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Parsa L, Motafakkerazad R, Soheyli ST, Haratian A, Kosari-Nasab M, Mahdavi M. Silymarin in combination with ATRA enhances apoptosis induction in human acute promyelocytic NB4 cells. Toxicon 2023; 228:107127. [PMID: 37085055 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Although all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is an efficient pattern in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) therapy, further studies are required due to the extant clinical limitations of ATRA. It has been reported that Silymarin, an anti-cancer herbal substance extracted from milk thistle (Silybum marianum), is able to regulate apoptosis in various types of cancer cells through different mechanisms of action. This study investigated the apoptosis-inducing effect of Silymarin (SM) alone and in combination with ATRA on human acute promyelocytic NB4 cells. Examination using MTT assay indicated that SM treatment leads to growth inhibition in NB4 cells in a dose-dependent manner. The IC50 values of SM and ATRA were calculated 90 μM and 2 μM, respectively. Cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry revealed that a more increase in the sub-G1 phase (a sign of apoptosis) when cells were exposed to SM in combination with ATRA. The incidence of apoptosis was confirmed through Hoechst 33258 staining and Annexin V-FITC analysis. The results showed that Silymarin enhances ATRA-induced apoptosis. The flow cytometric analysis also indicated an enhancement in levels of ROS in the treated cells with both compounds. The real-time PCR illustrated that SM targets apoptosis by down-regulation in Survivin and Bcl-2 while up-regulation in Bax. The findings showed that the combination of the two compounds is more effective in the induction of apoptosis in NB4 cells. Molecular docking studies indicated that Sylibin, as a primary compound of the SM, binds to the BH3 domain of Bcl-2 and the BIR domain of Survivin with various affinities. Based on the findings, it seems that SM used alone and in combination with ATRA may be beneficial for inducing apoptosis in APL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Parsa
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Sarvin Taleb Soheyli
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amin Haratian
- Department of Cell and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Kosari-Nasab
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran; Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Majid Mahdavi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran; Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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de Oliveira JAF, Terra GG, Costa TG, Szpoganicz B, Silva-Caldeira PP, de Souza ÍP, Pereira-Maia EC, Bortoluzzi AJ. Synthesis, characterization and cytotoxicity of copper (II) complex containing a 2H-benzo[e][1,3]oxazin derivative. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 239:112087. [PMID: 36508973 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.112087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
A new cis-dihalo copper(II) complex, [CuII(HLbz)(Cl)2].CH3CN (1), where HLbz = (S)-2-(((2-(2-(pyridin-2-yl)-2H-benzo[e][1,3]oxazin-3(4H)-yl)ethyl)amino)methyl)phenol), was isolated by reacting copper(II) chloride dihydrate and the H2L ligand (H2L = 2,2'-((2-(pyridin-2-yl)imidazolidine-1,3-diyl)bis(methylene))diphenol) in a MeOH/CH3CN (1:3 v/v) mixture. The complex formation occurred via the ligand modification during complexation, producing a unique structure containing 2H-benzo[e][1,3]oxazin, as observed from the single crystal X-ray structure determination. The complex was characterized by elemental analysis, potentiometric titration, spectroscopic techniques (UV-Vis, FT-IR) and conductance measurements. Complex 1 inhibits the growth of myelogenous leukemia cells with an IC50 of 17.3 μmol L-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A F de Oliveira
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Geovana G Terra
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Thiago G Costa
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Bruno Szpoganicz
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil
| | | | - Ívina P de Souza
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Elene C Pereira-Maia
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Adailton J Bortoluzzi
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil.
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Evaluation of Cytotoxicity, Cell Cycle, and Apoptosis Induction of Methyl Thiosemicarbazone Complex with Copper on K562 Cell Line. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN APPLIED AND BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.52547/rabms.8.4.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Shao M, Yao M, Liu X, Gao C, Liu W, Guo J, Zong J, Sun X, Liu Z. In Vitro and In Vivo of Triphenylamine-Appended Fluorescent Half-Sandwich Iridium(III) Thiosemicarbazones Antitumor Complexes. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:17063-17073. [PMID: 34709784 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Half-sandwiched structure iridium(III) complexes appear to be an attractive organometallic antitumor agents in recent years. Here, four triphenylamine-modified fluorescent half-sandwich iridium(III) thiosemicarbazone (TSC) antitumor complexes were developed. Because of the "enol" configuration of the TSC ligands, these complexes formed a unique dimeric configuration. Aided by the appropriate fluorescence properties, studies found that complexes could enter tumor cells in an energy-dependent mode, accumulate in lysosomes, and result in the damage of lysosome integrity. Complexes could block the cell cycle, improve the levels of intrastitial reactive oxygen species, and lead to apoptosis, which followed an antitumor mechanism of oxidation. Compared with cisplatin, the antitumor potential in vivo and vitro confirmed that Ir4 could effectively inhibit tumor growth. Meanwhile, Ir4 could avoid detectable side effects in the experiments of safety evaluation. Above all, half-sandwich iridium(III) TSC complexes are expected to be an encouraging candidate for the treatment of malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxiao Shao
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
| | - Meimei Yao
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
| | - Xicheng Liu
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
| | - Chao Gao
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
| | - Weiyan Liu
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
| | - Jinghang Guo
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
| | - Jiawen Zong
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
| | - Xinzhuo Sun
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
| | - Zhe Liu
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
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Gandhi DH, Vaidya FU, Pathak C, Patel TN, Bhatt BS. Mechanistic insight of cell anti-proliferative activity of fluoroquinolone drug-based Cu(II) complexes. Mol Divers 2021; 26:869-878. [PMID: 33646502 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-021-10199-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pefloxacin-based mixed ligand Cu(II) complexes with substituted isatin of type [Cu(Isatin)(Pefloxacin)Cl] were synthesized, and characterized by EPR, mass, FT-IR, electronic spectrometry, metal content, magnetic moment, and conductance measurement. The g factors g [Formula: see text] > g [Formula: see text] > 2.0023 observed in EPR suggest a square-pyramidal environment of ligands around the copper metal. The compounds were screened for diverse biological activities. The compounds inhibit efficiently the cell proliferation of HCT 116 cancer cells. To take the insight of anticancer activity mechanism, we investigated compound-1 for further cellular assay-based biological activities like trypan blue assay, cell morphological alteration assay, colony formation assay, cell apoptosis, and cell necrosis assay. The compound-1 induced distinct morphological alteration in cells, inhibits cell viability, decreases % plating efficiency, and decreases the clonogenic ability of the HCT 116 cells. The cell death mechanism was confirmed by annexin V-FITC / PI assay and LDH release assay. The positive annexin V/PI stained cells in presence of compound-1 and the absence of a significant amount of lactate dehydrogenase suggest cell apoptosis mechanism for anticancer activity of compounds. We also screened compounds for in vitro antibacterial and cytotoxic activities. Synthesis, characterization, antibacterial, anticancer, and cytotoxicity activities of pefloxacin based Cu(II) complexes were studied. The compound -1 is more potent than standard anticancer drugs and it induced apoptosis to the HCT 116 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Foram U Vaidya
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382007, India
| | - Chandramani Pathak
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurgaon, 122413, India
| | - Tushar N Patel
- C. U. Shah University, Wadhwancity, Gujarat, 363035, India
| | - Bhupesh S Bhatt
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, 388 120, India.
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Anthony EJ, Bolitho EM, Bridgewater HE, Carter OWL, Donnelly JM, Imberti C, Lant EC, Lermyte F, Needham RJ, Palau M, Sadler PJ, Shi H, Wang FX, Zhang WY, Zhang Z. Metallodrugs are unique: opportunities and challenges of discovery and development. Chem Sci 2020; 11:12888-12917. [PMID: 34123239 PMCID: PMC8163330 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04082g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Metals play vital roles in nutrients and medicines and provide chemical functionalities that are not accessible to purely organic compounds. At least 10 metals are essential for human life and about 46 other non-essential metals (including radionuclides) are also used in drug therapies and diagnostic agents. These include platinum drugs (in 50% of cancer chemotherapies), lithium (bipolar disorders), silver (antimicrobials), and bismuth (broad-spectrum antibiotics). While the quest for novel and better drugs is now as urgent as ever, drug discovery and development pipelines established for organic drugs and based on target identification and high-throughput screening of compound libraries are less effective when applied to metallodrugs. Metallodrugs are often prodrugs which undergo activation by ligand substitution or redox reactions, and are multi-targeting, all of which need to be considered when establishing structure-activity relationships. We focus on early-stage in vitro drug discovery, highlighting the challenges of evaluating anticancer, antimicrobial and antiviral metallo-pharmacophores in cultured cells, and identifying their targets. We highlight advances in the application of metal-specific techniques that can assist the preclinical development, including synchrotron X-ray spectro(micro)scopy, luminescence, and mass spectrometry-based methods, combined with proteomic and genomic (metallomic) approaches. A deeper understanding of the behavior of metals and metallodrugs in biological systems is not only key to the design of novel agents with unique mechanisms of action, but also to new understanding of clinically-established drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Anthony
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Elizabeth M Bolitho
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Hannah E Bridgewater
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Oliver W L Carter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Jane M Donnelly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Cinzia Imberti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Edward C Lant
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Frederik Lermyte
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL UK
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Russell J Needham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Marta Palau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Peter J Sadler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Huayun Shi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Fang-Xin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Wen-Ying Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Zijin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL UK
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