The molecular weight of hyaluronic acid influences metabolic activity and osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament cells

Evaluation of in vitro osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation from stem cell: a systematic review of morphological assays and staining techniques

Background

Understanding human stem cell differentiation into osteoblasts and osteoclasts is crucial for bone regeneration and disease modeling. Numerous morphological techniques have been employed to assess this differentiation, but a comprehensive review of their application and effectiveness is lacking.

Methods

Guided by the PRISMA framework, we conducted a rigorous search through the PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus databases, analyzing 254 articles. Each article was scrutinized against pre-defined inclusion criteria, yielding a refined selection of 14 studies worthy of in-depth analysis.

Results

The trends in using morphological approaches were identified for analyzing osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation. The three most used techniques for osteoblasts were Alizarin Red S (mineralization; six articles), von Kossa (mineralization; three articles) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP; two articles) followed by one article on Giemsa staining (cell morphology) and finally immunochemistry (three articles involved Vinculin, F-actin and Col1 biomarkers). For osteoclasts, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP staining) has the highest number of articles (six articles), followed by two articles on DAPI staining (cell morphology), and immunochemistry (two articles with VNR, Cathepsin K and TROP2. The study involved four stem cell types: peripheral blood monocyte, mesenchymal, dental pulp, and periodontal ligament.

Conclusion

This review offers a valuable resource for researchers, with Alizarin Red S and TRAP staining being the most utilized morphological procedures for osteoblasts and osteoclasts, respectively. This understanding provides a foundation for future research in this rapidly changing field.

Insights and Advancements in Periodontal Tissue Engineering and Bone Regeneration

The regeneration of periodontal bone defects continues to be an essential therapeutic concern in dental biomaterials. Numerous biomaterials have been utilized in this sector so far. However, the immune response and vascularity in defect regions may be disregarded when evaluating the effectiveness of biomaterials for bone repair. Among several regenerative treatments, the most recent technique of in situ tissue engineering stands out for its ability to replicate endogenous restorative processes by combining scaffold with particular growth factors. Regenerative medicine solutions that combine biomaterials/scaffolds, cells, and bioactive substances have attracted significant interest, particularly for bone repair and regeneration. Dental stem cells (DSCs) share the same progenitor and immunomodulatory properties as other types of MSCs, and because they are easily isolable, they are regarded as desirable therapeutic agents in regenerative dentistry. Recent research has demonstrated that DSCs sown on newly designed synthetic bio-material scaffolds preserve their proliferative capacity while exhibiting increased differentiation and immuno-suppressive capabilities. As researchers discovered how short peptide sequences modify the adhesion and proliferative capacities of scaffolds by activating or inhibiting conventional osteogenic pathways, the scaffolds became more effective at priming MSCs. In this review, the many components of tissue engineering applied to bone engineering will be examined, and the impact of biomaterials on periodontal regeneration and bone cellular biology/molecular genetics will be addressed and updated.

Reconstructive Approach in Residual Periodontal Pockets with Biofunctionalized Heterografts-A Retrospective Comparison of 12-Month Data from Three Centers

The regenerative capacity of well-preserved blood clots may be enhanced by biologics like enamel matrix derivative (EMD). This retrospective analysis compares outcomes reported by three centers using different heterografts. Center 1 (C1) treated intrabony defects combining cross-linked high-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid (xHyA) with a xenograft; center 2 (C2) used EMD with an allograft combination to graft a residual pocket. Center 3 (C3) combined xHyA with the placement of a resorbable polymer membrane for defect cover. Clinical parameters, BoP reduction, and radiographically observed defect fill at 12-month examination are reported. The 12-month evaluation yielded significant improvements in PPD and CAL at each center (p < 0.001, respectively). Analyses of Covariance revealed significant improvements in all parameters, and a significantly greater CAL gain was revealed for C2 vs. C1 (p = 0.006). Radiographic defect fill presented significantly higher scores for C2 and C3 vs. C1 (p = 0.003 and = 0.014; C2 vs. C3 p = 1.00). Gingival recession increased in C1 and C3 (p = 1.00), while C2 reported no GR after 12 months (C2:C1 p = 0.002; C2:C3 p = 0.005). BoP tendency and pocket closure rate shared similar rates. Within the limitations of the study, a data comparison indicated that xHyA showed a similar capacity to enhance the regenerative response, as known for EMD. Radiographic follow-up underlined xHyA's unique role in new attachment formation.