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Maddern XJ, Walker LC, Anversa RG, Lawrence AJ, Campbell EJ. Understanding sex differences and the translational value of models of persistent substance use despite negative consequences. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2024; 213:107944. [PMID: 38825163 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2024.107944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Persistent substance use despite negative consequences is a key facet of substance use disorder. The last decade has seen the preclinical field adopt the use of punishment to model adverse consequences associated with substance use. This has largely involved the pairing of drug use with either electric foot shock or quinine, a bitter tastant. Whilst at face value, these punishers may model aspects of the physical and psychological consequences of substance use, such models are yet to assist the development of approved medications for treatment. This review discusses progress made with animal models of punishment to understand the behavioral consequences of persistent substance use despite negative consequences. We highlight the importance of examining sex differences, especially when the behavioral response to punishment changes following drug exposure. Finally, we critique the translational value these models provide for the substance use disorder field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier J Maddern
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia; Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Leigh C Walker
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia; Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Roberta G Anversa
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia; Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Andrew J Lawrence
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia; Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Erin J Campbell
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Brain Neuromodulation Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia.
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Dreyer AJ, Stephen D, Human R, Swanepoel TL, Adams L, O'Neill A, Jacobs WJ, Thomas KGF. Risky Decision Making Under Stressful Conditions: Men and Women With Smaller Cortisol Elevations Make Riskier Social and Economic Decisions. Front Psychol 2022; 13:810031. [PMID: 35185730 PMCID: PMC8854750 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.810031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Men often make riskier decisions than women across a wide range of real-life behaviors. Whether this sex difference is accentuated, diminished, or stable under stressful conditions is, however, contested in the scientific literature. A critical blind spot lies amid this contestation: Most studies use standardized, laboratory-based, cognitive measures of decision making rather than complex real-life social simulation tasks to assess risk-related behavior. To address this blind spot, we investigated the effects of acute psychosocial stress on risk decision making in men and women (N = 80) using a standardized cognitive measure (the Iowa Gambling Task; IGT) and a novel task that simulated a real-life social situation (an online chatroom in which participants interacted with other men and women in sexually suggestive scenarios). Participants were exposed to either an acute psychosocial stressor or an equivalent control condition. Stressor-exposed participants were further characterized as high- or low-cortisol responders. Results confirmed that the experimental manipulation was effective. On the IGT, participants characterized as low-cortisol responders (as well as those in the Non-Stress group) made significantly riskier decisions than those characterized as high-cortisol responders. Similarly, in the online chatroom, participants characterized as low-cortisol responders (but not those characterized as high-cortisol responders) were, relative to those in the Non-Stress group, significantly more likely to make risky decisions. Together, these results suggest that at lower levels of cortisol both men and women tend to make riskier decisions in both economic and social spheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna J Dreyer
- ACSENT Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dale Stephen
- ACSENT Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Robyn Human
- ACSENT Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tarah L Swanepoel
- ACSENT Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Leanne Adams
- ACSENT Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Aimee O'Neill
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - W Jake Jacobs
- Anxiety Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Kevin G F Thomas
- ACSENT Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Lee YJ, Ahn IY, Kim BJ, Lee CS, Cha B, Lee SJ, Seo J, Choi JW, Lee YJ, Lim E, Lee D. Association between Early Spermarche and Suicide Attempts in Boys: the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey. J Korean Med Sci 2021; 36:e73. [PMID: 33754506 PMCID: PMC7985288 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Puberty is a biologically and psychologically unstable period, and pubertal changes differ by sex. However, most previous studies on pubertal timing and suicide have focused on girls. This study investigated the association between early spermarche and suicide attempts in boys. METHODS We analyzed a nationally representative sample of Korean adolescents (The Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey, KYRBS) that included approximately 35,000 boys annually from 2011 to 2015. Pubertal timing in boys was defined by spermarche. Complex sampling logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the odds ratios (ORs) for suicide attempts between the early and average spermarche groups. RESULTS The ORs for suicide attempts in boys with early spermarche were significantly higher than those in boys with average spermarche after adjustment for age, perceived stress, depressive symptoms, and suicidal ideation. The ORs from 2011 to 2015 were as follows: 1.782 (P < 0.001), 1.490 (P = 0.002), 1.693 (P < 0.001), 1.541 (P = 0.001), and 1.393 (1.024-1.895; P = 0.035), respectively. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that early pubertal timing is a risk factor for suicide attempts in Korean boys after adjustment for depressive symptoms, perceived stress, and suicidal ideation, which have been previously reported as risk factors for suicide attempts. Therefore, careful attention should be paid to the prevention of suicide in boys who experience early spermarche in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Ji Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon, Korea
| | - In Young Ahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon, Korea
| | - Bong Jo Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Gyeongsang National University, College of Medicine, Jinju, Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Korea
| | - Cheol Soon Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon, Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Gyeongsang National University, College of Medicine, Jinju, Korea
| | - Boseok Cha
- Department of Psychiatry, Gyeongsang National University, College of Medicine, Jinju, Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Korea
| | - So Jin Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Gyeongsang National University, College of Medicine, Jinju, Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Korea
| | - Jiyeong Seo
- Department of Psychiatry, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon, Korea
| | - Jae Won Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Korea
| | - Youn Jung Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Korea
| | - Eunji Lim
- Department of Psychiatry, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon, Korea
| | - Dongyun Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon, Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Gyeongsang National University, College of Medicine, Jinju, Korea.
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Garrido-Chaves R, Perez-Alarcón M, Perez V, Hidalgo V, Pulopulos MM, Salvador A. FRN and P3 during the Iowa gambling task: The importance of gender. Psychophysiology 2020; 58:e13734. [PMID: 33289135 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has shown gender-related psychobiological differences in risky and competitive strategies that affect win and loss outcomes. In addition, some studies have found differences in the decision-making process, with women taking longer to reach the same performance as men. However, the underlying neural mechanisms remain unclear. The present study aimed to investigate gender differences in behavioral performance and neural correlates during a decision-making task, the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). Forty healthy young adults (23 men and 17 women) performed the IGT while the feedback-related negativity (FRN) and P3 were recorded as neural correlates of feedback processing. No gender differences were observed in the behavioral performance on the IGT after 100 and 150 trials, or in the P3 component. In women, but not in men, the FRN component showed a greater amplitude for losses than for wins. There were no significant gender-related differences in behavioral performance, and men and women revealed a similar learning process on the IGT. At the neural level, no direct differences between men and women were observed in the feedback processing stage for the FRN or P3. However, our results indicate that women showed greater sensitivity to losses than to wins during the decision-making task, as reflected in the FRN component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Garrido-Chaves
- Laboratory of Social Cognitive Neuroscience, IDOCAL, Department of Psychobiology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mario Perez-Alarcón
- Laboratory of Social Cognitive Neuroscience, IDOCAL, Department of Psychobiology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vanesa Perez
- Laboratory of Social Cognitive Neuroscience, IDOCAL, Department of Psychobiology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vanesa Hidalgo
- Laboratory of Social Cognitive Neuroscience, IDOCAL, Department of Psychobiology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Psychology and Sociology, Area of Psychobiology, University of Zaragoza, IIS Aragón, Teruel, Spain
| | - Matias M Pulopulos
- Laboratory of Social Cognitive Neuroscience, IDOCAL, Department of Psychobiology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Psychology and Sociology, Area of Psychobiology, University of Zaragoza, IIS Aragón, Teruel, Spain
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alicia Salvador
- Laboratory of Social Cognitive Neuroscience, IDOCAL, Department of Psychobiology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Li G, Zhang S, Le TM, Tang X, Li CSR. Neural Responses to Reward in a Gambling Task: Sex Differences and Individual Variation in Reward-Driven Impulsivity. Cereb Cortex Commun 2020; 1:tgaa025. [PMID: 32864617 PMCID: PMC7446303 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgaa025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous work suggests sex differences in reward sensitivity. However, it remains unclear how men and women differ in the neural processes of reward-driven impulsivity. With a data set of 968 subjects (502 women) curated from the Human Connectome Project, we investigated sex differences in regional activations to reward and to punishment in a gambling task. Individual variations in reward-driven impulsivity were quantified by the difference in reaction time between reward and punishment blocks in the gambling task, as well as by a behavioral measure of delay discounting. At a corrected threshold, men and women exhibited significant differences in regional activations to reward and to punishment. Longer reaction times during reward versus punishment blocks, indicative of more cautious responding, were associated with left-hemispheric lateral prefrontal cortical activation to reward in men but not women. Steeper discounting was associated with higher activation to reward in the right-hemispheric dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and angular gyrus in women but not men. These sex differences were confirmed in slope tests. Together, the results highlight the sex-specific neural processes of reward-driven impulsivity with left-hemispheric prefrontal cortex supporting impulse control in men and right-hemispheric saliency circuit playing a more important role in diminished impulse control in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangfei Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Thang M Le
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Xiaoying Tang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, China
| | - Chiang-Shan R Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
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6
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Bryce CA, Adalbert AJ, Claes MM, van Holstein M, Floresco SB. Differential effects of corticotropin-releasing factor and acute stress on different forms of risk/reward decision-making. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2020; 169:107167. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2020.107167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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González-Madruga K, Rogers J, Toschi N, Riccelli R, Smaragdi A, Puzzo I, Clanton R, Andersson J, Baumann S, Kohls G, Raschle N, Fehlbaum L, Menks W, Stadler C, Konrad K, Freitag CM, De Brito SA, Sonuga-Barke E, Fairchild G. White matter microstructure of the extended limbic system in male and female youth with conduct disorder. Psychol Med 2020; 50:58-67. [PMID: 30696514 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291718003951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies of conduct disorder (CD) have reported structural and functional alterations in the limbic system. However, the white matter tracts that connect limbic regions have not been comprehensively studied. The uncinate fasciculus (UF), a tract connecting limbic to prefrontal regions, has been implicated in CD. However, CD-related alterations in other limbic tracts, such as the cingulum and the fornix, have not been investigated. Furthermore, few studies have examined the influence of sex and none have been adequately powered to test whether the relationship between CD and structural connectivity differs by sex. We examined whether adolescent males and females with CD exhibit differences in structural connectivity compared with typically developing controls. METHODS We acquired diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging data from 101 adolescents with CD (52 females) and 99 controls (50 females). Data were processed for deterministic spherical deconvolution tractography. Virtual dissections of the UF, the three subdivisions of the cingulum [retrosplenial cingulum (RSC), parahippocampal and subgenual cingulum], and the fornix were performed and measures of fractional anisotropy (FA) and hindrance-modulated orientational anisotropy (HMOA) were analysed. RESULTS The CD group had lower FA and HMOA in the right RSC tract relative to controls. Importantly, these effects were moderated by sex - males with CD significantly lower FA compared to male controls, whereas CD and control females did not differ. CONCLUSIONS Our results highlight the importance of considering sex when studying the neurobiological basis of CD. Sex differences in RSC connectivity may contribute to sex differences in the clinical presentation of CD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jack Rogers
- School of Psychology and Birmingham University Imaging Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Nicola Toschi
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Riccelli
- Department of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Ignazio Puzzo
- West London Mental Health Trust, Broadmoor High Secure Hospital, London, UK
| | - Roberta Clanton
- School of Psychology and Birmingham University Imaging Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jesper Andersson
- FMRIB, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah Baumann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Child Neuropsychology Section, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Gregor Kohls
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Child Neuropsychology Section, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nora Raschle
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychiatric University Clinics and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lynn Fehlbaum
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychiatric University Clinics and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Willeke Menks
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychiatric University Clinics and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christina Stadler
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychiatric University Clinics and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kerstin Konrad
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Child Neuropsychology Section, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christine M Freitag
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stephane A De Brito
- School of Psychology and Birmingham University Imaging Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Edmund Sonuga-Barke
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, UK
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Fairchild G, Hawes DJ, Frick PJ, Copeland WE, Odgers CL, Franke B, Freitag CM, De Brito SA. Conduct disorder. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2019; 5:43. [PMID: 31249310 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-019-0095-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Conduct disorder (CD) is a common and highly impairing psychiatric disorder that usually emerges in childhood or adolescence and is characterized by severe antisocial and aggressive behaviour. It frequently co-occurs with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and often leads to antisocial personality disorder in adulthood. CD affects ~3% of school-aged children and is twice as prevalent in males than in females. This disorder can be subtyped according to age at onset (childhood-onset versus adolescent-onset) and the presence or absence of callous-unemotional traits (deficits in empathy and guilt). The aetiology of CD is complex, with contributions of both genetic and environmental risk factors and different forms of interplay among the two (gene-environment interaction and correlation). In addition, CD is associated with neurocognitive impairments; smaller grey matter volume in limbic regions such as the amygdala, insula and orbitofrontal cortex, and functional abnormalities in overlapping brain circuits responsible for emotion processing, emotion regulation and reinforcement-based decision-making have been reported. Lower hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and autonomic reactivity to stress has also been reported. Management of CD primarily involves parent-based or family-based psychosocial interventions, although stimulants and atypical antipsychotics are sometimes used, especially in individuals with comorbid ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David J Hawes
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul J Frick
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA and Institute for Learning Science and Teacher Education, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Candice L Odgers
- Department of Psychological Science, School of Social Ecology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Barbara Franke
- Departments of Human Genetics and Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Christine M Freitag
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stephane A De Brito
- School of Psychology and Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Let's call the whole thing off: evaluating gender and sex differences in executive function. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:86-96. [PMID: 30143781 PMCID: PMC6235899 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0179-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The executive functions allow for purposeful, deliberate, and intentional interactions with the world-attention and focus, impulse control, decision making, and working memory. These measures have been correlated with academic outcomes and quality of life, and are impacted by deleterious environmental events throughout the life span, including gestational and early life insults. This review will address the topic of sex differences in executive function including a discussion of differences arising in response to developmental programming. Work on gender differences in human studies and sex differences in animal research will be reviewed. Overall, we find little support for significant gender or sex differences in executive function. An important variable that factors into the interpretation of potential sex differences include differing developmental trajectories. We conclude by discussing future directions for the field and a brief discussion of biological mechanisms.
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Yates JR, Prior NA, Chitwood MR, Day HA, Heidel JR, Hopkins SE, Muncie BT, Paradella-Bradley TA, Sestito AP, Vecchiola AN, Wells EE. Effects of GluN2B-selective antagonists on delay and probability discounting in male rats: Modulation by delay/probability presentation order. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2018; 26:525-540. [PMID: 30035577 PMCID: PMC6283694 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of the GluN2B subunit of the NMDA receptor to impulsivity has recently been examined. Ro 63-1908, a highly selective antagonist for the GluN2B, decreases impulsive choice. Because the order in which delays are presented modulates drug effects in discounting procedures, one goal of the current study was to determine the effects of Ro 63-1908 in delay discounting procedures in which the delays to obtaining the large reinforcer either increase or decrease across the session. We also determined if Ro 63-1908 differentially alters risky choice in probability discounting procedures that use ascending/descending schedules. Male rats were trained in either delay (n = 24) or probability (n = 24) discounting in which the delay to/odds against reinforcement were presented in either ascending or descending order (n = 12 each schedule). Following training, rats received the GluN2B antagonists Ro 63-1908 (0-1.0 mg/kg) and CP-101,606 (0-3.0 mg/kg). In delay discounting, Ro 63-1908 (1.0 mg/kg), but not CP-101,606, decreased choice for the large reinforcer, but only when the delays decreased across the session. In probability discounting, Ro 63-1908 (0.3 mg/kg)/CP-101,606 (1.0 mg/kg) increased choice for the large reinforcer when the probability of obtaining this alternative decreased across the session, but Ro 63-1908 (1.0 mg/kg)/CP-101,606 (3.0 mg/kg) decreased choice when the probabilities increased. These results show that the GluN2B is a mediator of impulsive/risky choice, but the effects of GluN2B antagonists are dependent on the order in which delays/probabilities are presented. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).
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Conduct disorder in adolescent females: current state of research and study design of the FemNAT-CD consortium. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2018; 27:1077-1093. [PMID: 29948230 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-018-1172-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Conduct disorder (CD) is a common and highly impairing psychiatric disorder of childhood and adolescence that frequently leads to poor physical and mental health outcomes in adulthood. The prevalence of CD is substantially higher in males than females, and partly due to this, most research on this condition has used all-male or predominantly male samples. Although the number of females exhibiting CD has increased in recent decades, the majority of studies on neurobiological measures, neurocognitive phenotypes, and treatments for CD have focused on male subjects only, despite strong evidence for sex differences in the aetiology and neurobiology of CD. Here, we selectively review the existing literature on CD and related phenotypes in females, focusing in particular on sex differences in CD symptoms, patterns of psychiatric comorbidity, and callous-unemotional personality traits. We also consider studies investigating the neurobiology of CD in females, with a focus on studies using genetic, structural and functional neuroimaging, psychophysiological, and neuroendocrinological methods. We end the article by providing an overview of the study design of the FemNAT-CD consortium, an interdisciplinary, multi-level and multi-site study that explicitly focuses on CD in females, but which is also investigating sex differences in the causes, developmental course, and neurobiological correlates of CD.
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