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Centeno-Leija S, Espinosa-Barrera L, Velazquez-Cruz B, Cárdenas-Conejo Y, Virgen-Ortíz R, Valencia-Cruz G, Saenz RA, Marín-Tovar Y, Gómez-Manzo S, Hernández-Ochoa B, Rocha-Ramirez LM, Zataraín-Palacios R, Osuna-Castro JA, López-Munguía A, Serrano-Posada H. Mining for novel cyclomaltodextrin glucanotransferases unravels the carbohydrate metabolism pathway via cyclodextrins in Thermoanaerobacterales. Sci Rep 2022; 12:730. [PMID: 35031648 PMCID: PMC8760340 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04569-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate metabolism via cyclodextrins (CM-CD) is an uncommon starch-converting pathway that thoroughly depends on extracellular cyclomaltodextrin glucanotransferases (CGTases) to transform the surrounding starch substrate to α-(1,4)-linked oligosaccharides and cyclodextrins (CDs). The CM-CD pathway has emerged as a convenient microbial adaptation to thrive under extreme temperatures, as CDs are functional amphipathic toroids with higher heat-resistant values than linear dextrins. Nevertheless, although the CM-CD pathway has been described in a few mesophilic bacteria and archaea, it remains obscure in extremely thermophilic prokaryotes (Topt ≥ 70 °C). Here, a new monophyletic group of CGTases with an exceptional three-domain ABC architecture was detected by (meta)genome mining of extremely thermophilic Thermoanaerobacterales living in a wide variety of hot starch-poor environments on Earth. Functional studies of a representative member, CldA, showed a maximum activity in a thermoacidophilic range (pH 4.0 and 80 °C) with remarkable product diversification that yielded a mixture of α:β:γ-CDs (34:62:4) from soluble starch, as well as G3-G7 linear dextrins and fermentable sugars as the primary products. Together, comparative genomics and predictive functional analysis, combined with data of the functionally characterized key proteins of the gene clusters encoding CGTases, revealed the CM-CD pathway in Thermoanaerobacterales and showed that it is involved in the synthesis, transportation, degradation, and metabolic assimilation of CDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Centeno-Leija
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Laboratorio de Biología Sintética, Estructural y Molecular, Laboratorio de Agrobiotecnología, Tecnoparque CLQ, Universidad de Colima, Carretera Los Limones-Loma de Juárez, 28627, Colima, Colima, Mexico.
| | - Laura Espinosa-Barrera
- Laboratorio de Biología Sintética, Estructural y Molecular, Laboratorio de Agrobiotecnología, Tecnoparque CLQ, Universidad de Colima, Carretera Los Limones-Loma de Juárez, 28627, Colima, Colima, Mexico
| | - Beatriz Velazquez-Cruz
- Laboratorio de Biología Sintética, Estructural y Molecular, Laboratorio de Agrobiotecnología, Tecnoparque CLQ, Universidad de Colima, Carretera Los Limones-Loma de Juárez, 28627, Colima, Colima, Mexico
| | - Yair Cárdenas-Conejo
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Laboratorio de Biología Sintética, Estructural y Molecular, Laboratorio de Agrobiotecnología, Tecnoparque CLQ, Universidad de Colima, Carretera Los Limones-Loma de Juárez, 28627, Colima, Colima, Mexico
| | - Raúl Virgen-Ortíz
- Laboratorio de Biología Sintética, Estructural y Molecular, Laboratorio de Agrobiotecnología, Tecnoparque CLQ, Universidad de Colima, Carretera Los Limones-Loma de Juárez, 28627, Colima, Colima, Mexico
| | - Georgina Valencia-Cruz
- Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Colima, Avenida 25 de julio 965, Colonia Villa de San Sebastián, 28045, Colima, Colima, Mexico
| | - Roberto A Saenz
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Colima, Bernal Díaz del Castillo 340, 28045, Colima, Colima, Mexico
| | - Yerli Marín-Tovar
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Estructural, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, 62210, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Saúl Gómez-Manzo
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Genética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, 04530, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Beatriz Hernández-Ochoa
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biología Celular, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Secretaría de Salud, 06720, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luz María Rocha-Ramirez
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Dr. Márquez No. 162, Colonia Doctores, 06720, Delegación Cuauhtémoc, Mexico
| | - Rocío Zataraín-Palacios
- Escuela de Medicina General, Universidad José Martí, Bosques del Decán 351, 28089, Colima, Colima, México
| | - Juan A Osuna-Castro
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Colima, Autopista Colima-Manzanillo, 28100, Tecomán, Colima, Mexico
| | - Agustín López-Munguía
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Hugo Serrano-Posada
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Laboratorio de Biología Sintética, Estructural y Molecular, Laboratorio de Agrobiotecnología, Tecnoparque CLQ, Universidad de Colima, Carretera Los Limones-Loma de Juárez, 28627, Colima, Colima, Mexico.
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Amin K, Tranchimand S, Benvegnu T, Abdel-Razzak Z, Chamieh H. Glycoside Hydrolases and Glycosyltransferases from Hyperthermophilic Archaea: Insights on Their Characteristics and Applications in Biotechnology. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1557. [PMID: 34827555 PMCID: PMC8615776 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperthermophilic Archaea colonizing unnatural habitats of extremes conditions such as volcanoes and deep-sea hydrothermal vents represent an unmeasurable bioresource for enzymes used in various industrial applications. Their enzymes show distinct structural and functional properties and are resistant to extreme conditions of temperature and pressure where their mesophilic homologs fail. In this review, we will outline carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) from hyperthermophilic Archaea with specific focus on the two largest families, glycoside hydrolases (GHs) and glycosyltransferases (GTs). We will present the latest advances on these enzymes particularly in the light of novel accumulating data from genomics and metagenomics sequencing technologies. We will discuss the contribution of these enzymes from hyperthermophilic Archaea to industrial applications and put the emphasis on newly identifed enzymes. We will highlight their common biochemical and distinct features. Finally, we will overview the areas that remain to be explored to identify novel promising hyperthermozymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadija Amin
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and Its Applications, Lebanese University, Mitein Street, Tripoli P.O. Box 210, Lebanon; (K.A.); (Z.A.-R.)
- Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France; (S.T.); (T.B.)
| | - Sylvain Tranchimand
- Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France; (S.T.); (T.B.)
| | - Thierry Benvegnu
- Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France; (S.T.); (T.B.)
| | - Ziad Abdel-Razzak
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and Its Applications, Lebanese University, Mitein Street, Tripoli P.O. Box 210, Lebanon; (K.A.); (Z.A.-R.)
- Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Rafic Hariri Campus, Beirut P.O. Box 6573, Lebanon
| | - Hala Chamieh
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and Its Applications, Lebanese University, Mitein Street, Tripoli P.O. Box 210, Lebanon; (K.A.); (Z.A.-R.)
- Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Rafic Hariri Campus, Beirut P.O. Box 6573, Lebanon
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Lim CH, Rasti B, Sulistyo J, Hamid MA. Comprehensive study on transglycosylation of CGTase from various sources. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06305. [PMID: 33665455 PMCID: PMC7907775 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transglycosylation is the in-vivo or in-vitro process of transferring glycosyl groups from a donor to an acceptor, which is usually performed by enzymatic reactions because of their simplicity, low steric hindrance, high region-specificity, low production cost, and mild processing conditions. One of the enzymes commonly used in the transglycosylation reaction is cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase). The transglycosylated products, catalyzed by CGTase, are widely used in food additives, supplements, and personal care and cosmetic products. This is due to improvements in the solubility, stability, bioactivity and length of the synthesized products. This paper's focus is on the importance of enzymes used in the transglycosylation reaction, their characteristics and mechanism of action, sources and production yield, and donor and acceptor specificities. Moreover, the influence of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on the enzymatic reaction, catalysis of glycosidic linkages, and advantages of CGTase transglycosylation reactions are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Hui Lim
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Babak Rasti
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Joko Sulistyo
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Surabaya, Jalan Ngagel Jaya Selatan, Surabaya, 60294, Indonesia
| | - Mansoor Abdul Hamid
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
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Wang L, Wu Q, Zhang K, Chen S, Yan Z, Wu J. Cyclodextrinase from Thermococcus sp expressed in Bacillus subtilis and its application in the preparation of maltoheptaose. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:157. [PMID: 32738926 PMCID: PMC7395394 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01416-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Maltoheptaose as malto-oligosaccharides with specific degree of polymerization, has wide applications in food, medicine and cosmetics industries. Currently, cyclodextrinase have been applied as prepared enzyme to prepare maltoheptaose. However, the yield and proportion of maltoheptaose was lower, which is due to limited substrate and product specificity of cyclodextrinase (CDase). To achieve higher maltoheptaose yield, cyclodextrinase with high substrate and product specificity should be obtained. Results In this study, cyclodextrinase derived from Thermococcus sp B1001 (TsCDase) was successfully expressed and characterized in Bacillus subtilis for the first time. The specific activity of TsCDase was 637.95 U/mg under optimal conditions of 90 °C and pH 5.5, which exhibited high substrate specificity for cyclodextrins (CDs). When the concentration of β-CD was 8%, the yield of maltoheptaose achieved by TsCDase was 82.33% across all reaction products, which exceeded the yields of maltoheptaose in other recent reports. Among malto-oligosaccharides generated as reaction products, maltoheptaose was present in the highest proportion, about 94.55%. Conclusions This study provides high substrate and product specificity of TsCDase. TsCDase is able to prepare higher yield of maltoheptaose through conversion of β-CD in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China.,School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China.,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Quan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China.,School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China.,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Kang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China.,School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China.,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China.,School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China.,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Zhengfei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China. .,School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China. .,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Jing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China. .,School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China. .,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China.
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Upadhyay D, Sharma S, Shrivastava D, Kulshreshtha NM. Production and characterization of β-cyclodextrin glucanotransferase from Bacillus sp. ND1. J Basic Microbiol 2018; 59:192-205. [PMID: 30548870 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201800390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A potent β-CGTase producing bacterium ND1 has been isolated from sugarcane field soil in India. The biochemical, physiologicaland phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene suggest that the isolate belongs to Bacillus cereus group. The enzyme β-CGTase produced from isolate ND1 catalyzes production of β-cyclodextrin utilizing starch as a substrate which has diverse applications in various fields. The enzyme production parameters pH, temperature, and substrate concentration were optimized using Central Composite Design (CCD) of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and were found to be 8.9, 30.55 °C, and 1.88%, respectively for optimal enzyme activity. The crude enzyme was partially purified (29-fold) using ammonium sulphate precipitation followed by ion exchange chromatography. The specific activity of the purified enzyme was found to be 63.53 U mg-1 . The enzyme is monomeric in nature with a molecular weight of 97.4 kD as determined by SDS-PAGE. It is stable in a wide range of pH (6-10) and temperature (40-60 °C) values. The maximum CGTase activity was observed at pH 9 and temperature 50 °C. The Km value was found to be 2.613 ± 0.5 and Vmax was 0.309 ± 0.05 µg min-1 indicating high substrate specificity. Together; these results suggest that the enzyme may be of wide commercial value in various industrial processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhwani Upadhyay
- School of Life Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sonika Sharma
- School of Life Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Divya Shrivastava
- School of Life Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Niha M Kulshreshtha
- School of Life Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.,Department of Civil Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
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6
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Cabrera MÁ, Blamey JM. Biotechnological applications of archaeal enzymes from extreme environments. Biol Res 2018; 51:37. [PMID: 30290805 PMCID: PMC6172850 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-018-0186-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, many industrial processes are performed using chemical compounds, which are harmful to nature. An alternative to overcome this problem is biocatalysis, which uses whole cells or enzymes to carry out chemical reactions in an environmentally friendly manner. Enzymes can be used as biocatalyst in food and feed, pharmaceutical, textile, detergent and beverage industries, among others. Since industrial processes require harsh reaction conditions to be performed, these enzymes must possess several characteristics that make them suitable for this purpose. Currently the best option is to use enzymes from extremophilic microorganisms, particularly archaea because of their special characteristics, such as stability to elevated temperatures, extremes of pH, organic solvents, and high ionic strength. Extremozymes, are being used in biotechnological industry and improved through modern technologies, such as protein engineering for best performance. Despite the wide distribution of archaea, exist only few reports about these microorganisms isolated from Antarctica and very little is known about thermophilic or hyperthermophilic archaeal enzymes particularly from Antarctica. This review summarizes current knowledge of archaeal enzymes with biotechnological applications, including two extremozymes from Antarctic archaea with potential industrial use, which are being studied in our laboratory. Both enzymes have been discovered through conventional screening and genome sequencing, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma Ángeles Cabrera
- Fundación Científica y Cultural Biociencia, José Domingo Cañas, 2280, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Avenida Libertador Bernardo O´Higgins, 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jenny M Blamey
- Fundación Científica y Cultural Biociencia, José Domingo Cañas, 2280, Santiago, Chile. .,Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Avenida Libertador Bernardo O´Higgins, 3363, Santiago, Chile.
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7
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Optimization of the fermentation conditions for the mutant strain of β-cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase H167C to produce cyclodextrins. 3 Biotech 2018. [PMID: 29527452 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1182-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) was used to catalyze the conversion of starch into cyclodextrins (CD) in industry. Improving the activity of CGTase to produce more CD with relative low cost is intensely interesting and has drawn wide attention. Amino acid mutation of His167 into Cys significantly enhanced β-CGTase activity; however, optimization of culture conditions for β-CGTase-H167C remains unclear. To determine this, the medium and culture conditions for β-CGTase-H167C were optimized with response surface methodology. Maximum activity of β-CGTase-H167C was obtained with the medium containing 1.1% corn starch, 4.4% corn steep liquor, 1.1% peptone, 0.02% MgSO4·7H2O and 0.1% K2HPO4·3H2O that were cultured with the initial pH 8.4, incubation temperature at 37.4 °C, with 5% inoculation size and shaking speed at 202 r/min. Under the optimal conditions, the activity of β-CGTase-H167C was up to 4355 U/mL, which is 1.93-fold in comparison with the initial activity. Our results established the promising culture strategy for the production of cyclodextrins by β-CGTase-H167C.
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A novel cyclodextrin glucanotransferase from an alkaliphile Microbacterium terrae KNR 9: purification and properties. 3 Biotech 2016; 6:168. [PMID: 28330240 PMCID: PMC4987636 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-016-0495-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase, EC. 2.1.1.19) produced using new alkaliphile Microbacterium terrae KNR 9 has been purified to homogeneity in a single step by the starch adsorption method. The specific activity of the purified CGTase was 45 U/mg compared to crude 0.9 U/mg. This resulted in a 50-fold purification of the enzyme with 33 % yield. The molecular weight of the purified enzyme was found to be 27.72 kDa as determined by SDS-PAGE. Non-denaturing gel electrophoresis and activity staining confirmed the presence of CGTase in crude and the ammonium sulfate precipitate fraction. The purified CGTase has a pI value of 4.2. The optimum pH of 6.0 and 60 °C temperature were found to be the best for CGTase activity. Purified CGTase showed 5.18 kcal/mol activation energy (Ea). The CGTase activity was increased in the presence of metal ions (5 mM): Ca+2 (130 %), Mg+2 (123 %), Mn+2 (119 %) and Co+2 (116 %). The enzyme activity was strongly inhibited in the presence of Hg+2 (0.0 %), Cu+2 (0.0 %) and Fe+2 (3.8 %). Inhibitor N-bromosuccinimide (5 mM) showed the highest 96 % inhibition of CGTase activity. SDS and triton X-100 among different detergents and surfactants (1.0 %, w/v) tested showed 92 % inhibition. Among the organic solvents checked for their effect on enzyme activity, 5 % (v/v) toluene resulted in 48 % increased activity. Polyethylene glycol-6000 showed a 26 % increase in the CGTase activity. The kinetic parameters Km and Vmax were 10 mg/ml and 146 µmol/mg min, respectively, for purified CGTase.
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Ahmad N, Mehboob S, Rashid N. Starch-processing enzymes — emphasis on thermostable 4-α-glucanotransferases. Biologia (Bratisl) 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/biolog-2015-0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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10
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Preparation of linear maltodextrins using a hyperthermophilic amylopullulanase with cyclodextrin- and starch-hydrolysing activities. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 119:134-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Revised: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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11
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Recombinant cyclodextrinase from Thermococcus kodakarensis KOD1: expression, purification, and enzymatic characterization. ARCHAEA-AN INTERNATIONAL MICROBIOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2015; 2015:397924. [PMID: 25688178 PMCID: PMC4321091 DOI: 10.1155/2015/397924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A gene encoding a cyclodextrinase from Thermococcus kodakarensis KOD1 (CDase-Tk) was identified and characterized. The gene encodes a protein of 656 amino acid residues with a molecular mass of 76.4 kDa harboring four conserved regions found in all members of the α-amylase family. A recombinant form of the enzyme was purified by ion-exchange chromatography, and its catalytic properties were examined. The enzyme was active in a broad range of pH conditions (pHs 4.0–10.0), with an optimal pH of 7.5 and a temperature optimum of 65°C. The purified enzyme preferred to hydrolyze β-cyclodextrin (CD) but not α- or γ-CD, soluble starch, or pullulan. The final product from β-CD was glucose. The Vmax and Km values were 3.13 ± 0.47 U mg−1 and 2.94 ± 0.16 mg mL−1 for β-CD. The unique characteristics of CDase-Tk with a low catalytic temperature and substrate specificity are discussed, and the starch utilization pathway in a broad range of temperatures is also proposed.
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12
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Modification of rice grain starch for lump-free cooked rice using thermostable disproportionating enzymes. Food Res Int 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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13
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Han R, Li J, Shin HD, Chen RR, Du G, Liu L, Chen J. Recent advances in discovery, heterologous expression, and molecular engineering of cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase for versatile applications. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 32:415-28. [PMID: 24361954 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) is an important enzyme with multiple functions, in particular the production of cyclodextrins. It is also widely applied in baking and carbohydrate glycosylation because it participates in various types of catalytic reactions. New applications are being found with novel CGTases being isolated from various organisms. Heterologous expression is performed for the overproduction of CGTases to meet the requirements of these applications. In addition, various directed evolution techniques have been applied to modify the molecular structure of CGTase for improved performance in industrial applications. In recent years, substantial progress has been made in the heterologous expression and molecular engineering of CGTases. In this review, we systematically summarize the heterologous expression strategies used for enhancing the production of CGTases. We also outline and discuss the molecular engineering approaches used to improve the production, secretion, and properties (e.g., product and substrate specificity, catalytic efficiency, and thermal stability) of CGTase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhi Han
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jianghua Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Hyun-Dong Shin
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 30332, USA
| | - Rachel R Chen
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 30332, USA
| | - Guocheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Long Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Jian Chen
- National Engineering of Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Matte CR, Nunes MR, Benvenutti EV, Schöffer JDN, Ayub MAZ, Hertz PF. Characterization of cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase immobilized on silica microspheres via aminopropyltrimethoxysilane as a “spacer arm”. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: an update for 2007-2008. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2012; 31:183-311. [PMID: 21850673 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Revised: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This review is the fifth update of the original review, published in 1999, on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2008. The first section of the review covers fundamental studies, fragmentation of carbohydrate ions, use of derivatives and new software developments for analysis of carbohydrate spectra. Among newer areas of method development are glycan arrays, MALDI imaging and the use of ion mobility spectrometry. The second section of the review discusses applications of MALDI MS to the analysis of different types of carbohydrate. Specific compound classes that are covered include carbohydrate polymers from plants, N- and O-linked glycans from glycoproteins, biopharmaceuticals, glycated proteins, glycolipids, glycosides and various other natural products. There is a short section on the use of MALDI mass spectrometry for the study of enzymes involved in glycan processing and a section on the use of MALDI MS to monitor products of the chemical synthesis of carbohydrates with emphasis on carbohydrate-protein complexes and glycodendrimers. Corresponding analyses by electrospray ionization now appear to outnumber those performed by MALDI and the amount of literature makes a comprehensive review on this technique impractical. However, most of the work relating to sample preparation and glycan synthesis is equally relevant to electrospray and, consequently, those proposing analyses by electrospray should also find material in this review of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
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Bautista V, Esclapez J, Pérez-Pomares F, Martínez-Espinosa RM, Camacho M, Bonete MJ. Cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase: a key enzyme in the assimilation of starch by the halophilic archaeon Haloferax mediterranei. Extremophiles 2011; 16:147-59. [PMID: 22134680 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-011-0414-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase, EC 2.4.1.19) was successfully isolated and characterized from the halophilic archaeon Haloferax mediterranei. The enzyme is a monomer with a molecular mass of 77 kDa and optimum activity at 55°C, pH 7.5 and 1.5 M NaCl. The enzyme displayed many activities related to the degradation and transformation of starch. Cyclization was found to be the predominant activity, yielding a mixture of cyclodextrins, mainly α-CD, followed by hydrolysis and to a lesser extent coupling and disproportionation activities. Gene encoding H. mediterranei CGTase was cloned and heterologously overexpressed. Sequence analysis revealed an open reading frame of 2142 bp that encodes a protein of 713 amino acids. The amino acid sequence displayed high homology with those belonging to the α-amylase family. The CGTase is secreted to the extracellular medium by the Tat pathway. Upstream of the CGTase gene, four maltose ABC transporter genes have been sequenced (malE, malF, malG, malK). The expression of the CGTase gene yielded a fully active CGTase with similar kinetic behavior to the wild-type enzyme. The H. mediterranei CGTase is the first halophilic archaeal CGTase characterized, sequenced and expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa Bautista
- División de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Agroquímica y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain.
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Wu X, Wu S, Li D, Zhang J, Hou L, Ma J, Liu W, Ren D, Zhu Y, He F. Computational identification of rare codons of Escherichia coli based on codon pairs preference. BMC Bioinformatics 2010; 11:61. [PMID: 20109184 PMCID: PMC2828438 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-11-61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Codon bias is believed to play an important role in the control of gene expression. In Escherichia coli, some rare codons, which can limit the expression level of exogenous protein, have been defined by gene engineering operations. Previous studies have confirmed the existence of codon pair's preference in many genomes, but the underlying cause of this bias has not been well established. Here we focus on the patterns of rarely-used synonymous codons. A novel method was introduced to identify the rare codons merely by codon pair bias in Escherichia coli. Results In Escherichia coli, we defined the "rare codon pairs" by calculating the frequency of occurrence of all codon pairs in coding sequences. Rare codons which are disliked in genes could make great contributions to forming rare codon pairs. Meanwhile our investigation showed that many of these rare codon pairs contain termination codons and the recognized sites of restriction enzymes. Furthermore, a new index (Frare) was developed. Through comparison with the classical indices we found a significant negative correlation between Frare and the indices which depend on reference datasets. Conclusions Our approach suggests that we can identify rare codons by studying the context in which a codon lies. Also, the frequency of rare codons (Frare) could be a useful index of codon bias regardless of the lack of expression abundance information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianming Wu
- School of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, PR China
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Leemhuis H, Kelly RM, Dijkhuizen L. Engineering of cyclodextrin glucanotransferases and the impact for biotechnological applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 85:823-35. [PMID: 19763564 PMCID: PMC2804789 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2221-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2009] [Revised: 08/25/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cyclodextrin glucanotransferases (CGTases) are industrially important enzymes that produce cyclic alpha-(1,4)-linked oligosaccharides (cyclodextrins) from starch. Cyclodextrin glucanotransferases are also applied as catalysts in the synthesis of glycosylated molecules and can act as antistaling agents in the baking industry. To improve the performance of CGTases in these various applications, protein engineers are screening for CGTase variants with higher product yields, improved CD size specificity, etc. In this review, we focus on the strategies employed in obtaining CGTases with new or enhanced enzymatic capabilities by searching for new enzymes and improving existing enzymatic activities via protein engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Leemhuis
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences, and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Haren, The Netherlands
| | - Ronan M. Kelly
- Dublin-Oxford Glycobiology Laboratory, NIBRT, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lubbert Dijkhuizen
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences, and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Haren, The Netherlands
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A novel cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase from Bacillus sphaericus strain 41: Production, characterization and catalytic properties. Biochem Eng J 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2009.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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