1
|
Machado V, Cenci AR, Teixeira KF, Sens L, Tizziani T, Nunes RJ, Ferreira LLG, Yunes RA, Sandjo LP, Andricopulo AD, de Oliveira AS. Pyrazolines as potential anti-Alzheimer's agents: DFT, molecular docking, enzyme inhibition and pharmacokinetic studies. RSC Med Chem 2022; 13:1644-1656. [PMID: 36561075 PMCID: PMC9749939 DOI: 10.1039/d2md00262k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that is characterized as the main dementia in the elderly. Eighteen pyrazolines were synthesized and evaluated for their inhibitory effects against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in vitro. Possible interactions between pyrazolines and the enzyme were explored by in silico experiments. Compound 2B of the series was the most active pyrazoline with an IC50 value of 58 nM. Molecular docking studies revealed two important π-π interactions with residues Trp 286 and Tyr 341. A correlation between the HOMO-1 surface and AChE inhibition was observed. ADMET assays demonstrated a good profile for compound 2B. From the abovementioned findings, a new avenue of compound 2B analogues could be explored to develop anti-AD agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valkiria Machado
- Department of Exact Sciences and Education, Federal University of Santa Catarina Rua João Pessoa 2514 Bairro Velha Blumenau-SC 89036-004 Brazil
| | - Arthur R Cenci
- Department of Exact Sciences and Education, Federal University of Santa Catarina Rua João Pessoa 2514 Bairro Velha Blumenau-SC 89036-004 Brazil
| | - Kerolain F Teixeira
- Department of Exact Sciences and Education, Federal University of Santa Catarina Rua João Pessoa 2514 Bairro Velha Blumenau-SC 89036-004 Brazil
| | - Larissa Sens
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina Florianopolis-SC Brazil
| | - Tiago Tizziani
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina Florianopolis-SC Brazil
| | - Ricardo J Nunes
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina Florianopolis-SC Brazil
| | - Leonardo L G Ferreira
- Center for Research & Innovation in Biodiversity & Drug Discovery, Institute of Physics of Sao Carlos, University of Sao Paulo São Carlos-SP Brazil
| | - Rosendo A Yunes
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina Florianopolis-SC Brazil
| | - Louis P Sandjo
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina Florianopolis-SC Brazil
| | - Adriano D Andricopulo
- Center for Research & Innovation in Biodiversity & Drug Discovery, Institute of Physics of Sao Carlos, University of Sao Paulo São Carlos-SP Brazil
| | - Aldo S de Oliveira
- Department of Exact Sciences and Education, Federal University of Santa Catarina Rua João Pessoa 2514 Bairro Velha Blumenau-SC 89036-004 Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nascimento LA, Nascimento ÉCM, Martins JBL. In silico study of tacrine and acetylcholine binding profile with human acetylcholinesterase: docking and electronic structure. J Mol Model 2022; 28:252. [PMID: 35947248 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-022-05252-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative process, one of the most common and incident dementia in the population over 60 years. AD manifests the presence of complex biochemical processes involved in neuronal degeneration, such as the formation of senile plaques containing amyloid-β peptides, the development of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, and the suppression of the acetylcholine neurotransmitter. In this way, we performed a set of theoretical tests of tacrine ligand and acetylcholine neurotransmitter against the human acetylcholinesterase enzyme. Molecular docking was used to understand the most important interactions of these molecules with the enzyme. Computational chemistry calculation was carried out using MP2, DFT, and semi-empirical methods, starting from molecular docking structures. We have also performed studies regarding the non-covalent interactions, electron localization function, molecular electrostatic potential and explicit water molecule influence. For Trp86 residue, we show two main interactions in accordance to the results of the literature for TcAChE. First, intermolecular interactions of the cation-π and sigma-π type were found. Second, close stacking interactions were stablished between THA+ and Trp86 residue on one side and with Tyr337 residue on the other side.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Letícia A Nascimento
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Érica C M Nascimento
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - João B L Martins
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF, 70910-900, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang M, Xue J, Chen X, Elsaid FG, Salem ET, Ghanem RA, El‐kott AF, Xu Z. Bioactivity of hamamelitannin, flavokawain A, and triacetyl resveratrol as natural compounds: Molecular docking study, anti‐colon cancer and anti‐Alzheimer potentials. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2022; 70:730-745. [PMID: 35933706 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we worked on anticolon cancer effects and anti-Alzheimer's disease with molecular docking studies. Hamamelitannin, flavokawain A, and triacetyl resveratrol compounds showed good inhibitory activities on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) enzymes. The inhibition effects of flavokawain A, hamamelitannin, and triacetyl resveratrol on AChE and BuChE enzymes were determined spectrophotometrically conforming to Ellman. IC50 values of these enzymes were ranging between 0.95 ± 0.12 and 93.27 ± 8.14 nM for AChE and 5.71 ± 0.77 and 52.10 ± 8.41 nM for BuChE. The inhibitory activities of some chemical compounds such as flavokawain A, hamamelitannin, and triacetyl resveratrol were assessed by performing the molecular docking study in the presence of AChE and BuChE. Also, the features of the ligand-enzyme complex had value of -7.722 kcal/mol for flavokawain A against AChE and -5.530 kcal/mol against BuChE. The molecular docking calculations indicated the probable interactions and their characteristics at an atomic level. Due to the outcomes gained from docking, the affinity of the chemical compounds to the enzymes was considerable. In vitro cell viabilities of flavokawain A, hamamelitannin, and triacetyl resveratrol with various concentrations on SW620, DLD-1, HT29, HCT8, and HCT116 were investigated by MTT assay with Doxorubicin as the control compound.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical College Xi'an Shaanxi 710038 China
| | - Jiao Xue
- Health Management Center QingDao Municipal Hospital, ShanDong province QingDao 266000 China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Second Department of Encephalopathy Xi'an Chinese Medicine Hospital Xi'an Shaanxi 710032 China
| | - Fahmy G. Elsaid
- Department of Biology, Science College King Khalid University Abha Saudi Arabia
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science Mansoura University Mansoura Egypt
| | - Eman T. Salem
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Physical Therapy Horus University‐Egypt New Damietta 34518 Egypt
| | - Reham A. Ghanem
- Department of Oral biology, faculty of oral and dental medicine Delta university for science and technology Gamasa Egypt
| | - Attalla F. El‐kott
- Department of Biology, College of Science King Khalid University Abha Saudi Arabia
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science Damanhour University Damanhour Egypt
| | - Zhongkai Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shangdong Jinan 250013 China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhao Y, Wang D, Bais S, Wang H. Modulation of Pro-inflammatory Mediators by Eugenol in AlCl3 Induced Dementia in Rats. INT J PHARMACOL 2019. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2019.457.464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
5
|
Vieira I, Camargo LTFM, Ribeiro L, Rodrigues ACC, Camargo AJ. Structure-activity relationship of tacrine and its analogues in relation to inhibitory activity against Alzheimer's disease. J Mol Model 2019; 25:116. [PMID: 30976941 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-019-3993-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a widespread type of neurodegenerative dementia that mainly affects the elderly. Currently, this disease can only be treated palliatively. Existing drugs can only improve patients' symptoms. The search for new drugs that can effectively treat this disease is an important field of research in medicinal chemistry. Here we report a structure-activity relationship study of tacrine and some of its analogues in relation to their inhibitory activities against Alzheimer's disease. All of the molecular descriptors were calculated at the M062X/6-311++G(d,p) level of theory. Principal component analysis of the molecular descriptors showed that the compounds could be categorized into active and inactive compounds using just two descriptors: the HOMO and LUMO energies. These results should help us to explain the activities of tacrine derivatives and to model new tacrine analogues that are active against Alzheimer's disease. Graphical abstract PCA score plot for tacrine and its analogues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Vieira
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Goiás, Câmpus Anápolis, Av. Pedro Ludovico, S/N - Residencial Reny Cury, Anápolis, GO, 75131-457, Brazil.,Grupo de Química Teórica e Estrutural de Anápolis (QTEA), Câmpus de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade Estadual de Goiás, CP 459, Anápolis, GO, 75001-970, Brazil
| | - Lilian T F M Camargo
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Goiás, Câmpus Anápolis, Av. Pedro Ludovico, S/N - Residencial Reny Cury, Anápolis, GO, 75131-457, Brazil. .,Grupo de Química Teórica e Estrutural de Anápolis (QTEA), Câmpus de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade Estadual de Goiás, CP 459, Anápolis, GO, 75001-970, Brazil.
| | - Luciano Ribeiro
- Grupo de Química Teórica e Estrutural de Anápolis (QTEA), Câmpus de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade Estadual de Goiás, CP 459, Anápolis, GO, 75001-970, Brazil
| | - Allane C C Rodrigues
- Grupo de Química Teórica e Estrutural de Anápolis (QTEA), Câmpus de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade Estadual de Goiás, CP 459, Anápolis, GO, 75001-970, Brazil
| | - Ademir J Camargo
- Grupo de Química Teórica e Estrutural de Anápolis (QTEA), Câmpus de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade Estadual de Goiás, CP 459, Anápolis, GO, 75001-970, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Borges NM, Sartori GR, Ribeiro JFR, Rocha JR, Martins JBL, Montanari CA, Gargano R. Similarity search combined with docking and molecular dynamics for novel hAChE inhibitor scaffolds. J Mol Model 2018; 24:41. [PMID: 29332299 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-017-3548-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to address the performance of virtual screening methods based on ligands and the protein structure of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in order to retrieve novel human AChE (hAChE) inhibitors. In addition, a protocol was developed to identify novel hit compounds and propose new promising AChE inhibitors from the ZINC database with 10 million commercially available compounds. In this sense, 3D similarity searches using rapid overlay of chemical structures and similarity analysis through comparison of electrostatic overlay of docked hits were used to retrieve AChE inhibitors from collected databases. Molecular dynamics simulation of 100 ns was carried out to study the best docked compounds from similarity searches. Some key residues were identified as crucial for the dual binding mode of inhibitor with the interaction site. All results indicated the relevant use of EON and docking strategy for identifying novel hit compounds as promising potential anticholinesterase candidates, and seven new structures were selected as potential hAChE inhibitors. Graphical abstract Compound N01 in the 4M0E hAChE crystallography structure from docking results. Yellow dashed lines Hydrogen bonds, blue dashed lines π-stacking interactions, green dashed lines cation-π interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jean F R Ribeiro
- Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Josmar R Rocha
- Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - João B L Martins
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Montanari
- Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Gargano
- Institute of Physics, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nascimento ÉCM, Oliva M, Świderek K, Martins JBL, Andrés J. Binding Analysis of Some Classical Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors: Insights for a Rational Design Using Free Energy Perturbation Method Calculations with QM/MM MD Simulations. J Chem Inf Model 2017; 57:958-976. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.7b00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Érica C. M. Nascimento
- Department
of Analytical and Physical Chemistry, Jaume I University, 12071 Castellón, Spain
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Brasília, 70910-000, Brasília-DF, Brazil
| | - Mónica Oliva
- Department
of Analytical and Physical Chemistry, Jaume I University, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Katarzyna Świderek
- Department
of Analytical and Physical Chemistry, Jaume I University, 12071 Castellón, Spain
- Institute
of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - João B. L. Martins
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Brasília, 70910-000, Brasília-DF, Brazil
| | - Juan Andrés
- Department
of Analytical and Physical Chemistry, Jaume I University, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kiametis AS, Silva MA, Romeiro LAS, Martins JBL, Gargano R. Potential acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: molecular docking, molecular dynamics, and in silico prediction. J Mol Model 2017; 23:67. [PMID: 28185116 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-017-3228-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
This paper deals with molecular modeling of new therapeutic agents for treating the Alzheimer's disease. The therapeutic line adopted for this study is the cholinergic hypothesis. To modulate positively the cholinergic function through the inhibition of the acetylcholinesterase, a set of candidates was designed from a natural compound extracted from the cashew nutshell liquid, anacardic acid. In silico screening of this chemical library revealed a ligand that is more promising once it is correlated with an active drug through specific topological and electronic descriptors. The protein-ligand docking showed stable binding modes and the binding free energy computed for the active site of the receptor suggests that our ligand presents a potential biological response. Graphical Abstract Representation of the three dimensional structure of the AChE, showing the important binding sites of the Gorge and the conformation of the ligand.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mônica A Silva
- Institute of Physics, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil.
| | - Luiz A S Romeiro
- Departament of Tropical Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - João B L Martins
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Gargano
- Institute of Physics, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ece A, Pejin B. A computational insight into acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of a new lichen depsidone. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2014; 30:528-32. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2014.949256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
10
|
Khatri N, Madan AK. Models for H₃ receptor antagonist activity of sulfonylurea derivatives. J Mol Graph Model 2013; 48:87-95. [PMID: 24434018 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Revised: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The histamine H₃ receptor has been perceived as an auspicious target for the treatment of various central and peripheral nervous system diseases. In present study, a wide variety of 60 2D and 3D molecular descriptors (MDs) were successfully utilized for the development of models for the prediction of antagonist activity of sulfonylurea derivatives for histamine H₃ receptors. Models were developed through decision tree (DT), random forest (RF) and moving average analysis (MAA). Dragon software version 6.0.28 was employed for calculation of values of diverse MDs of each analogue involved in the data set. The DT classified and correctly predicted the input data with an impressive non-error rate of 94% in the training set and 82.5% during cross validation. RF correctly classified the analogues into active and inactive with a non-error rate of 79.3%. The MAA based models predicted the antagonist histamine H₃ receptor activity with non-error rate up to 90%. Active ranges of the proposed MAA based models not only exhibited high potency but also showed improved safety as indicated by relatively high values of selectivity index. The statistical significance of the models was assessed through sensitivity, specificity, non-error rate, Matthew's correlation coefficient and intercorrelation analysis. Proposed models offer vast potential for providing lead structures for development of potent but safe H₃ receptor antagonist sulfonylurea derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Khatri
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pt. B. D. Sharma University of Health Sciences, Rohtak 124001, India
| | - A K Madan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pt. B. D. Sharma University of Health Sciences, Rohtak 124001, India.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jayaraman P, Sakharkar KR, Lim C, Siddiqi MI, Dhillon SK, Sakharkar MK. Novel phytochemical-antibiotic conjugates as multitarget inhibitors of Pseudomononas aeruginosa GyrB/ParE and DHFR. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2013; 7:449-75. [PMID: 23818757 PMCID: PMC3692347 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s43964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Background There is a dearth of treatment options for community-acquired and nosocomial Pseudomonas infections due to several rapidly emerging multidrug resistant phenotypes, which show resistance even to combination therapy. As an alternative, developing selective promiscuous hybrid compounds for simultaneous modulation of multiple targets is highly appreciated because it is difficult for the pathogen to develop resistance when an inhibitor has activity against multiple targets. Methods In line with our previous work on phytochemical–antibiotic combination assays and knowledge-based methods, using a fragment combination approach we here report a novel drug design strategy of conjugating synergistic phytochemical–antibiotic combinations into a single hybrid entity for multi-inhibition of P. aeruginosa DNA gyrase subunit B (GyrB)/topoisomerase IV subunit B (ParE) and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) enzymes. The designed conjugates were evaluated for their multitarget specificity using various computational methods including docking and dynamic simulations, drug-likeness using molecular properties calculations, and pharmacophoric features by stereoelectronic property predictions. Results Evaluation of the designed hybrid compounds based on their physicochemical properties has indicated that they are promising drug candidates with drug-like pharmacotherapeutic profiles. In addition, the stereoelectronic properties such as HOMO (highest occupied molecular orbital), LUMO (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital), and MEP (molecular electrostatic potential) maps calculated by quantum chemical methods gave a good correlation with the common pharmacophoric features required for multitarget inhibition. Furthermore, docking and dynamics simulations revealed that the designed compounds have favorable binding affinity and stability in both the ATP-binding sites of GyrB/ParE and the folate-binding site of DHFR, by forming strong hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions with key active site residues. Conclusion This new design concept of hybrid “phyto-drug” scaffolds, and their simultaneous perturbation of well-established antibacterial targets from two unrelated pathways, appears to be very promising and could serve as a prospective lead in multitarget drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Premkumar Jayaraman
- Biomedical Engineering Research Centre, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Galland N, Kone S, Le Questel JY. Mapping of the interaction sites of galanthamine: a quantitative analysis through pairwise potentials and quantum chemistry. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2012; 26:1111-26. [PMID: 22972560 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-012-9602-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A quantitative analysis of the interaction sites of the anti-Alzheimer drug galanthamine with molecular probes (water and benzene molecules) representative of its surroundings in the binding site of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) has been realized through pairwise potentials calculations and quantum chemistry. This strategy allows a full and accurate exploration of the galanthamine potential energy surface of interaction. Significantly different results are obtained according to the distances of approaches between the various molecular fragments and the conformation of the galanthamine N-methyl substituent. The geometry of the most relevant complexes has then been fully optimized through MPWB1K/6-31 + G(d,p) calculations, final energies being recomputed at the LMP2/aug-cc-pVTZ(-f) level of theory. Unexpectedly, galanthamine is found to interact mainly from its hydrogen-bond donor groups. Among those, CH groups in the vicinity of the ammonium group are prominent. The trends obtained provide rationales to the predilection of the equatorial orientation of the galanthamine N-methyl substituent for binding to AChE. The analysis of the interaction energies pointed out the independence between the various interaction sites and the rigid character of galanthamine. The comparison between the cluster calculations and the crystallographic observations in galanthamine-AChE co-crystals allows the validation of the theoretical methodology. In particular, the positions of several water molecules appearing as strongly conserved in galanthamine-AChE co-crystals are predicted by the calculations. Moreover, the experimental position and orientation of lateral chains of functionally important aminoacid residues are in close agreement with the ones predicted theoretically. Our study provides relevant information for a rational drug design of galanthamine based AChE inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Galland
- UMR CNRS 6230, Chimie Et Interdisciplinarité: Synthèse, Analyse, Modélisation (CEISAM), UFR Sciences & Techniques, Université de Nantes, NANTES Cedex, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Siwek A, Stączek P, Stefańska J. Synthesis and structure-activity relationship studies of 4-arylthiosemicarbazides as topoisomerase IV inhibitors with Gram-positive antibacterial activity. Search for molecular basis of antibacterial activity of thiosemicarbazides. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:5717-26. [PMID: 21978836 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
1-(indol-2-carbonyl)-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-thiosemicarbazide was synthesized and antibacterial and type IIA topoisomerases (DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV) activity was evaluated. It was found that it shows activity against Gram-positive bacteria with MICs of 50 μg/mL and inhibitory action against topoisomerase IV with an IC(50) of 14 μM. Although modification of its structure resulted in molecules with a lower biological profile, our observations strongly implicate that thiosemicarbazide derivatives participate in at least two different mechanisms of antibacterial activity; one is connected with the inhibition of topoisomerase IV, while the nature of the other cannot be elucidated from the limited data collected thus far. The differences in bioactivity further investigated by the molecular modeling approach and docking studies suggest that inhibitory activity of 4-arylthiosemicarbazides is connected with electronic structure rather than the geometry of the molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agata Siwek
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|