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Du J, Wang B, Chen Y, Li X, Wang C. Theoretical study of potential energetic material CL-20/DNAN eutectic explosive based on molecular dynamics method. J Mol Model 2024; 30:311. [PMID: 39158795 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-024-06109-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT The exploration of CL-20 eutectic has been a subject of fervent interest within the realm of high-energy material modification. Through the utilization of density functional and molecular dynamics methods, an investigation into the characteristics of hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20)/2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) within the molar ratio range of 9:1-1:9 was conducted. This inquiry encompassed the scrutiny of molecular interaction pathway, attachment force, initiating molecular distance, unified energy concentration, and physical characteristics. Furthermore, EXPLO-5 was harnessed to prognosticate the explosion features and byproducts of unadulterated CL-20, DNAN, and CL-20/DNAN frameworks. The findings delineate a substantial differentiation in the electrostatic charge distribution on the surface between CL-20 and DNAN particles, signifying the preeminence of intermolecular interactions between disparate entities over those within similar entities, thus intimating the plausibility of eutectic constitution. Remarkably, the identification of maximal attachment force at a molar ratio of 4:6 suggests the heightened likelihood of eutectic formation, propelled primarily by electrostatic and van der Waals forces. The resultant eutectic explosive evinces intermediate reactivity and exemplary mechanical attributes. Moreover, the detonation achievement of the eutectic with a molar proportion of 4:6 straddles that of CL-20 and DNAN, representing a new type of insensitive high-energy material. METHODS The testing method employs the Materials Studio software and utilizes the molecular dynamics (MD) method to predict the properties of CL-20/DNAN co-crystals with different ratios and crystal faces. The MD simulation time step is set to 1 fs, and the total MD simulation time is 2 ns. An isothermal-isobaric (NPT) ensemble is used for the 2-ns MD simulation. The COMPASS force field is employed, with the temperature set to 295 K. The prediction of detonation characteristics and products is conducted using the EXPLO-5 software.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihang Du
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, China
| | - Baoguo Wang
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, China.
| | - Yafang Chen
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, China
| | - Xinyi Li
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, China
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Yu Z, Song X, Wang Y, Cheng Z, An C. Theoretical investigations on CL-20/ANTA co-crystal explosive via molecular dynamics method. J Mol Model 2023; 29:345. [PMID: 37848622 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-023-05743-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The study of CL-20 co-crystal has always been a focal point within the field of energetic material modification. In this study, we employed a combination of density functional theory and molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the properties of hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20)/3-amino-5-nitro-1,2,4-triazole (ANTA) with different molar ratios ranging from 4:1 to 1:4. Additionally, EXPLO-5 software utilized to predict the detonation properties and products of pure CL-20, ANTA, and CL-20/ANTA systems. The results revealed that there was an interaction between CL-20 and ANTA molecules, which had the potential to form a co-crystal. The most likely molar ratio for co-crystal formation was 1:1, and the main driving forces for co-crystal formation were electrostatic force, dispersion force, and van der Waals force. The co-crystal explosive exhibited moderate sensitivity and excellent mechanical properties. Furthermore, the co-crystal detonation performance at a molar ratio of 1:1 was between that of CL-20 and ANTA, representing a new type of insensitive high-energy material. METHODS The properties of CL-20/ANTA co-crystal were predicted by molecular dynamics (MD) method under Materials Studio software. For the whole MD simulations, set the temperature at 298 K, and the pressure was 0.0001 GPa. Conducted MD simulation under the NPT ensemble for a total simulation duration of 1 ns. The first 0.5 ns was used for thermodynamic equilibrium, and the last 0.5 ns was used for statistical calculation and analysis. Sampling was recorded every 10 fs during the calculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Yu
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, China
| | - Xiaolan Song
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, China.
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, China
| | - Zhipeng Cheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Chemistry of Low-Dimensional Materials, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China.
| | - Chongwei An
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, China
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Sun X, Liang W, Li X, Mai D, Zhang Y, Sui Z, Dai R, Zheng X, Wang Z, Duan X, Zhang Z. Structural evolution of CL-20/DNB cocrystals at high temperature: Phase transition and kinetics of thermal decomposition. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 292:122436. [PMID: 36753867 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
As a typical new energetic material, CL-20/DNB cocrystals have been recognized as a promising explosive owing to their excellent comprehensive performance. The thermal decomposition behavior, structural evolution and dynamic process of CL-20/DNB cocrystals under high temperature were studied by means of thermogravimetric differential heating, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy to gain insight into the cocrystal materials. The study found that the decomposition of CL-20/DNB cocrystal is a heterogeneous process accompanied by the sublimation of DNB and structural change of CL-20. The phase transition of β → γ-CL-20 was observed at 120 °C. The kinetics of decomposition and the mechanism of micro structural evolution on CL-20/DNB cocrystals with heating were revealed. The primary NO⋯H hydrogen bonds of the cocrystal are broken, accompanied by the melting of DNB in the temperature range of 100-120 °C. Subsequently, the DNB single component decomposes completely, leading to lattice collapse of cocrystal; simultaneously, CL-20 undergoes a transition process from β phase to γ phase. Ultimately, γ-CL-20 gradually decomposes with increasing temperature. The activation energy of cocrystal is also obtained as 129 ± 10 kJ/mol. The understanding of cocrystal explosive was deepened and the further application was promoted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Sun
- The Center for Physical Experiments, School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
| | - Wentao Liang
- Department of Physics, School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
| | - Xiangdong Li
- Department of Physics, School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Di Mai
- Department of Physics, School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Physics, School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zhilei Sui
- Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, China
| | - Rucheng Dai
- The Center for Physical Experiments, School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xianxu Zheng
- Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, China
| | - Zhongping Wang
- The Center for Physical Experiments, School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
| | - Xiaohui Duan
- Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China.
| | - Zengming Zhang
- The Center for Physical Experiments, School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
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Hang GY, Yu WL, Wang JT, Wang T, Shen HM. Theoretical prediction on performance of a novel CL-20/bicyclo-HMX energetic cocrystal by MD method. Struct Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-022-02118-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Kazakov AI, Lempert DB, Nabatova AV, Gorbovskii KG, Chukanov NV, Ignatieva EL, Dashko DV, Yanovskiy LS. Thermal Stability of Trimolecular Cocrystallizate Based on Energy-Intensive Polynitramine CL-20 with H2O2 and H2O and its Efficiency in Solid Composites. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990793122060173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Experimental and theoretical investigation into the response to shock wave for booster explosives JO9C, JH14, JH6, and insensitive RDX. J Mol Model 2022; 28:375. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-022-05366-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Chukanov NV, Shilov GV, Ignat’eva EL, Dashko DV, Lempert DB, Kazakov AI, Aldoshin SM. Monoclinic Modification of Trimolecular Cocrystallizate of the High-Energy Polynitramine CL-20 with H2O2 and H2O: Synthesis and Structure. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990793122050025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Zhao X, Li J, Quan S, Fu X, Meng S, Jiang L, Fan X. Study on the effect of solvent on cocrystallization of CL-20 and HMX through theoretical calculations and experiments. RSC Adv 2022; 12:21255-21263. [PMID: 35975069 PMCID: PMC9341422 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra03730k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocrystallization is a helpful method for explosives design. However, lack of understanding of the cocrystallization mechanism leads to inefficiency in cocrystal preparation. Therefore, studying the effects of solvent on cocrystal is of great importance for the efficient application of 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20). In this paper, the effect of solvent on cocrystallization is investigated by the CL-20/HMX cocrystal/solvent cluster model, the CL-20/HMX/solvent mixture model, the CL-20/HMX cocrystal/solvent interface model combined with quantum chemistry and molecular dynamic methods. The authors find that the hydrogen bond between CL-20 and 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane (HMX) is the strongest and the binding energy of cocrystal and solvent molecules is the weakest in ethyl acetate (EA) solvent, indicating that CL-20 and HMX tend to be combined together and there is less hindrance by solvent molecules. Analysis of the CL-20/HMX/solvent mixture and mass density distribution studies show that the solvent effect has a great influence on the crystal faces and the cocrystallization rate of CL-20 and HMX is the highest in EA solvent. The XRD and SEM characterization results are consistent with the theoretical calculations. The present work on the effects of solvent on CL-20/HMX cocrystals is beneficial for understanding the mechanism of the growth of energetic cocrystal materials. It is helpful in selecting more suitable theoretical and experimental conditions and makes access to excellent cocrystals more efficient. Cocrystallization is a helpful method for explosives design. Studying the effects of solvent on cocrystal is of great importance for the efficient application of CL-20/HMX cocrystal.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xitong Zhao
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 Shaanxi China
| | - Jizhen Li
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 Shaanxi China
| | - Shuxin Quan
- Qingyang Chemical Industry Corporation Liaoyang 111001 Liaoning China
| | - Xiaolong Fu
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 Shaanxi China
| | - Saiqin Meng
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 Shaanxi China
| | - Liping Jiang
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 Shaanxi China
| | - Xuezhong Fan
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 Shaanxi China
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Hang GY, Wang JT, Wang T, Shen HM, Yu WL. Theoretical investigations on a novel CL-20/LLM-105 cocrystal explosive by molecular dynamics method. Theor Chem Acc 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-022-02886-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Zhao X, Fu X, Zhang G, Liu X, Fan X. Study on the Cocrystallization Mechanism of CL-20/HMX in a Propellant Aging Process through Theoretical Calculations and Experiments. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:7361-7369. [PMID: 35252726 PMCID: PMC8892642 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c07328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Energetic materials undergo physical and chemical aging due to environmental effects, resulting in the degradation of safety and detonation performances. Therefore, studying the aging performance of energetic materials is of great importance for the efficient application of 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20)-based solid propellants. In this paper, XRD and FTIR of the CL-20-based propellant and CL-20/1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane (HMX)-based propellant samples showed CL-20/HMX cocrystal formation according to appearance of new peaks. SEM and EDS analyses showed that pores and dehumidification in the propellant occurred with the cocrystallization of CL-20 and HMX during the aging process. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulation was used to predict the crystal transformation of the CL-20- and HMX-based propellant under a long-term storage process. The stability of ε-CL-20 was obtained by analyzing the crystal transformation rate. The binding energy, radial distribution function between CL-20 and HMX, as well as mechanical properties of the CL-20/HMX cocrystal and the mixture were calculated to reveal the stronger binding between CL-20 and HMX in the cocrystal. Meanwhile, the inducer effect of a nitrate ester during the cocrystallization process was analyzed. The theoretical calculation shows that during aging, ε-CL-20 tends to exist stably, while CL-20/HMX tends to form cocrystals because of the strong bond. The present work on the transformation and cocrystallization of CL-20 and HMX during long-term storage is beneficial for understanding the degradation mechanism of the propellant performances, facilitating safe storage and life evaluation of propellants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xitong Zhao
- Xi’an
Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaolong Fu
- Xi’an
Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guanglong Zhang
- School
of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing Institute
of Technology, Beijing 100081, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyang Liu
- School
of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing Institute
of Technology, Beijing 100081, Beijing, China
| | - Xuezhong Fan
- Xi’an
Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, Shaanxi, China
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Hang GY, Wang JT, Wang T, Shen HM, Yu WL, Shen RQ. Theoretical investigations on stability, sensitivity, energetic performance, and mechanical properties of CL-20/TNAD cocrystal explosive by molecular dynamics method. J Mol Model 2022; 28:58. [PMID: 35150322 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-022-05049-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The crystal models of trans-1,4,5,8-tetranitro-1,4,5,8-tetraazadecalin (TNAD), hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20), and CL-20/TNAD cocrystal explosive with different component ratios were established. Molecular dynamics (MD) method was applied to predict the stability, sensitivity, energetic properties, and mechanical properties. The effect of component ratio on properties of CL-20/TNAD cocrystal explosive was investigated and estimated. Results show that the cocrystal model with component ratio in 1:1 exhibits the highest binding energy and it is more stable. In CL-20/TNAD cocrystal explosive, the interaction energy of trigger bond is increased by 0.8 ~ 15.0 kJ/mol, implying that the mechanical sensitivity of CL-20/TNAD cocrystal explosive is lower than CL-20 and the safety is effectively improved. Compared with raw CL-20, the crystal density of cocrystal explosive is declined by 0.014 ~ 0.193 g/cm3, detonation velocity is declined by 39 ~ 755 m/s, and detonation pressure is declined by 0.95 ~ 11.40 GPa; namely the energy density of CL-20/TNAD cocrystal explosive is lower than CL-20. The cocrystal explosives with component ratio in 10:1 ~ 1:1 still exhibit desirable detonation performance and can be regarded as high energy density explosives. The values of tensile modulus, shear modulus, and bulk modulus of CL-20/TNAD cocrystal explosive are decreased by 0.448 ~ 10.285 GPa, 0.195 ~ 4.189 GPa, and 0.194 ~ 6.292 GPa, respectively, Cauchy pressure is increased by 0.990 ~ 5.704 GPa, meaning that the rigidity, fracture strength, and hardness of cocrystal explosive are declined, while the plastic property and ductility are increased and the mechanical properties are improved. The cocrystal model with component ratio in 1:1 has the best mechanical properties. Consequently, the CL-20/TNAD cocrystal explosive with component ratio in 1:1 is more stable and insensitive; it also has high energy density and the best mechanical properties and may be an attractive candidate for high energy explosives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Yun Hang
- Xi'an Research Institute of High-Tech, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710025, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jin-Tao Wang
- Xi'an Research Institute of High-Tech, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710025, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Wang
- Xi'an Research Institute of High-Tech, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710025, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Ming Shen
- Xi'an Research Institute of High-Tech, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710025, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Li Yu
- Xi'an Research Institute of High-Tech, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710025, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Qiang Shen
- Xi'an Research Institute of High-Tech, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710025, People's Republic of China
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Patil VB, Yan QL, Trzciński WA, Bělina P, Shánělová J, Musil T, Zeman S. Co-agglomerated crystals of cyclic nitramines with sterically crowded molecules. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ce00840h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Co-crystallization of cyclic nitramines with sterically crowded molecules, i.e., ε-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (ε-CL-20) with cis-1,3,4,6-tetranitrooctahydroimidazo-[4,5-d]imidazole, is difficult, but co-agglomeration given good results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerabhadragouda B. Patil
- Institute of Energetic Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, CZ-532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Qi-Long Yan
- School of Astronautics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710 072, Shaanxi, China
| | - Waldemar A. Trzciński
- Faculty of Advanced Technology and Chemistry, Military University of Technology, PL-00 908 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Petr Bělina
- Department of Inorganic Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, CZ-532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Shánělová
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, CZ-532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Musil
- Austin Detonator, Inc., CZ-755 01 Vsetín, Czech Republic
| | - Svatopluk Zeman
- Institute of Energetic Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, CZ-532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
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Liu S, Wu B, Li Z, An C, Wang J. Multilevel strategies for the composition and formation of DAAF/HNIW composite crystals. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce01277k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Insensitive energetic materials are still a great challenge for potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujie Liu
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Shanxi 030051, China
| | - Bidong Wu
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Shanxi 030051, China
| | - Zhimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chongwei An
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Shanxi 030051, China
| | - Jingyu Wang
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Shanxi 030051, China
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CL-20-Based Cocrystal Energetic Materials: Simulation, Preparation and Performance. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184311. [PMID: 32962224 PMCID: PMC7571192 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The cocrystallization of high-energy explosives has attracted great interests since it can alleviate to a certain extent the power-safety contradiction. 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaaza-isowurtzitane (CL-20), one of the most powerful explosives, has attracted much attention for researchers worldwide. However, the disadvantage of CL-20 has increased sensitivity to mechanical stimuli and cocrystallization of CL-20 with other compounds may provide a way to decrease its sensitivity. The intermolecular interaction of five types of CL-20-based cocrystal (CL-20/TNT, CL-20/HMX, CL-20/FOX-7, CL-20/TKX-50 and CL-20/DNB) by using molecular dynamic simulation was reviewed. The preparation methods and thermal decomposition properties of CL-20-based cocrystal are emphatically analyzed. Special emphasis is focused on the improved mechanical performances of CL-20-based cocrystal, which are compared with those of CL-20. The existing problems and challenges for the future work on CL-20-based cocrystal are discussed.
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Liu Y, Gou RJ, Zhang SH, Chen YH, Chen MH, Liu YB. Effect of solvent mixture on the formation of CL-20/HMX cocrystal explosives. J Mol Model 2019; 26:8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-019-4265-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Zhu SF, Gan Q, Feng C. Multimolecular Complexes of CL-20 with Nitropyrazole Derivatives: Geometric, Electronic Structure, and Stability. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:13408-13417. [PMID: 31460469 PMCID: PMC6705041 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The multimolecular complexes formed between 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) and nitropyrazole compounds were investigated using B3LYP-D3/6-311G(d,p) and B97-3c methods. CL-20 in these complexes was surrounded by methyl, nitro, and amino derivatives of 4-nitropyrazole. The influence of substituents on the molecular electrostatic potential distribution of nitropyrazoles was investigated to figure out the potential electrostatic interaction sites. For the complex, the O···H hydrogen bond was popular in the intermolecular interactions, and dispersion interaction played an essential role, especially in Cx/CL-20 multimolecular complexes. Trigger bond analysis showed that their strength increased upon the formation of intermolecular weak interactions. Nitro group charge calculations stated that the negative charge on almost all nitro groups showed a significant increase. Therefore, the sensitivity of CL-20 seemed to be lower than the original. In addition, the transfer of electron density between CL-20 and nitropyrzoles in complexes was investigated, revealing the influence of weak interactions on the electron density of CL-20.
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Aina AA, Misquitta AJ, Phipps MJS, Price SL. Charge Distributions of Nitro Groups Within Organic Explosive Crystals: Effects on Sensitivity and Modeling. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:8614-8625. [PMID: 31459950 PMCID: PMC6648017 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The charge distribution of NO2 groups within the crystalline polymorphs of energetic materials strongly affects their explosive properties. We use the recently introduced basis-space iterated stockholder atom partitioning of high-quality charge distributions to examine the approximations that can be made in modeling polymorphs and their physical properties, using 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine, trinitrotoluene, 1-3-5-trinitrobenzene, and hexanitrobenzene as exemplars. The NO2 charge distribution is strongly affected by the neighboring atoms, the rest of the molecules, and also significantly by the NO2 torsion angle within the possible variations found in observed crystal structures. Thus, the proposed correlations between the molecular electrostatic properties, such as trigger-bond potential or maxima in the electrostatic potential, and impact sensitivity will be affected by the changes in conformation that occur on crystallization. We establish the relationship between the NO2 torsion angle and the likelihood of occurrence in observed crystal structures, the conformational energy, and the charge and dipole magnitude on each atom, and how this varies with the neighboring groups. We examine the effect of analytically rotating the atomic multipole moments to model changes in torsion angle and establish that this is a viable approach for crystal structures but is not accurate enough to model the relative lattice energies. This establishes the basis of transferability of the NO2 charge distribution for realistic nonempirical model intermolecular potentials for simulating energetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Aina
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
| | - Alston J Misquitta
- School of Physics and Astronomy and the Thomas Young Centre for Theory and Simulation of Materials at Queen Mary, University of London, London E1 4NS, U.K
| | | | - Sarah L Price
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
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18
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Liu Y, Lv P, Sun C, Pang S. Syntheses, Crystal Structures, and Properties of Two Novel CL-20-based Cocrystals. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201900017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- YuJia Liu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering; Beijing Institute of Technology; 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District 100081 Beijing P. R. China
| | - Penghao Lv
- School of Materials Science & Engineering; Beijing Institute of Technology; 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District 100081 Beijing P. R. China
| | - Chenghui Sun
- School of Materials Science & Engineering; Beijing Institute of Technology; 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District 100081 Beijing P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for Ministry of Education of High Energy Density Materials; Beijing Institute of Technology; 100081 Beijing P. R. China
| | - Siping Pang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering; Beijing Institute of Technology; 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District 100081 Beijing P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for Ministry of Education of High Energy Density Materials; Beijing Institute of Technology; 100081 Beijing P. R. China
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19
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Theoretical investigations on stabilities, sensitivity, energetic performance and mechanical properties of CL-20/NTO cocrystal explosives by molecular dynamics simulation. Theor Chem Acc 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-018-2297-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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20
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Han G, Zhang SH, Gou RJ, Li JW. Comparative study of solvent-CL-20 interactions at different roughness crystal surfaces: Molecular dynamics simulation. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2018.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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21
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Duan B, Shu Y, Liu N, Wang B, Lu X, Lu Y. Direct insight into the formation driving force, sensitivity and detonation performance of the observed CL-20-based energetic cocrystals. CrystEngComm 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ce01132j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This work elucidated the underlying mechanism of the dramatic and divergent physicochemical properties of CL-20-based energetic cocrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binghui Duan
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute
- Xi'an
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanjie Shu
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute
- Xi'an
- People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals
- Xi'an 710065
| | - Ning Liu
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute
- Xi'an
- People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals
- Xi'an 710065
| | - Bozhou Wang
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute
- Xi'an
- People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals
- Xi'an 710065
| | - Xianming Lu
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute
- Xi'an
- People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals
- Xi'an 710065
| | - Yingying Lu
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute
- Xi'an
- People's Republic of China
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22
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Hang GY, Yu WL, Wang T, Wang JT, Li Z. Molecular dynamics calculation on structures, stabilities, mechanical properties, and energy density of CL-20/FOX-7 cocrystal explosives. J Mol Model 2017; 23:362. [PMID: 29189959 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-017-3533-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In this article, different CL-20/FOX-7 cocrystal models were established by the substitution method based on the molar ratios of CL-20:FOX-7. The structures and comprehensive properties, including mechanical properties, stabilities, and energy density, of different cocrystal models were obtained and compared with each other. The main aim was to estimate the influence of molar ratios on properties of cocrystal explosives. The molecular dynamics (MD) simulation results show that the cocrystal model with molar ratio 1:1 has the best mechanical properties and highest binding energy, so the CL-20/FOX-7 cocrystal model is more likely to form in 1:1 M ratio. The detonation parameters show that the cocrystal explosive exhibited preferable energy density and excellent detonation performance. In a word, the 1:1 cocrystal model has the best comprehensive properties, is very promising, and worth more theoretical investigations and experimental tests. This paper gives some original theories to better understand the cocrystal mechanism and provides some helpful guidance and useful instructions to help design CL-20 cocrystal explosives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Yun Hang
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Xi'an Research Institute of High-Tech, Shaanxi Xi'an, 710025, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wen-Li Yu
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Xi'an Research Institute of High-Tech, Shaanxi Xi'an, 710025, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Xi'an Research Institute of High-Tech, Shaanxi Xi'an, 710025, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Tao Wang
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Xi'an Research Institute of High-Tech, Shaanxi Xi'an, 710025, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Xi'an Research Institute of High-Tech, Shaanxi Xi'an, 710025, People's Republic of China
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23
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Theoretical investigation of the effects of the molar ratio and solvent on the formation of the pyrazole-nitroamine cocrystal explosive 3,4-dinitropyrazole (DNP)/2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20). J Mol Model 2017; 23:353. [PMID: 29177847 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-017-3516-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The effects of the molar ratio, temperature, and solvent on the formation of the cocrystal explosive DNP/CL-20 were investigated using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The cocrystal structure was predicted through Monte Carlo (MC) simulation and using first-principles methods. The results showed that the DNP/CL-20 cocrystal might be more stable in the molar ratio 1:1 near to 318 K, and the most probable cocrystal crystallizes in the triclinic crystal system with the space group P[Formula: see text]. Cocrystallization was more likely to occur in methanol and ethanol at 308 K as a result of solvent effects. The optimized structure and the reduced density gradient (RDG) of the DNP/CL-20 complex confirmed that the main driving forces for cocrystallization were a series of hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces. Analyses of the trigger bonds, the charges on the nitro groups, the electrostatic surface potential (ESP), and the free space per molecule in the cocrystal lattice were carried out to further explore their influences on the sensitivity of CL-20. The results indicated that the DNP/CL-20 complex tended to be more stable and insensitive than pure CL-20. Moreover, an investigation of the detonation performance of the DNP/CL-20 cocrystal indicated that it possesses high power. Graphical abstract DNP/CL-20 cocrystal models with different molar ratios were investigated at different temperatures using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation methods. Binding energies and mechanical properties were probed to determine the stability and performance of each cocrystal model. Solvated DNP/CL-20 models were established by adding solvent molecules to the cocrystal surface. The binding energies of the models in various solvents were calculated in order to identify the most suitable solvent and temperature for preparing the cocrystal explosive DNP/CL-20.
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24
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Wu C, Zhang S, Ren F, Gou R, Han G. Theoretical insight into the cocrystal explosive of 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20)/1-Methyl-4,5-dinitro-1H-imidazole (MDNI). JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL & COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219633617500614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cocrystal explosive is getting more and more attention in high energy density material field. Different molar ratios of 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20)/1-Methyl-4,5-dinitro-1H-imidazole (MDNI) cocrystal were studied by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and quantum-chemical density functional theory (DFT) calculation. Binding energy of CL-20/MDNI cocrystal and radial distribution function (RDF) were used to estimate the interaction. Mechanical properties were calculated to predict the elasticity and ductility. The length and bond dissociation energy of trigger bond, surface electrostatic potentials (ESP) of CL-20/MDNI framework were calculated at B3LYP/6-311[Formula: see text]G(d,p) level. The results indicate that CL-20/MDNI cocrystal explosive might have better mechanical properties and stability in a molar ratio 3:2. The N–NO2 bond becomes stronger upon the formation of intermolecular H-bonding interaction. The surface electrostatic potential further confirms that the sensitivity decreases in cocrystal explosive in comparison with that in isolated CL-20. The oxygen balance (OB), heat of detonation ([Formula: see text], detonation velocity ([Formula: see text] and detonation pressure ([Formula: see text] of CL-20/MDNI suggest that the CL-20/MDNI cocrystal possesses excellent detonation performance and low sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlei Wu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, P. R. China
- National Key Laboratory of Applied Physics and Chemistry, Xi’an 710061, P. R. China
| | - Shuhai Zhang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, P. R. China
| | - Fude Ren
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, P. R. China
| | - Ruijun Gou
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, P. R. China
| | - Gang Han
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, P. R. China
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25
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Comparative studies on structures, mechanical properties, sensitivity, stabilities and detonation performance of CL-20/TNT cocrystal and composite explosives by molecular dynamics simulation. J Mol Model 2017; 23:281. [PMID: 28929235 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-017-3455-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
To investigate and compare the differences of structures and properties of CL-20/TNT cocrystal and composite explosives, the CL-20/TNT cocrystal and composite models were established. Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to investigate the structures, mechanical properties, sensitivity, stabilities and detonation performance of cocrystal and composite models with COMPASS force field in NPT ensemble. The lattice parameters, mechanical properties, binding energies, interaction energy of trigger bond, cohesive energy density and detonation parameters were determined and compared. The results show that, compared with pure CL-20, the rigidity and stiffness of cocrystal and composite models decreased, while plastic properties and ductility increased, so mechanical properties can be effectively improved by adding TNT into CL-20 and the cocrystal model has better mechanical properties. The interaction energy of the trigger bond and the cohesive energy density is in the order of CL-20/TNT cocrystal > CL-20/TNT composite > pure CL-20, i.e., cocrystal model is less sensitive than CL-20 and the composite model, and has the best safety parameters. Binding energies show that the cocrystal model has higher intermolecular interaction energy values than the composite model, thus illustrating the better stability of the cocrystal model. Detonation parameters vary as CL-20 > cocrystal > composite, namely, the energy density and power of cocrystal and composite model are weakened; however, the CL-20/TNT cocrystal explosive still has desirable energy density and detonation performance. This results presented in this paper help offer some helpful guidance to better understand the mechanism of CL-20/TNT cocrystal explosives and provide some theoretical assistance for cocrystal explosive design.
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26
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Hang GY, Yu WL, Wang T, Wang JT, Li Z. Theoretical insights into effects of molar ratios on stabilities, mechanical properties and detonation performance of CL-20/RDX cocrystal explosives by molecular dynamics simulation. J Mol Struct 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.03.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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27
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Han G, Gou RJ, Ren FD, Zhang SH, Wu CL, Zhu SF. Theoretical investigation into the influence of molar ratio on binding energy, mechanical property and detonation performance of 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazacyclo octane (HMX)/1-methyl-4,5-dinitroimidazole (MDNI) cocrystal explosive. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2017.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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28
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Hang GY, Yu WL, Wang T, Wang JT, Li Z. Theoretical insights into the effects of molar ratios on stabilities, mechanical properties, and detonation performance of CL-20/HMX cocrystal explosives by molecular dynamics simulation. J Mol Model 2017; 23:30. [PMID: 28091889 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-016-3193-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
To research and estimate the effects of molar ratios on structures, stabilities, mechanical properties, and detonation properties of CL-20/HMX cocrystal explosive, the CL-20/HMX cocrystal explosive models with different molar ratios were established in Materials Studio (MS). The crystal parameters, structures, stabilities, mechanical properties, and some detonation parameters of different cocrystal explosives were obtained and compared. The molecular dynamics (MD) simulation results illustrate that the molar ratios of CL-20/HMX have a direct influence on the comprehensive performance of cocrystal explosive. The hardness and rigidity of the 1:1 cocrystal explosive was the poorest, while the plastic property and ductibility were the best, thus implying that the explosive has the best mechanical properties. Besides, it has the highest binding energy, so the stability and compatibility is the best. The cocrystal explosive has better detonation performance than HMX. In a word, the 1:1 cocrystal explosive is worth more attention and further research. This paper could offer some theoretical instructions and technological support, which could help in the design of the CL-20 cocrystal explosive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Yun Hang
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Xi'an Research Institute of High-Tech, Shaanxi Xi'an, 710025, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wen-Li Yu
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Xi'an Research Institute of High-Tech, Shaanxi Xi'an, 710025, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Xi'an Research Institute of High-Tech, Shaanxi Xi'an, 710025, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Tao Wang
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Xi'an Research Institute of High-Tech, Shaanxi Xi'an, 710025, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Xi'an Research Institute of High-Tech, Shaanxi Xi'an, 710025, People's Republic of China
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29
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Song KP, Ren FD, Zhang SH, Shi WJ. Theoretical insights into the stabilities, detonation performance, and electrostatic potentials of cocrystals containing α- or β-HMX and TATB, FOX-7, NTO, or DMF in various molar ratios. J Mol Model 2016; 22:249. [PMID: 27686560 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-016-3111-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A molecular dynamics method was employed to study the binding energies associated with the cocrystallization (at selected crystal planes) of either 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitro-benzene (TATB), 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene, 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (TATB, FOX-7, and NTO, respectively, all of which are explosives), or N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF, a nonenergetic solvent) in various molar ratios with 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazacyclooctane in its α and β conformations (α-HMX and β-HMX, respectively). The results showed that the cocrystals with low molar ratios (2:1, 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3) were the most stable. The binding energies of HMX/NTO and HMX/DMF were larger than those of HMX/TATB and HMX/FOX-7. According to the calculated stabilities, HMX prefers to adopt its α form in HMX/TATB and its β form in HMX/NTO, whereas the two forms coexist in HMX/FOX-7. For HMX/TATB, HMX/NTO, and α-HMX/FOX-7, increasing the proportion of the cocrystal component with the highest detonation heat (HMX in the first two cases, FOX-7 in the latter) increases the detonation heat, velocity, and pressure of the cocrystal. However, increasing the proportion of the component with the highest detonation heat in β-HMX/FOX-7 and γ-CL-20/FOX-7 increases the detonation heat of the cocrystal but decreases its detonation velocity. An investigation of the surface electrostatic potential revealed how the sensitivity changes upon cocrystal formation. Graphical Abstract Surface electrostatic potential of HMX/TATB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Peng Song
- College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, China
| | - Fu-de Ren
- College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, China.
| | - Shu-Hai Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, China
| | - Wen-Jing Shi
- The Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030053, China
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