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Moriya PT, de Carvalho KKT, Kishen A, Souza EM, Versiani MA. Dynamic Photoelastic Analysis of Stress Distribution in Simulated Canals Using Rotary Instruments with Varied Tip and Taper Sizes: A Quasi-3D Approach. J Endod 2024; 50:1151-1158. [PMID: 38796056 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2024.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To compare the stress produced on the walls of simulated canals by rotary instruments with varied tip and taper sizes. METHODS Ninety isotropic transparent blocks, each containing a 60-degree curved canal, were distributed into 18 groups (n = 5) based on the instrument tip (sizes 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35) and taper (sizes 0.02, 0.04, and 0.06). The blocks were fixed in a circular polariscope setup for dark field analysis. A digital camera was employed to capture the real-time birefringence patterns generated by each instrument. Digital image frames, corresponding to the instrument reaching the end of each canal third, were extracted and evaluated by 2 independent observers for the stress generation on canal walls. The data analysis employed a semi-quantitative scale ranging from 0 to 5. Cohen's Kappa coefficient test was used to determine the inter-observer agreement while the results were compared using Kruskal-Wallis test followed by an all-pairwise posthoc procedure (α = 5%). RESULTS Inter-observer agreement was 0.95. A significant influence of the tip size on stress was observed across the coronal (P = .011), middle (P = .006), and apical (P = .026) thirds. In contrast, taper size did not affect the stress induced at the coronal (P = .509), middle (P = .958), or apical (P = .493) thirds. The variations in tip and taper sizes did not result in a significant stress differences among the thirds (P = .181). CONCLUSIONS The stress significantly increased across all canal thirds with larger tip sizes of rotary instruments, whereas the taper sizes did not influence the stress when compared to the canal thirds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anil Kishen
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erick M Souza
- Department of Dentistry II, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Marco A Versiani
- Dental Specialty Center, Brazilian Military Police, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Silva EJNL, Martins JNR, Ajuz N, Vieira VTL, Pinto R, Marques D, Braz Fernandes FM, Versiani MA. Multimethod Analysis of a Novel Multi-coloured Heat-treated Nickel-Titanium Rotary System: Design, Metallurgy, Mechanical Properties, and Shaping Ability. J Endod 2024:S0099-2399(24)00407-2. [PMID: 39089614 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2024.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to compare a new multicolored rotary system with four heat-treated rotary instruments using the multimethod approach. METHODS Three-hundred instruments of RCS Rainbow, Rotate, RaCe EVO, OneCurve, and ProTaper Ultimate systems were evaluated regarding their design (stereomicroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and 3D surface scanning), metallurgy, and mechanical performance (cyclic fatigue, torsional resistance, bending and buckling resistance, and cutting ability). Unprepared surfaces after canal preparation of maxillary molars were evaluated using micro-computed tomography. Kruskal-Wallis and one-way analysis of variance post hoc Tukey tests were used for statistical comparisons (α = 5%). RESULTS Instruments exhibited variations in active blade length, number of spirals, and cross-sectional designs. RCS Rainbow showed specific phase transformation temperatures, highest bending (400.5gf) and buckling (286gf) resistance values, and lowest mean angle of rotation (529°) (P < .05). OneCurve exhibited superior cutting ability (8.4 mm) and longer time to fracture (112s). RaCe EVO displayed the lowest time to fracture (51s), maximum torque (1.2 N.cm), buckling (174gf), and bending resistance (261gf) values (P < .05). ProTaper Ultimate showed the highest torque (1.6 N.cm) and angle of rotation (611°) (P < .05), while its bending load (262gf) was comparable to RaCe EVO (P > .05). Rotate instrument showed intermediate values in the mechanical tests. No difference was observed regarding the unprepared canal surfaces (P > .05) CONCLUSIONS: RCS Rainbow demonstrates a trade-off between flexibility and other mechanical properties. Its dimensions exceeded those of other instruments, affording it higher torque resistance, yet concurrently reducing its flexibility, angle of rotation, and cutting ability. OneCurve stands out as a well-balanced choice by integrating geometric design and mechanical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel J N L Silva
- School of Dentistry, Grande Rio University (UNIGRANRIO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Endodontics, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Jorge N R Martins
- Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Grupo de Investigação em Bioquimica e Biologia Oral, Unidade de Investigação em Ciências Orais e Biomédicas (UICOB), Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Centro de Estudo de Medicina Dentária Baseada na Evidência (CEMDBE) - Cochrane Portugal, Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Natasha Ajuz
- School of Dentistry, Grande Rio University (UNIGRANRIO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Victor T L Vieira
- School of Dentistry, Grande Rio University (UNIGRANRIO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Pinto
- Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Duarte Marques
- Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Grupo de Investigação em Bioquimica e Biologia Oral, Unidade de Investigação em Ciências Orais e Biomédicas (UICOB), Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Centro de Estudo de Medicina Dentária Baseada na Evidência (CEMDBE) - Cochrane Portugal, Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; LIBPhys-FCT UID/FIS/04559/2013, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Francisco M Braz Fernandes
- CENIMAT/I3N, Department of Materials Science, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Marco A Versiani
- Dental Specialty Center, Brazilian Military Police, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Silva EJNL, Peña-Bengoa F, Ajuz NC, Vieira VTL, Martins JNR, Marques D, Pinto R, Rito Pereira M, Braz-Fernandes FM, Versiani MA. Multimethod analysis of large- and low-tapered single file reciprocating instruments: Design, metallurgy, mechanical performance, and irrigation flow. Int Endod J 2024; 57:601-616. [PMID: 38376108 DOI: 10.1111/iej.14047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
AIM To compare eight large- and low-tapered heat-treated reciprocating instruments regarding their design, metallurgy, mechanical properties, and irrigation flow through an in silico model. METHODOLOGY A total of 472 new 25-mm E-Flex Rex (25/.04 and 25/.06), Excalibur (25/.05), Procodile (25/.06), Reciproc Blue R25 (25/.08v), WaveOne Gold Primary (25/.07v), and Univy Sense (25/.04 and 25/.06) instruments were evaluated regarding their design (stereomicroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and 3D surface scanning), metallurgy (energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry), and mechanical performance (cyclic fatigue, torsional resistance, cutting ability, bending and buckling resistance). Computational fluid dynamics assessment was also conducted to determine the irrigation flow pattern, apical pressure, and wall shear stress in simulated canal preparations. Kruskal-Wallis and one-way anova post hoc Tukey tests were used for statistical comparisons (α = 5%). RESULTS Instruments presented variations in blade numbers, helical angles, and tip designs, with all featuring non-active tips, symmetrical blades, and equiatomic nickel-titanium ratios. Cross-sectional designs exhibited an S-shaped geometry, except for WaveOne Gold. Univy 25/.04 and Reciproc Blue displayed the smallest and largest core diameters at D3. Univy 25/.04 and E-Flex Rec 25/.04 demonstrated the longest time to fracture (p < .05). Reciproc Blue and Univy 25/.04 exhibited the highest and lowest torque to fracture, respectively (p < .05). Univy 25/.04 and Reciproc Blue had the highest rotation angles, whilst E-Flex Rec 25/.06 showed the lowest angle (p < .05). The better cutting ability was observed with E-Flex Rec 25/.06, Procodile, Excalibur, and Reciproc Blue (p > .05). Reciproc R25 and E-Flex Rec showed the highest buckling resistance values (p < .05), with WaveOne Gold being the least flexible instrument. The impact of instruments' size and taper on wall shear stress and apical pressure did not follow a distinct pattern, although Univy 25/.04 and E-Flex Rec 25/.06 yielded the highest and lowest values for both parameters, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Low-tapered reciprocating instruments exhibit increased flexibility, higher time to fracture, and greater angles of rotation, coupled with reduced maximum bending loads and buckling strength compared to large-tapered instruments. Nevertheless, low-tapered systems also exhibit lower maximum torque to fracture and inferior cutting ability, contributing to a narrower apical canal enlargement that may compromise the penetration of irrigants in that region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel João Nogueira Leal Silva
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Grande Rio University (UNIGRANRIO), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernando Peña-Bengoa
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Universidad Andres Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Natasha C Ajuz
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Grande Rio University (UNIGRANRIO), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Victor T L Vieira
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Grande Rio University (UNIGRANRIO), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jorge N R Martins
- Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Grupo de Investigação em Bioquimica e Biologia Oral, Unidade de Investigação em Ciências Orais e Biomédicas (UICOB), Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Centro de Estudo de Medicina Dentária Baseada na Evidência (CEMDBE) - Cochrane Portugal, Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Duarte Marques
- Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Grupo de Investigação em Bioquimica e Biologia Oral, Unidade de Investigação em Ciências Orais e Biomédicas (UICOB), Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Centro de Estudo de Medicina Dentária Baseada na Evidência (CEMDBE) - Cochrane Portugal, Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Pinto
- Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Grupo de Investigação em Bioquimica e Biologia Oral, Unidade de Investigação em Ciências Orais e Biomédicas (UICOB), Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mario Rito Pereira
- Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Francisco Manuel Braz-Fernandes
- CENIMAT/I3N, Department of Materials Science, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Marco A Versiani
- Oral Health Center, Brazilian Military Police, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Bürklein S, Maßmann P, Schäfer E, Donnermeyer D. Cyclic Fatigue of Different Reciprocating Endodontic Instruments Using Matching Artificial Root Canals at Body Temperature In Vitro. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:827. [PMID: 38399077 PMCID: PMC10890344 DOI: 10.3390/ma17040827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Reciprocating motion expands the lifetime of endodontic instruments during the preparation of severely curved root canals. This study aimed to investigate the time to fracture (TTF) and number of cycles to failure (NCF) of different reciprocating instruments (n = 20 in each group) at body temperature using a dynamic testing model (amplitude = 3 mm). Reciproc Blue (RPB), size 25/.08, WaveOne Gold (WOG) 25/.07, Procodile (Proc) 25/.06, R-Motion (RM_06) 25/.06 and R-Motion (RM_04) 30/.04 instruments were tested in their specific reciprocating motion in artificial matching root canals (size of the instrument ± 0.02 mm; angle of curvature 60°, radius 5.0 mm, and centre of curvature 5.0 mm from apical endpoint). The number of fractured instruments, TTF, NCF, the and lengths of the fractured instruments were recorded and statistically analysed using the Chi-Square or Kruskal-Wallis test. Both TTF (median 720, 643, 562, 406, 254 s) and the NCF (3600, 3215, 2810, 2032, 1482 cycles) decreased in the following order RM_06 > RPB > RM_04 > Proc > WOG with partially significant differences. During testing, only six RM_06 instruments fractured, whereas 16/20 (RPB), 18/20 (Proc), and 20/20 (RM_04, WOG) fractures were recorded (p < 0.05). Within the limitations of the present study, blue-coloured RPB and RM instruments exhibited a significantly superior cyclic fatigue resistance compared to SE-NiTi and Gold-wire instruments. Heat treatment, cross-sectional design and core mass significantly influenced the longevity of reciprocating instruments in cyclic dynamic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Bürklein
- Central Interdisciplinary Ambulance in the School of Dentistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (S.B.); (P.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Paul Maßmann
- Central Interdisciplinary Ambulance in the School of Dentistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (S.B.); (P.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Edgar Schäfer
- Central Interdisciplinary Ambulance in the School of Dentistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (S.B.); (P.M.); (E.S.)
| | - David Donnermeyer
- Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Baruwa AO, Chasqueira F, Arantes-Oliveira S, Caramês J, Marques D, Portugal J, Martins JNR. Comparative Analysis of Endodontic 0.15 Stainless-Steel K-Files: Exploring Design, Composition, and Mechanical Performance. Dent J (Basel) 2024; 12:29. [PMID: 38392233 PMCID: PMC10887620 DOI: 10.3390/dj12020029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
To establish a glide path, smaller files (up to size 0.15) with tapers of 2% are commonly used as pathfinding files. They pre-shape the root canal space before transitioning to larger taper endodontic instruments, aiming to prevent procedural errors. This study aimed to compare the design, metal wire composition, and mechanical characteristics of seven different ISO size 15 stainless-steel hand files (K-File and C-File+). Ninety-one new stainless-steel ISO 15 K-files were mechanically tested. All files were inspected for deformations before the assessment. Dental operating microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and optical microscope analyses were conducted on four randomly selected instruments from each group, and two instruments per group underwent an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. Buckling mechanical tests were performed using an Instron universal testing machine, and microhardness was assessed using a Vickers hardness tester. The statistical analysis employed the nonparametric Mood's median test, with a significance level set at 0.05. The instrument design analysis unveiled variations in the active blade area length and the number of spirals, while maintaining consistent cross-sections and symmetrical blades. Distinct tip geometries and surface irregularities were observed. While the energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy confirmed similar compositions, the buckling strength and microhardness values exhibited variability across for all tested files. Notably, the Dentsply ReadySteel C-File+ recorded the highest buckling value (2.10 N), and the Dentsply ReadySteel K-File exhibited the lowest (1.00 N) (p < 0.05). Moreover, the Dentsply ReadySteel K-File recorded the highest microhardness value (703 HVN), while the SybronEndo Triple-Flex had the lowest (549 HVN) (p < 0.05). While similarities in cross-section design and metal wire composition were noted among the files, variations in the number of spirals and mechanical performance were also observed. Thus, all of these factors should be considered when selecting suitable files for an efficient root canal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Filipa Chasqueira
- Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, 2829-511 Monte da Caparica, Portugal
| | - Sofia Arantes-Oliveira
- Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-277 Lisboa, Portugal
- Grupo de Investigação em Materiais Dentários (BIOMAT), Unidade de Investigação em Ciências Orais e Biomédicas (UICOB), FMDUL, 1600-277 Lisboa, Portugal
- LIBPhys-FCT UID/FIS/04559/2013, 1600-277 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João Caramês
- Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-277 Lisboa, Portugal
- LIBPhys-FCT UID/FIS/04559/2013, 1600-277 Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Implantologia, 1070-064 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Duarte Marques
- Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-277 Lisboa, Portugal
- LIBPhys-FCT UID/FIS/04559/2013, 1600-277 Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Implantologia, 1070-064 Lisboa, Portugal
- Centro de Estudos de Medicina Dentária Baseada na Evidência (CEMDBE), 1600-277 Lisboa, Portugal
- Grupo de Investigação em Bioquimica e Biologia Oral (GIBBO), Unidade de Investigação em Ciências Orais e Biomédicas (UICOB), 1600-277 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jaime Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-277 Lisboa, Portugal
- Grupo de Investigação em Materiais Dentários (BIOMAT), Unidade de Investigação em Ciências Orais e Biomédicas (UICOB), FMDUL, 1600-277 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jorge N R Martins
- Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-277 Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Implantologia, 1070-064 Lisboa, Portugal
- Centro de Estudos de Medicina Dentária Baseada na Evidência (CEMDBE), 1600-277 Lisboa, Portugal
- Grupo de Investigação em Bioquimica e Biologia Oral (GIBBO), Unidade de Investigação em Ciências Orais e Biomédicas (UICOB), 1600-277 Lisboa, Portugal
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Keskin C, Pirimoğlu B, Çiftçioğlu E, Dinger E, Kömeç O, Keleş A. Shaping outcomes of Reciproc Blue and Rotate in roots canals with band-shaped isthmuses: micro-CT study. Clin Oral Investig 2023; 27:7337-7344. [PMID: 37861748 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-05324-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study assessed the outcome of shaping the mesial roots of mandibular first molars containing band-shaped isthmuses with an isthmus floor located at the apical third with Reciproc Blue and Rotate instruments in terms of canal transportation, canal aberrations and unprepared apical canals. MATERIALS AND METHODS Pair-matched mesial roots of mandibular first molars according to their isthmus location (distance from apical foramina) and size were constructed based on quantitative measurements (length, major and minor diameter at isthmus roof and floor) on preoperative micro-CT scanning (n = 10). The pair-matched specimens were prepared either using Reciproc Blue R25 (25.08v) or Rotate (15.04, 20.05, 25.06) instruments and then subjected to a second micro-CT scanning. Micro-CT scans were analysed to evaluate the canal transportation at the apical foramen and isthmus floor levels and the frequency of procedural errors (separated instruments, artificial canal preparation, cross shaping and unprepared apical canals). Canal transportation values were compared using Mann-Whitney U, and the distribution of procedural errors was compared with chi-square tests with a 5% significance threshold. RESULTS Greater transportation values were detected in the apical foramen level compared to the isthmus floor in both groups. No significant difference was detected between Rotate and Reciproc Blue groups in terms of absolute transportation values and the incidence of procedural errors (p > .05). CONCLUSION Preparation of mesial root canals containing a band-shaped isthmus at the apical portion with Reciproc Blue and Rotate instruments caused transportation of the original canal position at the isthmus floor and the apical foramen levels and resulted in procedural errors. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This ex vivo micro-CT study using controlled pair-matched specimens showed that presence of a band-shaped isthmus complicates canal preparation procedure irrespective of the preparation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cangül Keskin
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey.
| | - Burcu Pirimoğlu
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Elif Çiftçioğlu
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Okan University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esma Dinger
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | | | - Ali Keleş
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
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Weissheimer T, Duarte MAH, Só MVR, da Rosa RA, Espinosa MK, Vivan RR, Alcalde MP. Evaluation of cyclic and torsional fatigue resistance of several heat-treated reciprocating nickel-titanium instruments. AUST ENDOD J 2023; 49:524-529. [PMID: 37439395 DOI: 10.1111/aej.12774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the cyclic fatigue and torsional resistance of Unicone Plus (UCP 25.06), Unicone (UC 25.06), Reciproc Blue (RB 25.08) and Wave One Gold (WOG 25.07) performed at body temperature (35° ± 1°C). Time and number of cycles to fracture (NCF), as well as torque and angular deflection were recorded. Fractured surfaces were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Data were analysed using one-way ANOVA and Holm-Sidak's tests for multiple comparison. The RB had a significantly higher time to fracture, followed by the WOG and UCP (p < 0.05). Regarding the NCF, there was no significantly difference between RB and WOG (p > 0.05). UC presented highest torque values and the lowest angular deflection (p < 0.05). SEM analysis demonstrated typical failures features in both cyclic and torsional fatigue tests. Overall, UC had the lowest time, NCF and angular deflection at fracture. RB presented the highest time to fracture and angular deflection values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodoro Weissheimer
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marco Antonio Húngaro Duarte
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinicius Reis Só
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Abreu da Rosa
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Michel Klymus Espinosa
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Ricci Vivan
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Murilo Priori Alcalde
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
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8
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Martins JNR, Silva EJNL, Marques D, Pinto R, Francisco H, Ajuz N, Rito Pereira M, Braz Fernandes FM, Versiani MA. Characterization of four heat-treated reciprocating instruments: Design, metallurgy, mechanical performance, and irrigation flow patterns. Int Endod J 2023; 56:1412-1428. [PMID: 37698946 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
AIM To compare the design, metallurgy, and mechanical properties of four heat-treated reciprocating instruments coupled with the evaluation of the irrigation flow using an in silico model. METHODOLOGY New EdgeOne Fire Primary, Easy-File Flex Regular 25, WaveOne Gold Primary and Reciproc Blue R25 instruments (n = 124) were initially evaluated regarding their design through stereomicroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and 3D surface scanning. In addition, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy was utilized to determine their elemental composition, and differential scanning calorimetry tests to evaluate their phase transformation temperatures. Their mechanical performance was further assessed through torsional and bending tests. Using scans obtained from a real tooth and the instruments, a computational fluid dynamics assessment was conducted to determine the irrigation flow pattern, apical pressure, and wall shear stress in simulated canal preparation. Mood's median and One-way anova post hoc Tukey tests were used for statistical comparisons (α = 5%). RESULTS Reciproc Blue exhibited a superior number of blades (n = 8), whereas EdgeOne Fire had the highest overall volume (4.38 mm3 ) and surface area (32.32 mm2 ). At the 3-mm axial level, EdgeOne Fire displayed the lowest core diameter (0.13 mm), while Reciproc Blue had the highest (0.16 mm). All blades were symmetrical, and the tips of the instruments were non-active but differed from each other. The most irregular surfaces were observed in EdgeOne Fire and Easy-File Flex. All instruments were manufactured from nickel-titanium alloys and exhibited distinct phase transformation temperatures. WaveOne Gold and Reciproc Blue demonstrated the highest maximum torque values (1.87 and 1.62 N cm, respectively), while the lowest was observed on EdgeOne Fire (1.21 N cm) (p < .05). The most flexible (p < .05) were EdgeOne Fire (angle of rotation: 602.6°; maximum bending load: 251.4 g.f) and Reciproc Blue (533.2° and 235.6 g.f). There were no significant differences observed in the irrigation flow among the four domains generated by the tested instruments. CONCLUSIONS Despite observing variations in the design, phase transformation temperatures, and in the torsional and bending test outcomes among the four heat-treated reciprocating instruments, no significant differences were found in the irrigation flow pattern among the different groups in the simulated root canal preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge N R Martins
- Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Grupo de Investigação em Bioquimica e Biologia Oral, Unidade de Investigação em Ciências Orais e Biomédicas (UICOB), Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Centro de Estudo de Medicina Dentária Baseada na Evidência (CEMDBE)-Cochrane Portugal, Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Implantologia, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Emmanuel João Nogueira Leal Silva
- School of Dentistry, Grande Rio University (UNIGRANRIO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Fluminense Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Duarte Marques
- Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Grupo de Investigação em Bioquimica e Biologia Oral, Unidade de Investigação em Ciências Orais e Biomédicas (UICOB), Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Centro de Estudo de Medicina Dentária Baseada na Evidência (CEMDBE)-Cochrane Portugal, Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Implantologia, Lisboa, Portugal
- LIBPhys-FCT UID/FIS/04559/2013, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Pinto
- Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Grupo de Investigação em Bioquimica e Biologia Oral, Unidade de Investigação em Ciências Orais e Biomédicas (UICOB), Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Implantologia, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Helena Francisco
- Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Implantologia, Lisboa, Portugal
- Grupo de Investigação Implantologia e Regeneração Óssea (UICOB), Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Natasha Ajuz
- School of Dentistry, Grande Rio University (UNIGRANRIO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mário Rito Pereira
- Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Francisco Manuel Braz Fernandes
- CENIMAT/I3N, Department of Materials Science, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
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