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Synergistic Effects of Thiosemicarbazides with Clinical Drugs against S. aureus. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25102302. [PMID: 32422899 PMCID: PMC7288171 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance spurred by the overuse and misuse of antibiotics is a major global health concern, and of the Gram positive bacteria, S. aureus is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity. Alternative strategies to treat S. aureus infections, such as combination therapy, are urgently needed. In this study, a checkerboard method was used to evaluate synergistic interactions between nine thiosemicarbazides (4-benzoyl-1-(2,3-dichloro-benzoyl)thiosemicarbazides 1-5 and 4-aryl-1-(2-fluorobenzoyl)thiosemicarbazides 6-9) and conventional antibiotics against S. aureus ATCC 25923, which were determined as the fractional inhibitory concentration indices (FICIs). For these experiments, amoxicillin, gentamicin, levofloxacin, linezolid, and vancomycin were selected to represent the five antimicrobial classes most commonly used in clinical practice. With one exception of 7-vancomycin combination, none of the forty-five thiosemicarbazide-antibiotic combinations tested had an antagonistic effect, showing promising results with respect to a combination therapy. The synergic effect was observed for the 2-linezolid, 4-levofloxacin, 5-linezolid, 6-gentamicin, 6-linezolid, and 7-levofloxacin combinations. No interactions were seen in combination of the thiosemicarbazide with gentamicin or vancomycin, whereas all combinations with linezolid acted in additive or synergism, except for 6-gentamicin and 7-linezolid. The 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2-fluorobenzoyl)thiosemicarbazide 6 showed a clear preference for the potency; it affected synergistically in combinations with gentamicin or linezolid and additively in combinations with amoxicillin, levofloxacin, or vancomycin. In further studies, the inhibitory potency of the thiosemicarbazides against S. aureus DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV was examined to clarify the molecular mechanism involved in their synergistic effect in combination with levofloxacin. The most potent synergist 6 at concentration of 100 µM was able to inhibit ~50% activity of S. aureus DNA gyrase, thereby suggesting that its anti-gyrase activity, although weak, may be a possible factor contributing to its synergism effect in combination with linezolid or gentamycin.
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2
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Stoppe C, Averdunk L, Goetzenich A, Soppert J, Marlier A, Kraemer S, Vieten J, Coburn M, Kowark A, Kim BS, Marx G, Rex S, Ochi A, Leng L, Moeckel G, Linkermann A, El Bounkari O, Zarbock A, Bernhagen J, Djudjaj S, Bucala R, Boor P. The protective role of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery. Sci Transl Med 2019; 10:10/441/eaan4886. [PMID: 29769287 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aan4886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) represents the most frequent complication after cardiac surgery. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a stress-regulating cytokine that was shown to protect the heart from myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, but its role in the pathogenesis of AKI remains unknown. In an observational study, serum and urinary MIF was quantified in 60 patients scheduled for elective conventional cardiac surgery with the use of cardiopulmonary bypass. Cardiac surgery triggered an increase in MIF serum concentrations, and patients with high circulating MIF (>median) 12 hours after surgery had a significantly reduced risk of developing AKI (relative risk reduction, 72.7%; 95% confidence interval, 12 to 91.5%; P = 0.03). Experimental AKI was induced in wild-type and Mif-/- mice by 30 min of ischemia followed by 6 or 24 hours of reperfusion, or by rhabdomyolysis. Mif-deficient mice exhibited increased tubular cell injury, increased regulated cell death (necroptosis and ferroptosis), and enhanced oxidative stress. Therapeutic administration of recombinant MIF after ischemia-reperfusion in mice ameliorated AKI. In vitro treatment of tubular epithelial cells with recombinant MIF reduced cell death and oxidative stress as measured by glutathione and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in the setting of hypoxia. Our data provide evidence of a renoprotective role of MIF in experimental ischemia-reperfusion injury by protecting renal tubular epithelial cells, consistent with our observation that high MIF in cardiac surgery patients is associated with a reduced incidence of AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Stoppe
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Luisa Averdunk
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Goetzenich
- Department of Thoracic, Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Josefin Soppert
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Thoracic, Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Arnaud Marlier
- Department of Nephrology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Sandra Kraemer
- Department of Thoracic, Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jil Vieten
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mark Coburn
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ana Kowark
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Bong-Song Kim
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hand Surgery, Burn Center, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Gernot Marx
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Steffen Rex
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Akinobu Ochi
- Department of Nephropathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Lin Leng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Gilbert Moeckel
- Department of Nephropathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Andreas Linkermann
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Omar El Bounkari
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Zarbock
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jürgen Bernhagen
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany. .,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (EXC 1010 SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Sonja Djudjaj
- Institute of Pathology and Department of Nephrology, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Richard Bucala
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Peter Boor
- Institute of Pathology and Department of Nephrology, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany. .,Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
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3
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Paneth A, Węglińska L, Bekier A, Stefaniszyn E, Wujec M, Trotsko N, Dzitko K. Systematic Identification of Thiosemicarbazides for Inhibition of Toxoplasma gondii Growth In Vitro. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24030614. [PMID: 30744161 PMCID: PMC6384730 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the key stages in the development of new therapies in the treatment of toxoplasmosis is the identification of new non-toxic small molecules with high specificity to Toxoplasma gondii. In the search for such structures, thiosemicarbazide-based compounds have emerged as a novel and promising leads. Here, a series of imidazole-thiosemicarbazides with suitable properties for CNS penetration was evaluated to determine the structural requirements needed for potent anti-Toxoplasma gondii activity. The best 4-arylthiosemicarbazides 3 and 4 showed much higher potency when compared to sulfadiazine at concentrations that are non-toxic to the host cells, indicating a high selectivity of their anti-toxoplasma activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Paneth
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Lidia Węglińska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Adrian Bekier
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Edyta Stefaniszyn
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Monika Wujec
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Nazar Trotsko
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Dzitko
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland.
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4
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Trotsko N, Kosikowska U, Paneth A, Plech T, Malm A, Wujec M. Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of New Thiazolidine-2,4-dione-Based Chlorophenylthiosemicarbazone Hybrids. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23051023. [PMID: 29701728 PMCID: PMC6099675 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23051023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Series of new thiazolidine-2,4-dione-based chlorophenylthiosemicarbazone hybrids (17–40) were synthesized by the reaction of condensation chlorophenylthiosemicarbazides with formylphenyl 2-(2,4-dioxothiazolidin-5-yl/ylidene)acetates. New compounds were tested on reference strains of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The antibacterial activity of target compounds was determined by broth dilution method. Most active compounds possess minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) = 3.91 mg/L. These compounds were non-toxic at concentrations close to their antibacterial effect. The antibacterial activity of some compounds was similar to or higher than the activity of used reference drugs such as oxacillin and cefuroxime. The structure–activity relationships (SARs) analysis collectively suggests that at least two different molecular mechanisms of their antibacterial activity should be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazar Trotsko
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy with Medical Analytics Division, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodźki, Lublin 20-093, Poland.
| | - Urszula Kosikowska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology with Laboratory for Microbiological Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmacy with Medical Analytics Division, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodźki, Lublin 20-093, Poland.
| | - Agata Paneth
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy with Medical Analytics Division, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodźki, Lublin 20-093, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Plech
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodźki, Lublin 20-093, Poland.
| | - Anna Malm
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology with Laboratory for Microbiological Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmacy with Medical Analytics Division, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodźki, Lublin 20-093, Poland.
| | - Monika Wujec
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy with Medical Analytics Division, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodźki, Lublin 20-093, Poland.
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5
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Synthesis and antibacterial activity of 1,4-dibenzoylthiosemicarbazide derivatives. Biomed Pharmacother 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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6
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Paneth A, Stączek P, Plech T, Strzelczyk A, Dzitko K, Wujec M, Kuśmierz E, Kosikowska U, Grzegorczyk A, Paneth P. Biological evaluation and molecular modelling study of thiosemicarbazide derivatives as bacterial type IIA topoisomerases inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2015; 31:14-22. [PMID: 25792505 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2014.1003214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present article, we describe the inhibitory potency of nine thiosemicarbazide derivatives against bacterial type IIA topoisomerases, their antibacterial profile and molecular modelling evaluation. We found that one of the tested compounds, compound 7, significantly inhibits activity of Staphylococcus aureus DNA gyrase with an IC(50) below 15 μM. Besides, this compound displays antibacterial activity on reference Staphylococuss spp. and Enterococcus faecalis strains as well as clinical S. aureus isolates at non-cytotoxic concentrations in mammalian cells with MIC values ranging from 16 to 32 μg/mL thereby indicating, in some cases, equipotent or even more effective action than standard drugs such as vancomycin, ampicillin and nitrofurantoin. The computational studies showed that both molecular geometry and the electron density distribution have a great impact on antibacterial activity of thiosemicarbazide derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Paneth
- a Department of Organic Chemistry , Medical University of Lublin , Poland .,e Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology , Poland
| | | | - Tomasz Plech
- a Department of Organic Chemistry , Medical University of Lublin , Poland
| | | | - Katarzyna Dzitko
- c Department of Immunoparasitology , University of Łódź , Poland
| | - Monika Wujec
- a Department of Organic Chemistry , Medical University of Lublin , Poland
| | - Edyta Kuśmierz
- a Department of Organic Chemistry , Medical University of Lublin , Poland
| | - Urszula Kosikowska
- d Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology , Medical University of Lublin , Poland , and
| | - Agnieszka Grzegorczyk
- d Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology , Medical University of Lublin , Poland , and
| | - Piotr Paneth
- e Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology , Poland
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7
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Plech T, Paneth A, Kaproń B, Kosikowska U, Malm A, Strzelczyk A, Stączek P. Structure-activity relationship studies of microbiologically active thiosemicarbazides derived from hydroxybenzoic acid hydrazides. Chem Biol Drug Des 2014; 85:315-25. [PMID: 25043121 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Forty-five derivatives of thiosemicarbazide were synthesized, and their antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was evaluated. Some of the described compounds exhibited interesting activity against reference strains of Gram-positive bacteria, whereas only two derivatives had the ability to inhibit the growth of Gram-negative species (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883, Proteus mirabilis ATCC 12453). The most potent antimicrobial activity was observed in the cases of salicylic acid hydrazide derivatives. The differences in activity inspired us to conduct conformational analysis using molecular mechanics level. The obtained results suggest that the molecule geometry, especially at the N4-terminus of thiosemicarbazide skeleton, determines the antibacterial activity. Unfortunately, in opposition to what we expected, only one of the tested compounds inhibited the activity of the topoIV enzyme, and none of them was active against DNA gyrase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Plech
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University, Chodzki 4A, Lublin, 20-093, Poland
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8
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Dzitko K, Paneth A, Plech T, Pawełczyk J, Stączek P, Stefańska J, Paneth P. 1,4-Disubstituted thiosemicarbazide derivatives are potent inhibitors of Toxoplasma gondii proliferation. Molecules 2014; 19:9926-43. [PMID: 25010466 PMCID: PMC6290556 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19079926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of 4-arylthiosemicarbazides substituted at the N1 position with a 5-membered heteroaryl ring was synthesized and evaluated in vitro for T. gondii inhibition proliferation and host cell cytotoxicity. At non-toxic concentrations for the host cells all studied compounds displayed excellent anti-parasitic effects when compared to sulfadiazine, indicating a high selectivity of their anti-T. gondii activity. The differences in bioactivity investigated by DFT calculations suggest that the inhibitory activity of 4-aryl-thiosemicarbazides towards T. gondii proliferation is connected with the electronic structure of the molecule. Further, these compounds were tested as potential antibacterial agents. No growth-inhibiting effect on any of the test microorganisms was observed for all the compounds, even at high concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Dzitko
- Department of Immunoparasitology, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Agata Paneth
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Plech
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Jakub Pawełczyk
- Institute for Medical Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodowa 106, 93-232 Łódź, Poland.
| | - Paweł Stączek
- Department of Genetics of Microorganisms, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Joanna Stefańska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Oczki 3, 02-007 Warszawa, Poland.
| | - Piotr Paneth
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Technical University of Lodz, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
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9
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Pharmacological and structure-activity relationship evaluation of 4-aryl-1-diphenylacetyl(thio)semicarbazides. Molecules 2014; 19:4745-59. [PMID: 24743932 PMCID: PMC6271380 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19044745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
This article describes the synthesis of six 4-aryl-(thio)semicarbazides (series a and b) linked with diphenylacetyl moiety along with their pharmacological evaluation on the central nervous system in mice and computational studies, including conformational analysis and electrostatic properties. All thiosemicarbazides (series b) were found to exhibit strong antinociceptive activity in the behavioural model. Among them, compound 1-diphenylacetyl-4-(4-methylphenyl)thiosemicarbazide 1b was found to be the most potent analgesic agent, whose activity is connected with the opioid system. For compounds from series a significant anti-serotonergic effect, especially for compound 1-diphenylacetyl-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)semicarbazide 2b was observed. The computational studies strongly support the obtained results.
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10
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Rassaf T, Weber C, Bernhagen J. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor in myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury. Cardiovasc Res 2014; 102:321-8. [PMID: 24675723 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) remains one of the leading causes of death in the developed world. There is emerging evidence that the cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a crucial player in AMI. Cardioprotection by MIF is likely to be a multifactorial phenomenon mediated by receptor-mediated signalling processes, intracellular protein-protein interactions, and enzymatic redox regulation. Co-ordinating several pathways in the ischaemic heart, MIF contributes to receptor-mediated regulation of cardioprotective AMP-activated protein kinase signalling, inhibition of pro-apoptotic cascades, and the reduction of oxidative stress in the post-ischaemic heart. Moreover, the cardioprotective properties of MIF are modulated by S-nitros(yl)ation. These effects in the pathophysiology of myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury qualify MIF as a promising therapeutic target in the future. We here summarize the findings of experimental and clinical studies and emphasize the therapeutic potential of MIF in AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tienush Rassaf
- Medical Faculty, Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, Düsseldorf D-40225, Germany
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11
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Siwek A, Stączek P, Stefańska J. Synthesis and structure-activity relationship studies of 4-arylthiosemicarbazides as topoisomerase IV inhibitors with Gram-positive antibacterial activity. Search for molecular basis of antibacterial activity of thiosemicarbazides. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:5717-26. [PMID: 21978836 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
1-(indol-2-carbonyl)-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-thiosemicarbazide was synthesized and antibacterial and type IIA topoisomerases (DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV) activity was evaluated. It was found that it shows activity against Gram-positive bacteria with MICs of 50 μg/mL and inhibitory action against topoisomerase IV with an IC(50) of 14 μM. Although modification of its structure resulted in molecules with a lower biological profile, our observations strongly implicate that thiosemicarbazide derivatives participate in at least two different mechanisms of antibacterial activity; one is connected with the inhibition of topoisomerase IV, while the nature of the other cannot be elucidated from the limited data collected thus far. The differences in bioactivity further investigated by the molecular modeling approach and docking studies suggest that inhibitory activity of 4-arylthiosemicarbazides is connected with electronic structure rather than the geometry of the molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Siwek
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
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