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Sahraei A, Shamsoddini MJ, Mohammadi F, Hassani L. Interaction of gallium, indium, and vanadyl curcumin complexes with hen egg-white lysozyme (HEWL): Mechanistic aspects and evaluation of antiamyloidogenic activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 691:149307. [PMID: 38011821 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.149307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Many proteins and peptides can aggregate into amyloid fibrils with high-ordered and cross-β rich structure characteristics. Amyloid deposition is a common feature of neurodegenerative diseases called amyloidosis. Various natural polyphenolic compounds such as curcumin exhibited antiamyloidogenic activities, but less researches were focused on the metal complexes of these compounds. In this study, the inhibitory effects of gallium curcumin (Ga(cur)3), indium curcumin (In(cur)3), and vanadyl curcumin (VO(cur)2) on the amyloid fibrillation of hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) have been investigated. Moreover, the details of binding interactions of these metal complexes with HEWL have been explored. The results of fluorescence quenching analyses revealed that In(cur)3 and VO(cur)2 have much higher binding affinities than Ga(cur)3 toward HEWL. The interactions of these metal complexes were accompanied by partial conformational changes in the tertiary structure of HEWL. The kinetic curves of the fibrillation process demonstrated that In(cur)3 and VO(cur)2 have higher inhibitory effects than Ga(cur)3 on the amyloid fibrillation of HEWL. The strength of binding to HEWL is completely in accordance with inhibitory activities of these metal complexes of curcumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Sahraei
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), 444 Prof. Sobouti Blvd., Gava Zang, Zanjan, 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Shamsoddini
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), 444 Prof. Sobouti Blvd., Gava Zang, Zanjan, 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Fakhrossadat Mohammadi
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), 444 Prof. Sobouti Blvd., Gava Zang, Zanjan, 45137-66731, Iran.
| | - Leila Hassani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), 444 Prof. Sobouti Blvd., Gava Zang, Zanjan, 45137-66731, Iran
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2
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Mittal A, Nagpal M, Vashistha VK, Arora R, Issar U. Recent advances in the antioxidant activity of metal-curcumin complexes: a combined computational and experimental review. Free Radic Res 2024; 58:11-26. [PMID: 38145454 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2023.2298857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Curcumin, an extensively studied phytochemical compound, has gained attention for its potential therapeutic applications across a spectrum of diseases. Its notable attributes include its relatively high tolerability within the human body and its perceived absence of adverse side effects. This review article presents a comprehensive overview of the antioxidant effects exhibited by complexes formed by curcumin and curcumin derived ligands with metals like Mn, Cu, Fe, Zn, Ga and In, which leads to toxic effects beyond a certain limit, based on both experimental and theoretical findings. Additionally, the discussion delves into metal-curcumin complexes characterized by stoichiometries of 1:1 and 1:2, exploring their geometric arrangements and corresponding antioxidant activity, as highlighted in recent studies. These complexes hold the promise of improving curcumin's solubility, stability, and bioavailability, potentially augmenting its overall therapeutic potential and expanding its scope for medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Mittal
- Department of Chemistry, Shyam Lal College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Mudita Nagpal
- School of Engineering and Technology, Vivekananda Institute of Professional Studies - Technical Campus, Delhi, India
| | - Vinod Kumar Vashistha
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Applied Sciences and Humanities, GLA University, Mathura, India
| | - Richa Arora
- Department of Chemistry, Shivaji College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Upasana Issar
- Department of Chemistry, Kalindi College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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Meza-Morales W, Alvarez-Ricardo Y, Pérez-González LL, Tavera-Hernández R, Ramírez-Apan MT, Toscano RA, Sánchez-Obregón R, Obregón-Mendoza MA, Enríquez RG. First Gallium and Indium Crystal Structures of Curcuminoid Homoleptic Complexes: All-Different Ligand Stereochemistry and Cytotoxic Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16324. [PMID: 38003515 PMCID: PMC10671313 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The crystal structure determination of metal complexes of curcuminoids is a relevant topic to assess their unequivocal molecular structure. We report herein the first two X-ray crystal structures of homoleptic metal complexes of a curcuminoid, namely Dimethoxycurcumin (DiMeOC), with gallium and indium. Such successful achievement can be attributed to the suppression of interactions from the phenolic groups, which favor an appropriate molecular setup, rendering Dimethoxycurcumin gallium ((DiMeOC)2-Ga) and Dimethoxycurcumin indium ((DiMeOC)3-In) crystals. Surprisingly, the conformation of ligands in the crystal structures shows differences in each metal complex. Thus, the ligands in the (DiMeOC)2-Ga complex show two different conformers in the two molecules of the asymmetric unit. However, the ligands in the (DiMeOC)3-In complex exhibit three different conformations within the same molecule of the asymmetric unit, constituting the first such case described for an ML3 complex. The cytotoxic activity of the (DiMeOC)2-Ga complex is 4-fold higher than cisplatin against the K562 cell line and has comparable activity towards U251 and PC-3 cell lines. Interestingly, this complex exhibit three times lesser toxicity than cisplatin and even slightly lesser cytotoxicity than curcumin itself.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marco A. Obregón-Mendoza
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (W.M.-M.); (Y.A.-R.); (L.L.P.-G.); (R.T.-H.); (M.T.R.-A.); (R.A.T.); (R.S.-O.)
| | - Raúl G. Enríquez
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (W.M.-M.); (Y.A.-R.); (L.L.P.-G.); (R.T.-H.); (M.T.R.-A.); (R.A.T.); (R.S.-O.)
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Vergaro V, Dell'Anna MM, Shahsavari HR, Baldassarre F, Migoni D, Mastrorilli P, Fanizzi FP, Ciccarella G. Synthesis of a light-responsive platinum curcumin complex, chemical and biological investigations and delivery to tumor cells by means of polymeric nanoparticles. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:5340-5351. [PMID: 37767039 PMCID: PMC10521244 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00200d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Platinum-based anticancer drugs are common in chemotherapy, but problems such as systemic toxicity and acquired resistance of some tumors hamper their clinical applications and therapeutic efficacy. It is necessary to synthesize Pt-based drugs and explore strategies to reduce side effects and improve pharmacokinetic profiles. Photo-responsive chemotherapeutics have emerged as an alternative strategy against several cancers, as photoactivation offers spatial selectivity and fewer side effects. Here, we combine chemical synthesis and nanotechnology to create a multifunctional platinum drug delivery system based on the novel metal complex [Pt(ppy)(curc)] (ppy = deprotonated 2-phenylpyridine, curc = deprotonated curcumin)] embodying the naturally occurring bioactive molecule, curcumin. The ultrasonication method coupled with the layer-by-layer technology was employed to produce nanocolloids, which demonstrated a good biocompatibility, higher solubility in aqueous solution, stability, large drug loading, and good biological activity in comparison with the free drug. In vitro release experiments revealed that the polymeric nanoformulation is relatively stable under physiological conditions (pH = 7.4 and 37 °C) but sensitive to acidic environments (pH = 5.6 and 37 °C) which would trigger the release of the loaded drug. Our approach modifies the bioavailability of this Pt-based drug increasing its therapeutic action in terms of both cytotoxic and anti-metastasis effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Vergaro
- Biological and Environmental Sciences Department, UdR INSTM of Lecce University of Salento Via Monteroni 73100 Lecce Italy
- Institute of Nanotechnology, CNR NANOTEC, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Via Monteroni 73100 Lecce Italy
| | | | - Hamid R Shahsavari
- DICATECh, Politecnico di Bari via Orabona, 4 70125 Bari Italy
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS) Zanjan 45137-66731 Iran
| | - Francesca Baldassarre
- Biological and Environmental Sciences Department, UdR INSTM of Lecce University of Salento Via Monteroni 73100 Lecce Italy
- Institute of Nanotechnology, CNR NANOTEC, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Via Monteroni 73100 Lecce Italy
| | - Danilo Migoni
- Biological and Environmental Sciences Department, UdR INSTM of Lecce University of Salento Via Monteroni 73100 Lecce Italy
| | | | - Francesco Paolo Fanizzi
- Biological and Environmental Sciences Department, UdR INSTM of Lecce University of Salento Via Monteroni 73100 Lecce Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ciccarella
- Biological and Environmental Sciences Department, UdR INSTM of Lecce University of Salento Via Monteroni 73100 Lecce Italy
- Institute of Nanotechnology, CNR NANOTEC, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Via Monteroni 73100 Lecce Italy
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Curcumin-Based β-Diketo Ligands for Ga3+: Thermodynamic Investigation of Potential Metal-Based Drugs. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15070854. [PMID: 35890151 PMCID: PMC9321647 DOI: 10.3390/ph15070854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Curcumin is known for its therapeutic properties; among these, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer ones stand out. Besides, curcumin metal complexes have shown widespread application in medicine and can be exploited as lead structures for developing metal-based drugs. Unfortunately, curcumin is poorly bioavailable, mainly due to its instability in physiological conditions; this weakness is tightly connected to the presence of the β-diketo moiety undergoing tautomeric equilibrium. Stability and metal-chelating ability can be tuned by modulating the electronic effects and steric hindrance close to the β-diketo moiety; in addition, formation of a metal complex shifts the tautomeric equilibrium towards the β-keto–enol form and increases stability in biological media. Among the metals used in clinical therapy, gallium nitrate has shown to have significant antitumor activity against non-Hodgkin lymphoma and bladder cancer, thus indicating that gallium-based drugs have potential for further development as antineoplastic agents with improved therapeutic activity. Curcuminoids have demonstrated high affinity for gallium(III), allowing the formation of stable positively charged M:L 1:2 β-diketonate complexes that benefit from the therapeutic activity of both the metal and the ligand. Seven new curcumin derivatives were synthesized and completely characterized. The new derivatives retain the solvent-dependent keto–enol tautomerism, with the prevalence of the diketo form in aqueous solution. Enhanced stability in simulated physiological conditions was observed in comparison to the lead compound curcumin. The presence of Ga3+ anticipates the dissociation of the enolic proton, allowing chelate complex formation, and simultaneously it shifts the tautomeric equilibrium towards the keto–enol form. A complete 1H/13C NMR and UV–Vis study was performed to define the metal-to-ligand stoichiometry ratio and the overall stability constants. In addition, we demonstrated that some of the derivatives have increased antiproliferative activity on colon cancer cells compared to curcumin and antioxidant properties. On the whole, the synthesized curcumin-based molecules may act as new gallium(III) chelators with improved stability with respect to curcumin and could open interesting perspectives for the development of novel therapeutic agents for cancer.
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Dahdouh A, Boucherba N, Bouacem K, Mechri S, Amirouche A, Aksas A, Jaouadi B, Kati DE. A new peroxidase from the roots of the Algerian white turnip (Brassica rapa, variety rapa): extraction, purification, characterisation, and antioxidant potential. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2021.1953485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amel Dahdouh
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Appliquée (LBA), Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie (FSNV), Université de Bejaia, Bejaia, Algeria
| | - Nawel Boucherba
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Appliquée (LMA), Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie (FSNV), Université de Bejaia, Bejaia, Algeria
| | - Khelifa Bouacem
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire (LBCM), Equipe de Microbiologie, Faculté des Sciences Biologiques (FSB), Université des Sciences et de la Technologie Houari Boumediene (USTHB), Alger, Algeria
| | - Sondes Mechri
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Microbienne, Enzymatique et de Biomolécules (LBMEB), Centre de Biotechnologie de Sfax (CBS), Université de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Adel Amirouche
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Appliquée (LBA), Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie (FSNV), Université de Bejaia, Bejaia, Algeria
| | - Ali Aksas
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologies Végétales et Ethnobotanique (LBVE), Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie (FSNV), Université de Bejaia, Bejaia, Algeria
| | - Bassem Jaouadi
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Microbienne, Enzymatique et de Biomolécules (LBMEB), Centre de Biotechnologie de Sfax (CBS), Université de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Djamel Edine Kati
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Appliquée (LBA), Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie (FSNV), Université de Bejaia, Bejaia, Algeria
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Prasad S, DuBourdieu D, Srivastava A, Kumar P, Lall R. Metal-Curcumin Complexes in Therapeutics: An Approach to Enhance Pharmacological Effects of Curcumin. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137094. [PMID: 34209461 PMCID: PMC8268053 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Curcumin, an active component of the rhizome turmeric, has gained much attention as a plant-based compound with pleiotropic pharmacological properties. It possesses anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, antimicrobial, neuroprotective, and immunomodulatory activities. However, the health-promoting utility of curcumin is constrained due to its hydrophobic nature, water insolubility, poor bioavailability, rapid metabolism, and systemic elimination. Therefore, an innovative stride was taken, and complexes of metals with curcumin have been synthesized. Curcumin usually reacts with metals through the β-diketone moiety to generate metal–curcumin complexes. It is well established that curcumin strongly chelates several metal ions, including boron, cobalt, copper, gallium, gadolinium, gold, lanthanum, manganese, nickel, iron, palladium, platinum, ruthenium, silver, vanadium, and zinc. In this review, the pharmacological, chemopreventive, and therapeutic activities of metal–curcumin complexes are discussed. Metal–curcumin complexes increase the solubility, cellular uptake, and bioavailability and improve the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antiviral effects of curcumin. Metal–curcumin complexes have also demonstrated efficacy against various chronic diseases, including cancer, arthritis, osteoporosis, and neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease. These biological activities of metal–curcumin complexes were associated with the modulation of inflammatory mediators, transcription factors, protein kinases, antiapoptotic proteins, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant enzymes. In addition, metal–curcumin complexes have shown usefulness in biological imaging and radioimaging. The future use of metal–curcumin complexes may represent a new approach in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahdeo Prasad
- Research and Development Laboratory, Noble Pharma LLC, Menomonie, WI 54751, USA
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +1-715-231-1234
| | - Dan DuBourdieu
- Research and Development Laboratory, Vets-Plus Inc., Menomonie, WI 54751, USA; (D.D.); (A.S.); (P.K.); (R.L.)
| | - Ajay Srivastava
- Research and Development Laboratory, Vets-Plus Inc., Menomonie, WI 54751, USA; (D.D.); (A.S.); (P.K.); (R.L.)
| | - Prafulla Kumar
- Research and Development Laboratory, Vets-Plus Inc., Menomonie, WI 54751, USA; (D.D.); (A.S.); (P.K.); (R.L.)
| | - Rajiv Lall
- Research and Development Laboratory, Vets-Plus Inc., Menomonie, WI 54751, USA; (D.D.); (A.S.); (P.K.); (R.L.)
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Kumar P, Saha T, Behera S, Gupta S, Das S, Mukhopadhyay K. Enhanced efficacy of a Cu 2+ complex of curcumin against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria: Attributes of complex formation. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 222:111494. [PMID: 34091095 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Curcumin is a tantalizing molecule with multifaceted therapeutic potentials. However, its therapeutic applications are severely hampered because of poor bioavailability, attributed to its instability and aqueous insolubility. In an attempt to overcome this inherent limitation and develop curcumin-based antibacterials, we had earlier synthesized and characterized a metal complex of Cu(II) with curcumin, having the formula [Cu(Curcumin)(OCOCH3)(H2O)], hereafter referred to as Cu(Cur). In this study, the complex, i.e., Cu(Cur), was investigated for its stability and antibacterial activity along with its possible mechanism of action in comparison to the parent molecule, curcumin. Complex formation resulted in improved stability as Cu(Cur) was found to be highly stable under different physiological conditions. Such improved stability was verified with the help of UV-Vis spectroscopy and HPLC. With improved stability, Cu(Cur) exhibited potent and significantly enhanced activity over curcumin against both E. coli and S. aureus. Calcein leakage assay revealed that the complex triggered immediate membrane permeabilization in S. aureus. This membrane disruptive mode of action was further corroborated by microscopic visualization. The excellent potency of the complex was augmented by its safe toxicological profile as it was non-hemolytic and non-cytotoxic towards mammalian cells, making it a suitable candidate for in vivo investigations. Altogether, this investigation is a critical appraisal that advocates the antibacterial potential of this stable, membrane-targeting and non-toxic complex, thereby presenting new perspectives for its therapeutic application against bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prince Kumar
- Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110 067, India
| | - Tanmoy Saha
- Department of Chemistry (Inorganic Section), Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Swastik Behera
- Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110 067, India
| | - Shalini Gupta
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110 067, India
| | - Saurabh Das
- Department of Chemistry (Inorganic Section), Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Kasturi Mukhopadhyay
- Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110 067, India.
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Role of Curcumin and (-)-Epigallocatechin-3- O-Gallate in Bladder Cancer Treatment: A Review. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12071801. [PMID: 32635637 PMCID: PMC7408736 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of bladder cancer (BC) is increasing, and although current therapeutic approaches are effective in many cases, recurrence of BC is common. Therefore, it seems necessary to search not only for novel therapeutic approaches, but also for new therapeutic agents. Natural polyphenols, such as curcumin (CUR) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), possess remarkable antitumor activity. Their biochemical mechanisms of action include regulation of signaling pathways, modeling of proteins involved in apoptosis and cell cycle inhibition, angiogenesis, and the proliferation, migration and adhesion of tumor cells. Both compounds also present antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antiviral properties. CUR has been considered a promising candidate for the treatment of cystic fibrosis, Alzheimer's disease or malaria, whereas EGCG can play a supportive role in the treatment of obesity, metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases. The review summarizes the latest research on the role of CUR and EGCG in the treatment of BC. In particular, the effects of CUR and EGCG, and their prospects for use in BC therapy, their inhibition of cancer development and their prevention of multidrug resistance, are described. The literature's data indicate the possibility of achieving the effect of synergism of both polyphenols in BC therapy, which has been observed so far in the treatment of ovarian, breast and prostate cancer.
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The progresses in curcuminoids-based metal complexes: especially in cancer therapy. Future Med Chem 2019; 11:1035-1056. [PMID: 31140861 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2018-0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Curcuminoids (CURs), a series of derivatives in turmeric (Curcuma longa), are commonly discovered to control the deterioration of cancers. However, the physiochemical properties and the original side effects of many CURs complexes put barriers in their medical applications. To address them, the investigation of metal-based complexes with CURs is in progress. The complexes were summarized according to articles in recent years. The results showed that the complexes improved the physicochemical properties or therapeutic performances compared with pure CURs. Further, it is possible for the novel complexes to be applied in chemical detecting, paramagnetic-luminescent and bio-imaging fields. Therefore, the formation of the metal-based CURs complexes (MBCCs) is beneficial for the development of CURs especially in medical fields.
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