNA-protein (or membrane-protein) interfaces. Although less frequent than salt bridges in single-chain proteins, we observed highly conserved anion-quadrupole interactions in the structures of remote homologues, and evolutionary covariance-based residue contact score predictions suggest that conserved anion-quadrupole interacting pairs, like salt bridges, contribute to polypeptide folding, stability, and recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvobrata Chakravarty
- Chemistry & Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA, 57007
- BioSNTR, Brookings, SD, USA, 57007
| | - Adron R. Ung
- Chemistry & Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA, 57007
| | - Brian Moore
- University Networking and Research Computing, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA, 57007
| | - Jay Shore
- Chemistry & Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA, 57007
| | - Mona Alshamrani
- Chemistry & Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA, 57007
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8
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Ieritano C, Featherstone J, Carr PJJ, Marta RA, Loire E, McMahon TB, Hopkins WS. The structures and properties of anionic tryptophan complexes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:26532-26541. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp04533j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
IRMPD spectroscopy and electronic structure calculations are employed to identify π–π interactions in ionic tryptophan clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rick A. Marta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo
- Waterloo
- Canada
| | - Estelle Loire
- Laboratoire Chimie Physique – CLIO, Bâtiment 201, Porte 2, Campus Universitaire d’Orsay
- France
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9
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Ribić VR, Stojanović SĐ, Zlatović MV. Anion–π interactions in active centers of superoxide dismutases. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 106:559-568. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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10
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Kapoor K, Duff MR, Upadhyay A, Bucci JC, Saxton AM, Hinde RJ, Howell EE, Baudry J. Highly Dynamic Anion-Quadrupole Networks in Proteins. Biochemistry 2016; 55:6056-6069. [PMID: 27753291 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The dynamics of anion-quadrupole (or anion-π) interactions formed between negatively charged (Asp/Glu) and aromatic (Phe) side chains are for the first time computationally characterized in RmlC (Protein Data Bank entry 1EP0 ), a homodimeric epimerase. Empirical force field-based molecular dynamics simulations predict anion-quadrupole pairs and triplets (anion-anion-π and anion-π-π) are formed by the protein during the simulated trajectory, which suggests that the anion-quadrupole interactions may provide a significant contribution to the overall stability of the protein, with an average of -1.6 kcal/mol per pair. Some anion-π interactions are predicted to form during the trajectory, extending the number of anion-quadrupole interactions beyond those predicted from crystal structure analysis. At the same time, some anion-π pairs observed in the crystal structure exhibit marginal stability. Overall, most anion-π interactions alternate between an "on" state, with significantly stabilizing energies, and an "off" state, with marginal or null stabilizing energies. The way proteins possibly compensate for transient loss of anion-quadrupole interactions is characterized in the RmlC aspartate 84-phenylalanine 112 anion-quadrupole pair observed in the crystal structure. A double-mutant cycle analysis of the thermal stability suggests a possible loss of anion-π interactions compensated by variations of hydration of the residues and formation of compensating electrostatic interactions. These results suggest that near-planar anion-quadrupole pairs can exist, sometimes transiently, which may play a role in maintaining the structural stability and function of the protein, in an otherwise very dynamic interplay of a nonbonded interaction network as well as solvent effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan Kapoor
- UT/ORNL Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee , F337 Walters Life Science, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States.,UT/ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics , Building 2040, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Michael R Duff
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee , M407 Walters Life Sciences, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Amit Upadhyay
- UT/ORNL Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee , F337 Walters Life Science, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Joel C Bucci
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee , M407 Walters Life Sciences, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Arnold M Saxton
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee , Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Robert J Hinde
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee , Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Elizabeth E Howell
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee , M407 Walters Life Sciences, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Jerome Baudry
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee , M407 Walters Life Sciences, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States.,UT/ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics , Building 2040, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
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11
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Anion–π interactions in complexes of proteins and halogen-containing amino acids. J Biol Inorg Chem 2016; 21:357-68. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-016-1346-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Zlatović MV, Borozan SZ, Nikolić MR, Stojanović SĐ. Anion–π interactions in protein–porphyrin complexes. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra03373j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we have analyzed the influence of anion–π interactions on the stability of high resolution protein–porphyrin complex crystal structures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sunčica Z. Borozan
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
- University of Belgrade
- Belgrade
- Serbia
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