Clinical and microbiological changes after minimally invasive therapeutic approaches in intrabony defects: a 12-month follow-up

Effects of minimally invasive non-surgical therapy on C-reactive protein, lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2, and clinical outcomes in periodontitis patients: A 1-year randomized, controlled clinical trial

BACKGROUND

Growing evidence suggests the type of periodontal treatment could differentially influence the reduction of key cardiovascular risk mediators in periodontitis patients. This randomized, controlled clinical trial compared the impact of minimally invasive non-surgical therapy (MINST) with quadrant-wise subgingival instrumentation (Q-SI) on C-reactive protein (CRP) together with lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) levels, and clinical periodontal outcomes in patients with periodontitis. Moreover, it was evaluated if baseline CRP levels impacted the efficacy of non-surgical periodontal therapy protocols.

METHODS

Forty-two periodontitis patients were enrolled and randomly treated by means of MINST (n = 21) or Q-SI (n = 21). The outcomes assessed were serum CRP and Lp-PLA2, and periodontal parameters (probing depth [PD], clinical attachment level [CAL], full-mouth bleeding score [FMBS]), at baseline and at follow-ups at 1, 3, and 6 months and at 1 year after treatment.

RESULTS

At 1 year, MINST significantly reduced, among others, mean PD (p = 0.007), mean CAL (p = 0.007), the number of pockets >4 mm (p = 0.011) and ≥6 mm (p = 0.005), and FMBS (p = 0.048) compared to Q-SI. Generalized multivariate analysis evidenced that high baseline CRP (p = 0.039) and FMBS (p = 0.046) levels, together with MINST treatment (p = 0.007) were significant predictors of PD reduction at 1-year follow-up. Moreover, the Jonckheere-Terpstra test showed that patients with high baseline CRP levels gained more benefits from MINST treatment at 1-year follow-up than they did from Q-SI.

CONCLUSION

Patients receiving MINST showed a greater reduction in CRP levels than patients with Q-SI after 1 year of follow-up. Moreover, patients with high baseline levels of CRP and Lp-PLA2 gained more benefits from the MINST approach at 1-year follow-up.

Minimally invasive non-surgical therapy (MINST) in stage III periodontitis patients: 6-month results of a split-mouth, randomised controlled clinical trial

OBJECTIVES

To determine if minimally invasive non-surgical therapy (MINST) outperforms classical non-surgical periodontal therapy for stage III periodontitis with primarily suprabony (horizontal) type defects.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In a split-mouth randomised controlled trial, 20 patients' dental quadrants were randomly assigned to MINST or classical non-surgical treatment. The primary outcome variable was the number of sites with probing pocket depth ≥ 5 mm and BOP. Treatment method, tooth type, smoking status, and gender were evaluated using a multivariate multilevel logistic regression model.

RESULTS

After 6 months, the percentage of sites with PD ≥ 5 mm and BOP that healed (MINST = 75.5%; control group = 74.1%; p = 0.98), and the median number of persisting sites (MINST: 6.5, control group: 7.0; p = 0.925) were similar in both groups. In the test and control groups, respectively, median probing pocket depths (2.0 mm vs. 2.1 mm) and clinical attachment level (1.7 mm vs. 2.0 mm) changed significantly (p < 0.05) but similarly. Significantly less gingival recession occurred in the MINST group's deep molar pockets compared to the control group (p = 0.037). Men (OR = 0.52, p = 0.014) and non-molars (OR = 3.84, p 0.001) had altered odds for healing of sites with PD ≥ 5 mm and BOP.

CONCLUSIONS

MINST reduces gingival recession associated with molar teeth, although it performs similarly to traditional non-surgical therapy in treating stage III periodontitis with predominately horizontal-type defects.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

MINST performs similarly to non-surgical periodontal therapy in stage III periodontitis with predominantly suprabony defects.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04036513) on June 29, 2019.

Minimal invasiveness in nonsurgical periodontal therapy

Periodontal treatment is quickly moving towards a philosophy consisting of a less invasive approach. In this context, minimally invasive nonsurgical therapy (MINST) is a promising option. This paper reviews the concepts behind minimal invasiveness in nonsurgical periodontology and reports the state-of the art evidence for this topic. Instruments used and protocols suggested for these applications are introduced and discussed. The original papers reviewed show probing pocket depth (PPD) reductions and clinical attachment level (CAL) gains ranging from 2 to 4 mm between baseline and 6 months to 5 years posttreatment for intrabony defects and from 1.5 to 3 mm between baseline and 2-6 months of follow-up for full-mouth results. These clinical outcomes are accompanied by statistically significant reductions in radiographic bone defect depth and increases in intrabony defect angles posttreatment. Wound healing mechanisms following MINST are presented, and clinical applications and directions for future research are suggested.

Minimally Invasive Non-Surgical Technique in the Treatment of Intrabony Defects-A Narrative Review

Intrabony defects occur frequently in periodontitis and represent sites that, if left untreated, are at increased risk for disease progression. Although resective or repair procedures have been used to treat intrabony defects, aiming at their elimination, the treatment of choice is surgical periodontal regeneration. The development of periodontal regeneration in the last 30 years has followed two distinctive, though totally different, paths. The interest of researchers has so far focused on regenerative materials and products on one side, and on novel surgical approaches on the other side. In the area of materials and products, three different regenerative concepts have been explored namely, barrier membranes, bone grafts, and wound healing modifiers/biologics, plus many combinations of the aforementioned. In the area of surgical approaches, clinical innovation in flap design and handling, as well as minimally invasive approaches, has radically changed regenerative surgery. Recently, a minimally invasive non-surgical technique (MINST) for the treatment of intrabony defects was proposed. Initial clinical trials indicated comparable results to the surgical minimally invasive techniques in both clinical and radiographic outcomes. These results support the efficacy of this treatment approach. The aim of this review is to present the evidence on the application of minimally invasive non-surgical techniques and their efficacy in the treatment of intrabony defects.

The granulation tissue preservation technique in regenerative periodontal surgery-a randomized controlled clinical trial

Objectives

To investigate if the application of the granulation tissue preservation technique (GTPT) in regenerative therapy of infrabony periodontal defects results in more clinical attachment level (CAL) gain and more radiographic bone gain (RBG) than the conventional resective approach 12 months after surgery.

Materials and methods

Forty patients exhibiting at least one infrabony defect with a probing pocket depth (PPD) ≥6 mm and a radiographic infrabony component (INFRA_X‐ray) ≥3 mm were randomly treated with the GTPT (test group) or the double‐flap approach with resection of the defect‐filling granulation tissue (control group). Enamel matrix derivatives were applied in both groups. Clinical and radiographic parameters were recorded at baseline (t0), 6 months (t1), and 12 months (t2) after surgery. The primary outcome variable was CAL gain between t0 and t2.

Results

When all patients were considered, ΔCAL_t0–t2 did not differ significantly between the two groups (p = .160). Significant PPD reduction (test group: 4.38 ± 1.36 mm; control group: 4.06 ± 2.38 mm), CAL gain (test group: 3.75 ± 1.24 mm; control group: 2.88 ± 2.09 mm), and RBG (test group: 3.06 ± 1.74 mm; control group: 3.27 ± 2.19 mm) were achieved at t2 in both groups. Using multivariate linear regression, PPD_t0 and group were identified as variables with the greatest influence on ΔCAL_t0–t2. PPD_t0 and INFRA_X‐ray were identified as variables with the greatest influence on RBG_t0–t2. Patients with a defect angle >22° showed significantly more CAL gain in the test group (t0–t1: 3.08 ± 1.38 mm; t0–t2: 3.62 ± 0.96 mm) than in the control group (t0–t1: 1.77 ± 1.54 mm; t0–t2: 2.18 ± 1.83 mm).

Conclusions

Regarding all patients, the study failed to show significant differences between the test and control groups. However, the GTPT appears to lead to more CAL gain in noncontaining infrabony defects.

Changes in clinical parameters following adjunctive local sodium hypochlorite gel in minimally invasive nonsurgical therapy (MINST) of periodontal pockets: a 6-month randomized controlled clinical trial

BACKGROUND

The mechanical disruption and removal of the subgingival biofilm represent the most important step in the treatment of periodontitis. However, in deep periodontal pockets, mechanical removal of the subgingival biofilm is difficult and frequently incomplete. Preliminary findings indicate that the use of amino acid buffered sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) gel may chemically destroy the bacterial biofilm and facilitate its mechanical removal.

OBJECTIVES

To clinically evaluate the efficacy of minimally invasive nonsurgical therapy (MINST) of periodontal pockets with or without local application of an amino acid buffered sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) gel.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Forty untreated patients diagnosed with severe/advanced periodontitis (i.e. stage III/IV) with a slow/moderate rate of progression (i.e. grade A/B) were randomly allocated in two treatment groups. In the test group, the periodontal pockets were treated by means of MINST and NaOCl gel application, while in the control group, treatment consisted of MINST alone. Full-mouth plaque scores (FMPS), full-mouth bleeding scores (FMBS), probing depths (PD), clinical attachment levels (CAL) and gingival recessions (GR) were assessed at baseline and at 6 months following therapy. The primary outcome variable was PD reduction at sites with PD ≥ 5 mm at baseline.

RESULTS

At 6 months, statistically significant differences between the two groups were found (p = 0.001) in terms of PD and CAL change. No statistically significant differences were found in terms of GR (p = 0.81). The number of sites with PD ≥ 5 mm and BOP (+) decreased statistically significantly (p = 0.001), i.e. from 85.3 to 2.2% in the test group and from 81.6 to 7.3% in the control group, respectively. Statistically significant differences between test and control groups were recorded at 6 months (p = 0.001). MINST + NaOCl compared to MINST alone decreased statistically significantly (p = 0.001) the probability of residual PDs ≥ 5 mm with BOP- (14.5% vs 18.3%) and BOP+ (2.2% vs. 7.2%).

CONCLUSIONS

Within their limits, the present results indicate that (a) the use of MINST may represent a clinically valuable approach for nonsurgical therapy and (b) the application of NaOCl gel in conjunction with MINST may additionally improve the clinical outcomes compared to the use of MINST alone.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

In patients with untreated periodontitis, treatment of deep pockets by means of MINST in conjunction with a NaOCl gel may represent a valuable approach to additionally improve the clinical outcomes obtained with MINST alone.

Efficacy of periodontal minimally invasive surgery with and without regenerative materials for treatment of intrabony defect: a randomized clinical trial

OBJECTIVES

The minimally invasive surgical technique was modified in suture (MISTms) in this study. The trial was to determine the efficacy of MISTms with and without regenerative materials for the treatment of intrabony defect and to identify factors influencing 1-year clinical attachment level (CAL) gain.

METHODS

Thirty-six patients with interdental intrabony defects were randomly assigned to MISTms (MISTms alone, 18) or MISTms plus deproteinized bovine bone mineral and collagen membrane (MISTms combined, 18). Wound healing was evaluated by early healing index (EHI) at 1, 2, 3, and 6 weeks. Probing depth (PD), CAL, gingival recession, radiographic defect depth, and distance from the base of defect to the cementoenamel junction were recorded at baseline and 1 year postoperatively. A one-year composite outcome measure based on the combination of CAL gain and post-surgery PD was evaluated. Factors influencing 1-year CAL gain were analyzed.

RESULTS

Fifteen patients in MISTms-alone and 16 in the MISTms-combined group finished the study. The MISTms-alone group showed significantly better wound healing at 1 week. CAL significantly gained in the MISTms-alone and MISTms-combined group, with 2.53 ± 1.80 mm and 2.00 ± 1.38 mm respectively. The radiographic bone gain was 3.00 ± 1.56 mm and 3.85 ± 1.69 mm respectively. However, there were no significant differences between the two groups about 1-year outcomes. Lower EHI (optimal wound healing) and more baseline CAL positively influenced 1-year CAL gain.

CONCLUSIONS

MISTms is an effective treatment for intrabony defects. The regenerative materials do not show an additional effect on 1-year outcomes. Early wound healing and baseline CAL are factors influencing 1-year CAL gain.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

MISTms with and without regenerative materials are both effective treatments for intrabony defect.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: ChiCTR2100043272.