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Silva EJNL, Martins JNR, Ajuz N, Vieira VTL, Pinto R, Marques D, Braz Fernandes FM, Versiani MA. Multimethod analysis of a novel multi-coloured heat-treated NiTi rotary system: design, metallurgy, mechanical properties, and shaping ability. J Endod 2024:S0099-2399(24)00407-2. [PMID: 39089614 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2024.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to compare a new multi-colored rotary system with four heat-treated rotary instruments using the multimethod approach. METHODS Three-hundred instruments of RCS Rainbow, Rotate, RaCe EVO, OneCurve, and ProTaper Ultimate systems were evaluated regarding their design (stereomicroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, 3D surface scanning), metallurgy, and mechanical performance (cyclic fatigue, torsional resistance, bending and buckling resistance, cutting ability). Unprepared surfaces after canal preparation of maxillary molars were evaluated using micro-CT. Kruskal-Wallis and one-way ANOVA post hoc Tukey tests were used for statistical comparisons (α=5%). RESULTS Instruments exhibited variations in active blade length, number of spirals, and cross-sectional designs. RCS Rainbow showed specific phase transformation temperatures, highest bending (400.5gf) and buckling (286gf) resistance values, and lowest mean angle of rotation (529º) (P<.05). OneCurve exhibited superior cutting ability (8.4mm) and longer time to fracture (112s). RaCe EVO displayed the lowest time to fracture (51s), maximum torque (1.2N.cm), buckling (174gf), and bending resistance (261gf) values (P<.05). ProTaper Ultimate showed the highest torque (1.6N.cm) and angle of rotation (611º) (P<.05), while its bending load (262gf) was comparable to RaCe EVO (P>.05). Rotate instrument showed intermediate values in the mechanical tests. No difference was observed regarding the unprepared canal surfaces (p>0.05) CONCLUSIONS: RCS Rainbow demonstrates a trade-off between flexibility and other mechanical properties. Its dimensions exceeded those of other instruments, affording it higher torque resistance, yet concurrently reducing its flexibility, angle of rotation, and cutting ability. OneCurve stands out as a well-balanced choice by integrating geometric design and mechanical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel J N L Silva
- School of Dentistry, Grande Rio University (UNIGRANRIO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Endodontics, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Jorge N R Martins
- Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Grupo de Investigação em Bioquimica e Biologia Oral, Unidade de Investigação em Ciências Orais e Biomédicas (UICOB), Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Centro de Estudo de Medicina Dentária Baseada na Evidência (CEMDBE) - Cochrane Portugal, Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Natasha Ajuz
- School of Dentistry, Grande Rio University (UNIGRANRIO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Victor T L Vieira
- School of Dentistry, Grande Rio University (UNIGRANRIO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Pinto
- Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Duarte Marques
- Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Grupo de Investigação em Bioquimica e Biologia Oral, Unidade de Investigação em Ciências Orais e Biomédicas (UICOB), Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Centro de Estudo de Medicina Dentária Baseada na Evidência (CEMDBE) - Cochrane Portugal, Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; LIBPhys-FCT UID/FIS/04559/2013, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Francisco M Braz Fernandes
- CENIMAT/I3N, Department of Materials Science, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Marco A Versiani
- Dental Specialty Center, Brazilian Military Police, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Ertuğrul İF, Arslan HK. Investigation of four nickel titanium endodontic instruments, with cyclic fatigue resistance, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. Microsc Res Tech 2024. [PMID: 38988203 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare of four different nickel-titanium (Ni-Ti) endodontic files and evaluate in terms of cyclic fatigue resistance and metallurgical properties. Four different type Ni-Ti root canal files Protaper Next X2 (PTN) (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland), One Curve (OC) #25.06 (Micro Mega, Besancon, France), EndoPlus Flex Plus Gold X2 (EPG) (Turkuaz Dental, Denizli, Turkey), and EndoPlus Flex Plus Blue #25.06 (EPB) (Turkuaz Dental, Denizli, Turkey) files were tested for cyclic fatigue resistance (n = 20). During experiments artificial zirconia block canal was used. The artificial canal designed with curvature 60° and 5-mm radius. The number of cyclic to fracture (NCF) was noted. Fractured length (FL) parts of Ni-Ti files were recorded to assessment of fracture volumetric point. All fractured surfaces of Ni-Ti files were assessed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) to confirm the type of fractures. Descriptive evaluation become accomplished for the fundamental composition of units with the aid of using energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX). NCF data were evaluated via Bonferroni test with post hoc multiple comparison method. OC showed the highest NCF values (p < .05). The standardization of the study was confirmed as the FL of files was statistically similar in length (p > .05). SEM analysis confirmed that all scanned samples were fractured due to cyclic fatigue. EDX analysis confirmed that EPB established the poorest Ni content file. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: The cyclic fatigue-related failure of One Curve was significantly more resistant than Protaper Next and EndoPlus files. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that One Curve and Protaper Next have round tips Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy showed that all four endodontic instruments mainly have Nickel and Titanium elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- İhsan Furkan Ertuğrul
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Havva Kübra Arslan
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
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Moriya PT, de Carvalho KKT, Kishen A, Souza EM, Versiani MA. Dynamic Photoelastic Analysis of Stress Distribution in Simulated Canals Using Rotary Instruments with Varied Tip and Taper Sizes: A Quasi-3D Approach. J Endod 2024:S0099-2399(24)00303-0. [PMID: 38796056 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2024.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To compare the stress produced on the walls of simulated canals by rotary instruments with varied tip and taper sizes. METHODS Ninety isotropic transparent blocks, each containing a 60-degree curved canal, were distributed into 18 groups (n = 5) based on the instrument tip (sizes 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35) and taper (sizes 0.02, 0.04, and 0.06). The blocks were fixed in a circular polariscope setup for dark field analysis. A digital camera was employed to capture the real-time birefringence patterns generated by each instrument. Digital image frames, corresponding to the instrument reaching the end of each canal third, were extracted and evaluated by 2 independent observers for the stress generation on canal walls. The data analysis employed a semi-quantitative scale ranging from 0 to 5. Cohen's Kappa coefficient test was used to determine the inter-observer agreement while the results were compared using Kruskal-Wallis test followed by an all-pairwise posthoc procedure (α = 5%). RESULTS Inter-observer agreement was 0.95. A significant influence of the tip size on stress was observed across the coronal (P = .011), middle (P = .006), and apical (P = .026) thirds. In contrast, taper size did not affect the stress induced at the coronal (P = .509), middle (P = .958), or apical (P = .493) thirds. The variations in tip and taper sizes did not result in a significant stress differences among the thirds (P = .181). CONCLUSIONS The stress significantly increased across all canal thirds with larger tip sizes of rotary instruments, whereas the taper sizes did not influence the stress when compared to the canal thirds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anil Kishen
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erick M Souza
- Department of Dentistry II, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Marco A Versiani
- Dental Specialty Center, Brazilian Military Police, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Martins JNR, Silva EJNL, Marques D, Braz Fernandes FM, Versiani MA. Comprehensive Assessment of Cyclic Fatigue Strength in Five Multiple-File Nickel-Titanium Endodontic Systems. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:2345. [PMID: 38793413 PMCID: PMC11123240 DOI: 10.3390/ma17102345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
The resistance of nickel-titanium endodontic instruments against cyclic fatigue failure remains a significant concern in clinical settings. This study aimed to assess the cyclic fatigue strength of five nickel-titanium rotary systems, while correlating the results with the instruments' geometric and metallurgical characteristics. A total of 250 new instruments (sizes S1/A1, S2/A2, F1/B1, F2/B2, F3/B3) from ProTaper Gold, ProTaper Universal, Premium Taper Gold, Go-Taper Flex, and U-Files systems underwent mechanical testing. Prior to experimental procedures, all instruments were meticulously inspected to identify irregularities that could affect the investigation. Using a stereomicroscope, design characteristics such as the number of spirals, length, spirals per millimeter, and average helical angle of the active blade were determined. The surface finishing characteristics of the instruments were examined using a scanning electron microscope. Differential scanning calorimetry was employed to establish the instruments' phase transformation temperatures, while energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy was utilized to analyze the elemental composition of the alloy. The instruments were subjected to cyclic fatigue testing within a stainless steel non-tapered artificial canal featuring a 6 mm radius and 86 degrees of curvature. Appropriate statistical tests were applied to compare groups, considering a significance level of 0.05. The assessed design characteristics varied depending on the instrument type. The least irregular surface finishing was observed in U-Files and Premium Taper Gold files, while the most irregular surface was noted in Go-Taper Flex. All instruments exhibited near-equiatomic proportions of nickel and titanium elements, whereas ProTaper Universal and U-Files instruments demonstrated lower phase transformation temperatures compared to their counterparts. Larger-sized instruments, as well as ProTaper Universal and U-Files, tended to display lower cyclic fatigue strength results. Overall, the design, metallurgical, and cyclic fatigue outcomes varied among instruments and systems. Understanding these outcomes may assist clinicians in making more informed decisions regarding instrument selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge N. R. Martins
- Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-277 Lisboa, Portugal
- LIBPhys-FCT UID/FIS/04559/2013, 1600-277 Lisboa, Portugal
- Grupo de Investigação em Bioquimica e Biologia Oral (GIBBO), Unidade de Investigação em Ciências Orais e Biomédicas (UICOB), 1600-277 Lisboa, Portugal
- Centro de Estudos de Medicina Dentária Baseada na Evidência (CEMDBE), 1600-277 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Emmanuel J. N. L. Silva
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Grande Rio University (UNIGRANRIO), Rio de Janeiro 21210-623, Brazil
- Department of Endodontics, Fluminense Federal University, Rio de Janeiro 24220-900, Brazil
- Department of Endodontics, Rio de Janeiro University (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro 20550-013, Brazil
| | - Duarte Marques
- Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-277 Lisboa, Portugal
- LIBPhys-FCT UID/FIS/04559/2013, 1600-277 Lisboa, Portugal
- Grupo de Investigação em Bioquimica e Biologia Oral (GIBBO), Unidade de Investigação em Ciências Orais e Biomédicas (UICOB), 1600-277 Lisboa, Portugal
- Centro de Estudos de Medicina Dentária Baseada na Evidência (CEMDBE), 1600-277 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Francisco M. Braz Fernandes
- CENIMAT/I3N, Department of Materials Science, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Marco A. Versiani
- Dental Specialty Center, Brazilian Military Police, Belo Horizonte 30350-190, Brazil
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Silva EJNL, Martins JNR, Ajuz NC, Dos Santos Antunes H, Vieira VTL, Braz-Fernandes FM, Belladonna FG, Versiani MA. Design, metallurgy, mechanical properties, and shaping ability of 3 heat-treated reciprocating systems: a multimethod investigation. Clin Oral Investig 2023; 27:2427-2436. [PMID: 36749411 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-04899-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to compare 3 reciprocating systems regarding design, metallurgy, mechanical properties, and shaping ability. MATERIALS AND METHODS New Reciproc Blue R25, WaveOne Gold Primary, and REX 25 instruments (n=41 per group) were analyzed regarding design, metallurgy, and mechanical performance, while shaping ability (untouched canal walls, volume of removed dentin, and hard tissue debris) was tested in 36 anatomically matched root canals of mandibular molars. Results were compared using one-way ANOVA post hoc Tukey and Kruskal-Wallis tests with a significant level set at 5%. RESULTS All instruments showed symmetrical cross sections with asymmetrical blades, no radial lands, no major defects, and an almost equiatomic nickel and titanium ratio. The highest R-phase start temperatures were observed with WaveOne Gold (46.1°C) and REX (44.8°C), while Reciproc Blue had the lowest R-phase start (34.5°C) and finish (20°C) temperatures. WaveOne Gold had the lowest time to fracture (169 s) and the highest maximum load (301.6 gf) (P <0.05). The maximum torque of Reciproc Blue (2.2 N.cm) and WaveOne Gold (2.1 N.cm) were similar (P >0.05), but lower than REX (2.6 N.cm) (P <0.05). No statistical differences were observed among instruments in the angle of rotation (P >0.05) and in the shaping ability in both mesial and distal canals (P >0.05). CONCLUSION Although the overall design, temperature transition phases and mechanical behavior parameters were different among tested instruments, they were similar in terms of shaping ability. CLINICAL RELEVANCE All tested heat-treated NiTi reciprocating systems showed similar shaping ability, without clinically significant errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel J N L Silva
- Department of Endodontics, Grande Rio University (UNIGRANRIO), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. .,Departament of Endodontics, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil. .,Department of Endodontics, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Jorge N R Martins
- Department of Endodontics, Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Unidade de Investigação em Ciências Orais e Biomédicas (UICOB), Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Centro de Estudo de Medicina Dentária Baseada na Evidência (CEMDBE), Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Natasha C Ajuz
- Department of Endodontics, Grande Rio University (UNIGRANRIO), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | - Francisco Manuel Braz-Fernandes
- CENIMAT/I3N, Department of Materials Science, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
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Cyclic Fatigue Resistance of Nickel–Titanium Rotary Instruments after Simulated Clinical Use. Appl Bionics Biomech 2022; 2022:1716008. [PMID: 36267671 PMCID: PMC9578904 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1716008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Cyclic fatigue occurred in the curved canal when the instrument freely rotated leading to repeated compressive and tensile stresses. This study aims to evaluate the cyclic fatigue resistance (CFR) of new and used 2Shape and AF F-One rotary instrument systems by using an artificial stainless-steel canal. Methods A total of 80 rotary nickel–titanium (NiTi) instruments of two systems were used, 2Shape/TS2 and AF F-ONE/F5 (40 in each group). The instruments were subdivided into group A 20 instruments (10 per system) that remain unused, group B 20 instruments (10 per system) instrumented 20 root canals (each file prepared 1 canal for 2 minutes), group C 20 instruments (10 per system) instrumented 40 canals each for 2 minutes (each file prepared 2 canals), group D of 20 instruments (10 per system) prepared 60 canals each for 2 minutes (each file prepared 3 canals). After each canal instrumentation, the instruments were cleaned and sterilized by autoclave. Then, all the instruments underwent cyclic fatigue testing in an artificial stainless steel canal with a 50° canal curvature and a radius of curvature of 5 mm. The time and number of cycles to failure (NCF) were recorded. Data were analyzed using the Welch ANOVA test for intragroup comparison and the pairwise test for multiple comparisons. Results The unused instruments of the AF F-One rotary system showed statistically higher CFR than clinically used instruments (P < 0.05). 2Shape system was not affected by clinical use (P > 0.05). The mean NCF of AF F-One instruments was significantly higher than the equivalent file group of 2Shape instruments (P < 0.05). Conclusion A reduction in the CFR for AF F-One instruments after use was observed when compared to the new unused file group. The 2Shape system was not affected by clinical use. AF F-One performed better in terms of NCF.
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A Multimethod Assessment of a New Customized Heat-Treated Nickel-Titanium Rotary File System. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15155288. [PMID: 35955223 PMCID: PMC9369791 DOI: 10.3390/ma15155288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare three endodontic rotary systems. The new Genius Proflex (25/0.04), Vortex Blue (25/0.04), and TruNatomy (26/0.04v) instruments (n = 41 per group) were analyzed regarding design, metallurgy, and mechanical performance, while shaping ability (untouched canal walls, volume of removed dentin and hard tissue debris) was tested in 36 anatomically matched root canals of mandibular molars. The results were compared using one-way ANOVA, post hoc Tukey, and Kruskal−Wallis tests, with a significance level set at 5%. All instruments showed symmetrical cross-sections, with asymmetrical blades, no radial lands, no major defects, and almost equiatomic nickel−titanium ratios. Differences were noted in the number of blades, helical angles, cross-sectional design, and tip geometry. The Genius Proflex and the TruNatomy instruments had the highest and lowest R-phase start and finish temperatures, as well as the highest and lowest time and cycles to fracture (p < 0.05), respectively. The TruNatomy had the highest flexibility (p < 0.05), while no differences were observed between the Genius Proflex and the Vortex Blue (p > 0.05). No differences among tested systems were observed regarding the maximum torque, angle of rotation prior to fracture, and shaping ability (p > 0.05). The instruments showed similarities and differences in their design, metallurgy, and mechanical properties. However, their shaping ability was similar, without any clinically significant errors. Understanding these characteristics may help clinicians to make decisions regarding which instrument to choose for a particular clinical situation.
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What meaningful information are the instruments mechanical testing giving us? A comprehensive review. J Endod 2022; 48:985-1004. [PMID: 35667567 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2022.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Instruments mechanical strength and flexibility are traditionally tested by running cyclic fatigue, torsional, bending, buckling and microhardness tests. Several cyclic fatigue test models have been used in endodontics, all capable of providing a curved trajectory for the instrument to rotate. The cyclic fatigue testing allowed to identify conditions that may affect the fatigue strength outcomes, such as canal radius and degree of curvature, handpiece static vs dynamic motions, test temperature, kinematics, instrument previously wear and sterilization cycles, or instrument's size and metal alloy features. Due to the international test specifications for both torsional and bending tests, the variations of their models are not as many as for cyclic fatigue. These tests have also identified conditions capable of affecting the outcomes, such as kinematics, instrument's preloading, cross-sectional diameters, or alloy heat treatments. Buckling and microhardness are less common, with the metal alloy being considered to have a major influence on the results. Instruments mechanical testing, having all these individual conditions as independent variables, allowed to understand them and moulded the way the technical procedures are performed clinically. Even though the artificiality and simplicity of these tests will hardly mimic real working situations, and independently of being capable of producing cornerstone knowledge, these tests are also associated with inconsistency, lack of reproducibility and low external validity. Several attempts have been made to increase the generalizability of the outcomes by adding test settings that intend to mimic the clinical condition. Although pertinent, these settings may also add variabilities inherent to their concepts and practical applications in the laboratory environment. Although the actual studies should be seen as laboratory mechanical tests that measure very specific parameters under very particular conditions and that by far do not mimic the clinical condition, the lower validity drawback seems to be possible to be minimized when achieving a comprehensive understanding of the instrument behaviour. A Finite Elements Method and/or a multimethod research approach may lead to superior data collection, analysis, and results' interpretation, which when associated with a reliable confounding factors control and proper study designs may be helpful tools and strategies in order to increase the reliability of the outcomes.
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Nickel–Titanium Rotary Instruments: Mechanical and Metallurgical Characteristics. Clin Pract 2022; 12:94-96. [PMID: 35200263 PMCID: PMC8870687 DOI: 10.3390/clinpract12010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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Metallurgical Tests in Endodontics: A Narrative Review. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9010030. [PMID: 35049739 PMCID: PMC8773015 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since there are no reviews of the literature on this theme, the aim of this narrative review is to summarize the metallurgical tests used in endodontics, pointing out their functional use and their pros and cons and giving readers a user-friendly guide to serve as an orientation aid in the plethora of metallurgical tests. With this purpose, a literature search for articles published between January 2001 and December 2021 was conducted, using the electronic database PubMed to collect all published articles regarding the metallurgical tests used in endodontics for the evaluation of NiTi rotary instruments. The search was conducted using the following keywords: “metallurgy”, “differential scanning calorimetry” (DSC), “X-ray diffraction” (XRD), “atomic force microscopy” (AFM), “energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy” (EDS), “focused ion beam analysis” (FIB) and “Auger electron spectroscopy” (AES) combined with the term “endodontics” or “NiTi rotary instruments”. Considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria, of the 248 articles found, only 81 were included in the narrative review. According to the results, more than 50% of the selected articles were published in one of the two most relevant journals in endodontics: International Endodontic Journal (22.2%) and Journal of Endodontics (29.6%). The most popular metallurgical test was DSC, with 43 related articles, followed by EDS (33 articles), AFM (22 articles) and XRD (21 articles). Few studies were conducted using other tests such as FIB (2 articles), micro-Raman spectroscopy (4 articles), metallographic analysis (7 articles) and Auger electron spectroscopy (2 articles).
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