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Zou Y, Maibach HI. Dermal-epidermal separation methods: research implications. Arch Dermatol Res 2017; 310:1-9. [PMID: 28936624 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-017-1774-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Dermal-epidermal separation is an important basic investigation technique for pharmacology, toxicology and biology. To choose the optimal method for a given research need, we reviewed studies on epidermal separation. PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science were utilized. Different separation systems have been compared, including chemical, enzyme, heat and mechanical separation; each has advantages and disadvantages. Heat is simple but causes thermal damage. Chemical reagents are effective but disturb cellular electrolyte equilibrium. Enzymes provide complete separation, but destroy important components. Mechanical division does not alter physical and/or chemical integrity, but necessitates a relatively large sample and may cause cross-contamination of layers. Thus, the appropriate method should be chosen for a given research question, and no single method appears superior for all purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zou
- Skin and Cosmetic Research Department, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, 1278 Baode Road, Shanghai, 200443, People's Republic of China
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, 94143-0989, USA
| | - Howard I Maibach
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, 94143-0989, USA.
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Tripp JD, Lilley JL, Wood WN, Lewis LK. Enhancement of plasmid DNA transformation efficiencies in early stationary-phase yeast cell cultures. Yeast 2013; 30:191-200. [PMID: 23483586 DOI: 10.1002/yea.2951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical-based methods have been developed for transformation of DNA into log-phase cells of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae with high efficiency. Transformation of early stationary-phase cells, e.g. cells grown in overnight liquid cultures or as colonies on plates, is less efficient than log-phase cells but is simpler and more adaptable to high-throughput projects. In this study we have tested different approaches for transformation of early stationary-phase cell cultures and identified a method utilizing polyethylene glycol (PEG), lithium acetate and dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) as the most efficient. Plasmid DNA transformations using this method could be improved modestly by allowing cells to recover from the chemical treatment in rich broth before plating to selective media. Strong increases in transformation efficiencies were observed when cells were treated briefly with dithiothreitol (DTT). Tests using several different yeast strain backgrounds indicated that DTT treatment could enhance transformation efficiencies by up to 40-fold. Evaluation of multiple parameters affecting the efficiency of the method led to development of an optimized protocol achieving > 50 000 transformants/µg DNA in most backgrounds tested.
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Biggs MJP, Richards RG, Dalby MJ. Nanotopographical modification: a regulator of cellular function through focal adhesions. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2010; 6:619-33. [PMID: 20138244 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2010.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2009] [Revised: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED As materials technology and the field of biomedical engineering advances, the role of cellular mechanisms, in particular adhesive interactions with implantable devices, becomes more relevant in both research and clinical practice. A key tenet of medical device design has evolved from the exquisite ability of biological systems to respond to topographical features or chemical stimuli, a process that has led to the development of next-generation biomaterials for a wide variety of clinical disorders. In vitro studies have identified nanoscale features as potent modulators of cellular behavior through the onset of focal adhesion formation. The focus of this review is on the recent developments concerning the role of nanoscale structures on integrin-mediated adhesion and cellular function with an emphasis on the generation of medical constructs with regenerative applications. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR In this review, recent developments related to the role of nanoscale structures on integrin-mediated adhesion and cellular function is discussed, with an emphasis on regenerative applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manus Jonathan Paul Biggs
- Nanotechnology Center for Mechanics in Regenerative Medicine, Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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Uriel S, Labay E, Francis-Sedlak M, Moya ML, Weichselbaum RR, Ervin N, Cankova Z, Brey EM. Extraction and assembly of tissue-derived gels for cell culture and tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2009; 15:309-21. [PMID: 19115821 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2008.0309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions with the extracellular matrix (ECM) play an important role in regulating cell function. Cells cultured in, or on, three-dimensional ECM recapitulate similar features to those found in vivo that are not present in traditional two-dimensional culture. In addition, both natural and synthetic materials containing ECM components have shown promise in a number of tissue engineering applications. Current materials available for cell culture and tissue engineering do not adequately reflect the diversity of ECM composition between tissues. In this paper, a method is presented for extracting solutions of proteins and glycoproteins from soft tissues and inducing assembly of these proteins into gels. The extracts contain ECM proteins specific to the tissue source with low levels of intracellular molecules. Gels formed from the tissue-derived extracts have nanostructure similar to ECM in vivo and can be used to culture cells as both a thin substrate coating and a thick gel. This technique could be used to assemble hydrogels with varying composition depending upon the tissue source, hydrogels for three-dimensional culture, as scaffolds for tissue engineering therapies, and to study cell-matrix interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiri Uriel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pritzker Institute of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616, USA
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Hopkinson A, Shanmuganathan VA, Gray T, Yeung AM, Lowe J, James DK, Dua HS. Optimization of Amniotic Membrane (AM) Denuding for Tissue Engineering. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2008; 14:371-81. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2008.0315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Hopkinson
- Divisions of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Vijay A. Shanmuganathan
- Divisions of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Trevor Gray
- Divisions of Pathology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron M. Yeung
- Divisions of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - James Lowe
- Divisions of Pathology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - David K. James
- Divisions of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Harminder S. Dua
- Divisions of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Konishi K, Saito N, Shoji E, Takeda H, Kato M, Asaka M, Ooi HK. Helicobacter pylori: longer survival in deep ground water and sea water than in a nutrient-rich environment. APMIS 2008; 115:1285-91. [PMID: 18092962 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0643.2007.00594.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori can infect the human stomach through the ingestion of water. Only a few studies on the morphological changes and viability of this bacteria in DGW (deep ground water) have been reported and none in natural seawater (SW). Morphological changes and the culturability of H. pylori after storage in DGW or SW for a week were examined to see if they could be a factor associated with the high infection rate in Japan. An H. pylori strain, ATCC 43504, stored in DGW and in SW at 4 degrees C for 7 days, was examined daily for any ultrastructural changes and culturability. The same H. pylori strain was also cultured in conventional Brucella broth culture liquid medium as control and was similarly observed. Bacteria kept in DGW and SW were found not only to retain their spiral form but also to show better culturability than those kept in the control nutrient-rich medium (p<0.01). Thus, natural waters were found to be more conducive to H. pylori survival than a nutrient-rich medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Konishi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Francis ME, Uriel S, Brey EM. Endothelial Cell–Matrix Interactions in Neovascularization. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2008; 14:19-32. [DOI: 10.1089/teb.2007.0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Megan E. Francis
- Pritzker Institute of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Research, Hines V.A. Hospital, Hines, Illinois
| | - Shiri Uriel
- Pritzker Institute of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Eric M. Brey
- Pritzker Institute of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Research, Hines V.A. Hospital, Hines, Illinois
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Babinski MA, Costa WS, Sampaio FJB, Cardoso LEM. Structural organization of fibrous connective tissue in the periacinar region of the transitional zone from normal human prostates as revealed by scanning electron microscopy. BJU Int 2007; 100:940-4. [PMID: 17608822 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2007.07060.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyse, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the organization of stromal fibrous components in the transitional zone (TZ) from normal human prostates; because of its association with disease, greater emphasis was placed upon the periacinar region of the stroma. MATERIALS AND METHODS TZ specimens were obtained from normal prostates during autopsy of six men, aged 18-30 years, who had died from accidents. Tissue was fixed for SEM in a modified Karnovsky solution for 48 h at 4 degrees C, and to visualize the three-dimensional organization of the stroma, samples were treated to remove cells. RESULTS In acellular preparations, narrow fibrous septa formed a dense and supportive scaffold for ducts and acini, and a smooth and homogeneous fibrous sheet, herein identified as pars fibroreticularis, lined the acinar lumen. More internally, fibrous septa had a spongy organization with dense lamellae. Higher magnification showed that the smooth luminal sheet is made of 115-154-nm thick fibrils in a tight parallel arrangement. Just under this layer there was a meshwork of fibrils 77-115 nm thick that were orientated in less defined directions. CONCLUSION In the TZ of the human prostate, dense stromal fibrous components around acini act as a barrier that might enhance local cellular responses and events that occur in disorders such as benign prostatic hyperplasia. The periacinar pars fibroreticularis supports the notion of high structural variability in this region of basement membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcio A Babinski
- Urogenital Research Unit, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Bez C, Moneghini L, Nicali A, Cazzaniga A, Lodi G, Bosari S, Sardella A, Carrassi A. Characterization of induced mucosal connective tissue separation--a comparison of six different techniques. J Cutan Pathol 2006; 33:220-6. [PMID: 16466509 DOI: 10.1111/j.0303-6987.2006.00433.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Artificial separation of oral mucosa into epithelium and connective tissue represents the first step in investigating both the basement membrane zone and its two components (epithelium and connective tissue) separately. It is a useful tool in analysing the possible role of hepatitis C virus in the pathogenesis of oral lichen planus (OLP). The aim of the present study was to test different methods to separate the epithelium from the connective tissue of oral mucosa affected by OLP as a preliminary step for further immunohistochemical or molecular investigations. PATIENTS AND METHODS Fourteen tissue biopsies of the oral mucosa of clinically and histopathologically confirmed OLP lesions underwent epithelial connective separation (ECS) using six different reagents. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Among the separation methods tested, CaCl2 1 M at 37 degrees C for 30 min, NaCl 1 M at 4 degrees C for 26 h and elastase at 4 degrees C for 22 h allowed good ECS without structural alteration or tissue loss. The present study provides useful information regarding techniques to separate the epithelium from the connective tissue as a preliminary step to investigate oral mucosa affected by OLP from an immunohistochemical or molecular viewpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Bez
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Milan, Italy.
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