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Effect of 940 nm laser diode irradiation prior to bonding procedure on postoperative sensitivity following class II composite restorations: a split-mouth randomized clinical trial. Lasers Med Sci 2021; 36:1109-1116. [PMID: 33392782 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-020-03213-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 940 nm laser diode on class II composite cavities prior to bonding and restoration process on the postoperative sensitivity (POS). Thirty patients with two bilateral premolars with mesio or disto-occlusal carious lesions were evaluated. In each patient, the teeth were randomly divided into the control and laser groups. After cavity preparation and isolation and before the bonding process, the laser group was subjected to 940 nm irradiation (Epic 10, Biolase, USA) by 400 μ tip continuously at 100 mW with 398 J/cm2 energy density of tip, which was applied for 5 s at a distance of 2 mm on the axial wall of the cavity. In the control group, irradiation was performed by using the aiming beam. Access cavity was then restored with a composite resin. Cold sensitivity was measured using a cold spray application on the middle third of teeth buccal surface at baseline (before the intervention), 1, 14, and 30 days after the restoration by visual analog scale (VAS) criteria. The mean Friedman and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used for data analysis. It was shown that in both laser and control groups, the VAS was significantly decreased at all times compared to the baseline (p ≤ 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the mean VAS of two groups at baseline and first day (p ≤ 0.05), but at 14 and 30 days after the intervention, it was significantly lower in the laser group (p ≤ 0.05). The results of this study demonstrated that the cavity pretreatment with laser diode (940 nm) effectively reduces the postoperative sensitivity in class II composite restorations.
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Usai P, Campanella V, Sotgiu G, Spano G, Pinna R, Eramo S, Saderi L, Garcia-Godoy F, Derchi G, Mastandrea G, Milia E. Effectiveness of Calcium Phosphate Desensitising Agents in Dental Hypersensitivity Over 24 Weeks of Clinical Evaluation. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9121748. [PMID: 31818019 PMCID: PMC6955887 DOI: 10.3390/nano9121748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Calcium phosphate-based compounds are used to treat dental hypersensitivity (DH). Their long-term clinical behaviour needs further research. This study compared the 24-week effectiveness of Teethmate Desensitizer (TD), a pure tetracalcium phosphate (TTCP) and dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) powder/water, to that of Dentin Desensitizer (DD), and Bite & White ExSense (BWE), both of calcium phosphate crystallites. Methods: A total of 105 subjects were selected. A random table was utilised to form three groups of 35 subjects. DH was evaluated using the evaporative sensitivity, tactile sensitivity tests, and the visual analogue scale (VAS) of pain. Response was recorded before the application of the materials (Pre-1), immediately after (Post-0), at 1 week (Post-1), 4 weeks (Post-2), 12 weeks (Post-3) and 24 weeks (Post-4). The non-parametric distribution was assessed with the Shapiro–Wilk statistical test. Intra-group differences for the six time points were evaluated with the Friedman statistical test and the Kruskal–Wallis test. Results: All the materials decreased DH after 24 weeks in comparison to Pre-1. However, the TTCP/DCPD cement showed the greatest statistical efficiency. Conclusions: The significant decrease of VAS scores produced by TD in the long term suggest the material as the most reliable in the clinical relief of DH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Usai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (P.U.); (R.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Vincenzo Campanella
- Department of Clinical and Translational Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Sotgiu
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
- Correspondence: (G.S.); (E.M.); Tel.: +39-079-229959 (G.S.); +39-079-228437 (E.M.)
| | - Giovanni Spano
- Dental Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Roberto Pinna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (P.U.); (R.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Stefano Eramo
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, S. Andrea delle Fratte, 06156 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Laura Saderi
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Franklin Garcia-Godoy
- Department of Bioscience Research, College of Dentistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, TN USA and The Forsyth Institute, Memphis, TN 38163, USA;
| | - Giacomo Derchi
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Medicine and Critical Area, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Giorgio Mastandrea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (P.U.); (R.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Egle Milia
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
- Dental Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
- Correspondence: (G.S.); (E.M.); Tel.: +39-079-229959 (G.S.); +39-079-228437 (E.M.)
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Efficiency of desensitizing materials in xerostomic patients with head and neck cancer: a comparative clinical study. Clin Oral Investig 2019; 24:2259-2269. [PMID: 31728731 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-019-03081-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the clinical effectiveness of four desensitizing materials in patients who are xerostomic due to radiotherapy for head and neck cancer (HNC) in comparison to a healthy group with normal salivation. METHODS AND MATERIALS The study was conducted as a split-mouth randomized clinical trial. Forty HNC patients (group A) and 46 healthy patients (group B) suffering from dentin hypersensitivity (DH) were included. Salivary flow was determined through a scialometric test. Hypersensitivity was assessed with air stimulus and tactile stimulus. The materials used as desensitizing agents were Vertise Flow, Universal Dentin Sealant, Clearfil Protect Bond, and Flor-Opal Varnish. The response was recorded before application of the materials, immediately after, and at 1 week, 4 weeks, and 12 weeks. RESULTS Salivary flow rates in groups A/B were 0.15/0.53 mL/min (unstimulated) and 0.54/1.27 mL/min (stimulated), respectively. In group A, 100 hypersensitive teeth were included. Application of the desensitizing agents significantly decreased the hypersensitivity immediately and throughout the 4-week follow-up (p < 0.001). However, after the 12-week timepoint, a loss of efficacy was detected in all agents (p = 0.131). In group B, 116 hypersensitive teeth were included. The materials performed a more stable action, although a loss of effectiveness was detected at 12-week control (p = 0.297). CONCLUSION The efficiency of the desensitizing agents after the first application was similar in both groups. In the radiated group, this effect lasted for shorter periods than in healthy controls. CLINICAL RELEVANCE HNC patients with hyposalivation may be a new risk group for DH.
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de Oliveira NG, Lima ASLC, da Silveira MT, de Souza Araújo PR, de Melo Monteiro GQ, de Vasconcelos Carvalho M. Evaluation of postoperative sensitivity in restorations with self-adhesive resin: a randomized split-mouth design controlled study. Clin Oral Investig 2019; 24:1829-1835. [PMID: 31410676 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-019-03046-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the postoperative sensitivity of restorations with self-adhesive resin composite (SAC) (Vertise Flow (VER)/Kerr) compared with conventional resin composite with self-etching adhesive (Filtek Z250 (Z250)/3M ESPE; Clearfil SE Bond (CSEB)/Kuraray). MATERIALS AND METHODS A randomized, controlled, double-blind, split-mouth, two-arm clinical trial was conducted. Twenty-seven volunteers with third molars indicated for extraction received two deep class I restorations, one with each material. Postoperative sensitivity was measured at 24 h and 15 or 30 days after the restorative procedures using a visual analog scale (VAS). When present, information on the characteristics of the pain was also collected. The data were submitted to the McNemar test (α = 0.05). RESULTS Regardless of the time intervals, the postoperative sensitivity was observed in 52% and 48% of the CSEB and VERT groups, respectively (p = 1.000). When the evaluation periods were analyzed, the 15-day evaluation presented the highest occurrence of pain, but of mild intensity, in both groups. All patients with sensitivity reported that the pain was localized and of short duration. CONCLUSION Self-adhesive resin composite Vertise Flow and conventional resin composite with a self-etching bonding agent promoted similar response regarding postoperative sensitivity in deep class I cavities. When postoperative sensitivity was present, mild pain was observed, especially after 15 days of the restorative procedure, which decreased over time. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Postoperative sensitivity to self-adhesive resin composite (SAC) restorations in deep cavities was comparable with that of conventional restorations with a self-etching bonding agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Gomes de Oliveira
- School of Dentistry, Universidade de Pernambuco-UPE, Av. General Newton Cavalcanti, 1650, Tabatinga, Camaragibe, PE, 54.756-220, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Souza Leão Costa Lima
- School of Dentistry, Universidade de Pernambuco-UPE, Av. General Newton Cavalcanti, 1650, Tabatinga, Camaragibe, PE, 54.756-220, Brazil
| | - Marina Torreão da Silveira
- School of Dentistry, Universidade de Pernambuco-UPE, Av. General Newton Cavalcanti, 1650, Tabatinga, Camaragibe, PE, 54.756-220, Brazil
| | | | - Gabriela Queiroz de Melo Monteiro
- School of Dentistry, Universidade de Pernambuco-UPE, Av. General Newton Cavalcanti, 1650, Tabatinga, Camaragibe, PE, 54.756-220, Brazil.
| | - Marianne de Vasconcelos Carvalho
- School of Dentistry, Universidade de Pernambuco-UPE, Av. General Newton Cavalcanti, 1650, Tabatinga, Camaragibe, PE, 54.756-220, Brazil
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Marto CM, Baptista Paula A, Nunes T, Pimenta M, Abrantes AM, Pires AS, Laranjo M, Coelho A, Donato H, Botelho MF, Marques Ferreira M, Carrilho E. Evaluation of the efficacy of dentin hypersensitivity treatments—A systematic review and follow‐up analysis. J Oral Rehabil 2019; 46:952-990. [DOI: 10.1111/joor.12842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Miguel Marto
- Institute of Integrated Clinical Practice, Faculty of Medicine University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
- Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Area of Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
- CNC.IBILI University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
- Experimental Pathology Institute, Faculty of Medicine University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - Anabela Baptista Paula
- Institute of Integrated Clinical Practice, Faculty of Medicine University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
- Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Area of Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
- CNC.IBILI University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - Tiago Nunes
- Institute of Integrated Clinical Practice, Faculty of Medicine University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - Miguel Pimenta
- Institute of Integrated Clinical Practice, Faculty of Medicine University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - Ana Margarida Abrantes
- Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Area of Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
- CNC.IBILI University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
- Biophysics Institute, Faculty of Medicine University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - Ana Salomé Pires
- Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Area of Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
- CNC.IBILI University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
- Biophysics Institute, Faculty of Medicine University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - Mafalda Laranjo
- Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Area of Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
- CNC.IBILI University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
- Biophysics Institute, Faculty of Medicine University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - Ana Coelho
- Institute of Integrated Clinical Practice, Faculty of Medicine University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
- Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Area of Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
- CNC.IBILI University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - Helena Donato
- Documentation Department Coimbra Hospital University Centre Coimbra Portugal
| | - Maria Filomena Botelho
- Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Area of Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
- CNC.IBILI University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
- Biophysics Institute, Faculty of Medicine University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - Manuel Marques Ferreira
- Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Area of Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
- CNC.IBILI University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
- Institute of Endodontics, Faculty of Medicine University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - Eunice Carrilho
- Institute of Integrated Clinical Practice, Faculty of Medicine University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
- Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Area of Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
- CNC.IBILI University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
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Zhou X, Huang X, Li M, Peng X, Wang S, Zhou X, Cheng L. Development and status of resin composite as dental restorative materials. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinxuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesSichuan University Chengdu 610041 Sichuan China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesSichuan University Chengdu 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Xiaoyu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesSichuan University Chengdu 610041 Sichuan China
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of StomatologySichuan University Chengdu 610041 Sichuan China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesSichuan University Chengdu 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Mingyun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesSichuan University Chengdu 610041 Sichuan China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesSichuan University Chengdu 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Xian Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesSichuan University Chengdu 610041 Sichuan China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesSichuan University Chengdu 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Suping Wang
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics & Stomatology CenterThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 540052 Henan China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesSichuan University Chengdu 610041 Sichuan China
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of StomatologySichuan University Chengdu 610041 Sichuan China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesSichuan University Chengdu 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesSichuan University Chengdu 610041 Sichuan China
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of StomatologySichuan University Chengdu 610041 Sichuan China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesSichuan University Chengdu 610041 Sichuan China
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Abstract
After a brief review of current restorative materials and classifications, this article discusses the latest developments in polymer-based direct filling materials, with emphasis on products and studies available in the last 10 years. This will include the more recent bulk fill composites and self-adhesive materials, for which clinical evidence of success, albeit somewhat limited, is already available. The article also introduces the latest cutting edge research topics on new materials for composite restorations, and an outlook for the future of how those may help to improve the service life of dental composite restorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmem S Pfeifer
- Division of Biomaterials and Biomechanics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, 2730 Southwest Moody Avenue, Room 6N036, Portland, OR 97201, USA.
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8
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Vano M, Derchi G, Barone A, Pinna R, Usai P, Covani U. Reducing dentine hypersensitivity with nano-hydroxyapatite toothpaste: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Clin Oral Investig 2017; 22:313-320. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-017-2113-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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9
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Femiano F, Femiano R, Lanza A, Lanza M, Perillo L. Effectiveness on oral pain of 808-nm diode laser used prior to composite restoration for symptomatic non-carious cervical lesions unresponsive to desensitizing agents. Lasers Med Sci 2016; 32:67-71. [PMID: 27734160 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-016-2087-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study compares sensitivity reduction after dental restoration with and without prior diode laser (DL) irradiation for cervical dentine hypersensitivity (CDH) from non-carious cervical lesions (NCCLs) unresponsive to desensitizing agents. Eighty-eight teeth of 28 subjects (21 females; age 23-64 years), with CDH from NCCL were included in this study. NCCLs of each oral quadrant were randomized in two groups (study group (SG)) to estimate the sensitivity reduction after dental restoration (SG-1) compared with the DL irradiation used prior to restoration placement (SG-2). The subjects were asked to rate the sensitivity experienced during air stimulation using a visual analog scale before (baseline), immediately after, and at 6 and 12 months from restoration. The outcomes showed a significant reduction of discomfort compared to baseline for NCCLs of SG-2 with the decrease of 78.5, 78.9, and 78.1 % immediately and at 6 and 12 months after restoration, respectively; in comparison with the decrease of 70.1, 67, and 65.3 % for NCCLs of SG-1 immediately and at 6 and 12 months after restoration, respectively; and compared to baseline. The DL irradiation prior to dental restoration can further improve the painful symptomatology of CDH from NCCL unresponsive to desensitizing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felice Femiano
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, Second University of Naples, Via De Crecchio 8, 83100, Naples, Italy. .,, Via Francesco Girardi 2, Sant'Antimo, NA, 80029, Italy.
| | - Rossella Femiano
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, Second University of Naples, Via De Crecchio 8, 83100, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Lanza
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, Second University of Naples, Via De Crecchio 8, 83100, Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Lanza
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, Second University of Naples, Via De Crecchio 8, 83100, Naples, Italy
| | - Letizia Perillo
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, Second University of Naples, Via De Crecchio 8, 83100, Naples, Italy
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Lee SB, González-Cabezas C, Kim KM, Kim KN, Kuroda K. Catechol-Functionalized Synthetic Polymer as a Dental Adhesive to Contaminated Dentin Surface for a Composite Restoration. Biomacromolecules 2015; 16:2265-75. [PMID: 26176305 PMCID: PMC4534835 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study reports a synthetic polymer functionalized with catechol groups as dental adhesives. We hypothesize that a catechol-functionalized polymer functions as a dental adhesive for wet dentin surfaces, potentially eliminating the complications associated with saliva contamination. We prepared a random copolymer containing catechol and methoxyethyl groups in the side chains. The mechanical and adhesive properties of the polymer to dentin surface in the presence of water and salivary components were determined. It was found that the new polymer combined with an Fe(3+) additive improved bond strength of a commercial dental adhesive to artificial saliva contaminated dentin surface as compared to a control sample without the polymer. Histological analysis of the bonding structures showed no leakage pattern, probably due to the formation of Fe-catechol complexes, which reinforce the bonding structures. Cytotoxicity test showed that the polymers did not inhibit human gingival fibroblast cells proliferation. Results from this study suggest a potential to reduce failure of dental restorations due to saliva contamination using catechol-functionalized polymers as dental adhesives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Bae Lee
- Department
of Dental Biomaterials and Bioengineering, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic
of Korea
| | - Carlos González-Cabezas
- Department of Cariology, Restorative
Sciences and Endodontics, School
of Dentistry, and Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Kwang-Mahn Kim
- Department
of Dental Biomaterials and Bioengineering, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic
of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Nam Kim
- Department
of Dental Biomaterials and Bioengineering, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic
of Korea
| | - Kenichi Kuroda
- Department of Cariology, Restorative
Sciences and Endodontics, School
of Dentistry, and Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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