The estrogen receptor α gene (XbaI, PvuII) polymorphisms and susceptibility to idiopathic scoliosis: a meta-analysis

Differential Regulation of POC5 by ERα in Human Normal and Scoliotic Cells

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a complex three-dimensional spinal deformity. The incidence of AIS in females is 8.4 times higher than in males. Several hypotheses on the role of estrogen have been postulated for the progression of AIS. Recently, Centriolar protein gene POC5 (POC5) was identified as a causative gene of AIS. POC5 is a centriolar protein that is important for cell cycle progression and centriole elongation. However, the hormonal regulation of POC5 remains to be determined. Here, we identify POC5 as an estrogen-responsive gene under the regulation of estrogen receptor ERα in normal osteoblasts (NOBs) and other ERα-positive cells. Using promoter activity, gene, and protein expression assays, we found that the POC5 gene was upregulated by the treatment of osteoblasts with estradiol (E2) through direct genomic signaling. We observed different effects of E2 in NOBs and mutant POC5^A429V AIS osteoblasts. Using promoter assays, we identified an estrogen response element (ERE) in the proximal promoter of POC5, which conferred estrogen responsiveness through ERα. The recruitment of ERα to the ERE of the POC5 promoter was also potentiated by estrogen. Collectively, these findings suggest that estrogen is an etiological factor in scoliosis through the deregulation of POC5.

Association of ESRα XbaI A > G, ESRα PvuII T > C and ESRβ AlwNI T > C Polymorphisms with the Risk of Developing Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Systematic Review and Genetic Meta-analysis

Several association studies of genes polymorphisms on estrogen receptors-α and β with respect to adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) have been published in the past two decades. However, the association with AIS, especially among different ethnic subgroups, still remains controversial. Thus, we investigated these inconclusive data by performing a meta-analysis to systematically evaluate the association.

A literature search was conducted in the PubMed, ISI Web of Science, EMBASE, SCOPUS, EBSCO, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Wanfang databases until January 20, 2018. The strength of relationship was assessed using odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs).

A total of 12 case–control studies with 4,304 cases of AIS and 3,123 controls met our criteria. The pooled ORs indicated that the ESRα XbaI A > G, ESRα PvuII T > C and ESRβ AlwNI T > C polymorphisms were not significantly associated with the risk of developing AIS in the overall analysis. However, we found a significant association between the ESRα XbaI A > G polymorphism and AIS under the homozygote model (GG versus AA; OR = 1.448, 95%CI: 1.052–1.993; p  = 0.023).

The present meta-analysis suggests that the ESRα XbaI A > G, ESRα PvuII T > C and ESRβ AlwNI T > C polymorphisms may not be associated with the risk of developing AIS in the overall analysis. However, ESRα XbaI A > G might have an influence on the susceptibility to develop AIS among Asians. Considering the limited sample size and ethnicity, further larger studies are needed to provide a more precise estimation of the associations.

Association of vitamin D receptor BsmI rs1544410 and ApaI rs7975232 polymorphisms with susceptibility to adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

AIS is the most common spinal deformity disease, yet its etiology remains uncertain. Significant associations have been found between AIS risk and vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms; however, some of these results are controversial. The aim of this study was to determine whether VDR BsmI rs1544410 and ApaI rs7975232 polymorphisms are correlated with AIS.

METHODS

Databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, the Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, and the Wanfang Database, were systematically searched, and eligible case-control studies that explored the association of VDR (BsmI and ApaI) and the susceptibility to AIS were selected. The pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was calculated to assess the associations, and subgroup meta-analyses were performed according to the ethnicity of the study population.

RESULTS

A total of 5 studies with 717 cases and 554 controls fulfilled the inclusion criteria after assessment by 2 reviewers. Generally, significant correlations were found between the BsmI polymorphism and AIS risk in overall populations and in Asian populations (overall population: B vs b: OR = 2.12, 95% CI = 1.21-3.75, P = .009; BB vs bb: OR = 3.38, 95% CI = 1.08-10.57, P = .036; Bb vs bb: OR = 2.50, 95% CI = 1.29-4.82, P = .006; BB/Bb vs bb: OR = 2.71, 95% CI = 1.31-5.63, P = .007; Asian population: B vs b: OR = 2.42, 95% CI = 1.27-4.61, P = .007; BB vs bb: OR = 4.09, 95% CI = 1.03-16.22, P = .045; Bb vs bb: OR =  2.94, 95% CI = 1.42-6.10, P = .004; BB/Bb vs bb: OR = 3.23, 95% CI = 1.42-7.35, P = .005). There was no significant association observed in Caucasian populations (all P > .05). With regard to the ApaI polymorphism, we found that it significantly decreased the risk of AIS (Aa vs AA: OR = 0.43, 95% CI = 0.24-0.77, P = .004; Aa/aa vs AA: OR = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.30-0.91, P = .023); however, we could not draw a definitive conclusion for Caucasian populations, as no studies have been conducted in this group to determine the role of the VDR ApaI polymorphism in AIS etiology and development.

CONCLUSION

VDR BsmI was significantly associated with AIS susceptibility in the overall and Asian populations, while the VDR ApaI polymorphism only played a key role in AIS etiology and development in Asian populations.

Genetics and pathogenesis of idiopathic scoliosis

Idiopathic scoliosis (IS), the most common spinal deformity, affects otherwise healthy children and adolescents during growth. The aetiology is still unknown, although genetic factors are believed to be important. The present review corroborates the understanding of IS as a complex disease with a polygenic background. Presumably IS can be due to a spectrum of genetic risk variants, ranging from very rare or even private to very common. The most promising candidate genes are highlighted.

Association Between ESR1 PvuII, XbaI, and P325P Polymorphisms and Breast Cancer Susceptibility: A Meta-Analysis

Background

Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths for women. Numerous studies have shown that single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on the ESR1 gene are associated to this disease. However, data and conclusions are inconsistent and controversial.

Material/Methods

To investigate the association between PvuII (rs2234693), XbaI (rs9340799) and P325P (rs1801132) polymorphisms of ESR1 gene with the risk of breast cancer under different population categorizations, we searched multiple databases for data collection, and performed the meta-analysis on a total of 25 case-control studies. Three different comparison models – dominant model, recessive model, and homozygote comparison model – were applied to evaluate the association.

Results

Our results indicated that people with TT+TC or TT genotype were at a greater risk of developing breast cancer than those with CC genotype in the PvuII polymorphism. While for XbaI and P325P polymorphisms, no significance was found using any of the 3 models. Furthermore, the data were also stratified into different subgroups according to the ethnicity (white or Asian) and source of controls (hospital-based or population-based), and separate analyses were conducted to assess the association. The ethnicity subgroup assessment showed that the higher risk of breast cancer for TT genotype of PvuII polymorphism than CC genotype only occurred in Asian people, but not in white populations. For the source-stratified subgroup analysis, significant association suggested that people with TT + TC genotype were at a greater risk of developing breast cancer than those with CC genotype in the hospital-based subgroup.

Conclusions

Thus, this meta-analysis clarified the inconsistent conclusions from previous studies, conducted analyses for the entire population as well as for different subgroups using diverse population categorization strategies, and has the potential to help provide a personalized risk estimate for breast cancer susceptibility.

The polymorphisms of melatonin receptor 1B gene (MTNR1B) (rs4753426 and rs10830963) and susceptibility to adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

To determine whether MTNR1B rs4753426 and rs10830963 polymorphisms are correlated with AIS. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the most common form of spinal deformity, while its etiology remains uncertain. Melatonin receptor 1B (MTNR1B) gene polymorphisms have been found to be significantly associated with AIS risk; however, some of these results are controversial.

METHODS

An systematic online search was performed using PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library to identify case-control studies investigating the relationship between MTNR1B rs4753426 and rs10830963 polymorphisms and the susceptibility of AIS. The pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95 % confidence interval (95 % CI) was calculated to assess the associations, and subgroup meta-analyses were performed according to the ethnicity of the study populations.

RESULTS

A total of five studies involving 2395 cases and 3645 controls met the inclusion criteria after assessment by two reviewers. Overall, no significant associations were found between MTNR1B rs4753426 polymorphism and AIS risk (C vs. T: OR = 1.11, 95 % CI 0.94-1.30, P = 0.21; CC vs. TT: OR = 1.15, 95 % CI 0.97-1.36, P = 0.12; CT vs. TT: OR = 1.14, 95 % CI 0.97-1.35, P = 0.10; CC/CT vs. TT: OR = 1.14, 95 % CI 0.98-1.33, P = 0.09; CC vs.

CT/TT

OR = 1.10, 95 % CI 0.84-1.45, P = 0.48), as well as the MTNR1B rs10830963 polymorphism (G vs. C: OR = 0.99, 95 % CI 0.88-1.12, P = 0.91; GG vs. CC: OR = 0.99, 95 % CI 0.74-1.33, P = 0.96; CG vs. CC: OR = 1.00, 95 % CI 0.84-1.18, P = 0.88; GG/CG vs. CC: OR = 0.99, 95 % CI 0.84-1.17, P = 0.93; GG vs.

CG/CC

OR = 0.99, 95 % CI 0.75-1.30, P = 0.92). When stratified by ethnicity, there were no significant associations between MTNR1B rs4753426 and MTNR1B rs10830963 polymorphisms and AIS risk in either Asian or Caucasian populations.

CONCLUSION

MTNR1B rs4753426 and MTNR1B rs10830963 polymorphisms are not obviously associated with risk of AIS in either Asian populations or Caucasian populations.