1
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Zhang P, Yu ZX. Dynamically or Kinetically Controlled? Computational Study of the Mechanisms of Electrophilic Aminoalkenylation of Heteroaromatics with Keteniminium Ions. J Org Chem 2024; 89:4326-4335. [PMID: 38506441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Quantum chemical calculations and molecular dynamics simulations were applied to study the electrophilic aminoalkenylation of heteroaromatics with keniminium ions. Post-transition state bifurcation (PTSB) was found in the electrophilic addition step for the aminoalkenylation of pyrroles and indoles, and the selectivity for these reactions was dynamically controlled. However, the aminoalkenylation of furan was kinetically controlled because no apparent PTSB was found in the electrophilic addition step. The substituents on the keteniminium ions can also affect the dynamic results for the aminoalkenylations to pyrroles: the C2-aminoalkenylated product is much more favored over the C3-aminoalkenylated product for keteniminium ions with electron-donating substituents, while the product ratio (C2 product/C3 product) decreased when stronger electron-withdrawing substituents were applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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2
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Li B, Ruffoni A, Leonori D. A Photochemical Strategy for ortho-Aminophenol Synthesis via Dearomative-Rearomative Coupling Between Aryl Azides and Alcohols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310540. [PMID: 37926921 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
ortho-Aminophenols are aromatic derivatives featuring vicinal N- and O-based functionalities commonly found in the structures of many high-value materials. These molecules are generally prepared using multistep strategies that follow the rules of electrophilic aromatic substitution (SE Ar) chemistry. Despite their high fidelity, such approaches cannot target substrates featuring a "contra-SE Ar" arrangement of N- and O-groups. Here we report an alternative strategy for the preparation of such ortho-aminophenols using aryl azides as the precursors. The process utilizes low-energy photoexcitation to trigger the decomposition of aryl azides into singlet nitrenes that undergo a dearomative-rearomative sequence. This allows the incorporation of alcoholic nucleophiles into a seven-membered ring azepine intermediate via temporary disruption of aromaticity, followed by electrophile-induced re-aromatization. The net retrosynthetic logic is that the alcohol displaces the azide, which, in turn, moves to its ortho position and furthermore is converted into an amide. The synthetic value and complementarity of this strategy has been demonstrated by the coupling of aryl azides with complex, drug-like alcohols and phenols as well as amines, thiols and thiophenols, which provides a general platform for the fast and selective heterofunctionalization of aromatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alessandro Ruffoni
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Daniele Leonori
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
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3
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Mosiagin I, Fernandes AJ, Budinská A, Hayriyan L, Ylijoki KEO, Katayev D. Catalytic ipso-Nitration of Organosilanes Enabled by Electrophilic N-Nitrosaccharin Reagent. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310851. [PMID: 37632357 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Nitroaromatic compounds represent one of the essential classes of molecules that are widely used as feedstock for the synthesis of intermediates, the preparation of nitro-derived pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials on both laboratory and industrial scales. We herein disclose the efficient, mild, and catalytic ipso-nitration of organotrimethylsilanes, enabled by an electrophilic N-nitrosaccharin reagent and allows chemoselective nitration under mild reaction conditions, while exhibiting remarkable substrate generality and functional group compatibility. Additionally, the reaction conditions proved to be orthogonal to other common functionalities, allowing programming of molecular complexity via successive transformations or late-stage nitration. Detailed mechanistic investigation by experimental and computational approaches strongly supported a classical electrophilic aromatic substitution (SE Ar) mechanism, which was found to proceed through a highly ordered transition state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Mosiagin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Anthony J Fernandes
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alena Budinská
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Liana Hayriyan
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kai E O Ylijoki
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Mary's University, 923 Robie Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3 C3, Canada
| | - Dmitry Katayev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
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4
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Steele BA, Zhang MX, Kuo IFW. Single-Step Mechanism for Regioselective Nitration of 9,10-BN-Napthalene with Acetyl Nitrate in the Gas Phase. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:5089-5098. [PMID: 35916696 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c02124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The energetics of the regioselective mononitration of 9,10-BN-naphthalene with acetyl nitrate (H3C2NO4) were modeled with ab initio simulations in the gas phase and an acetonitrile solvent. The single-electron-transfer (SET) nitration mechanism leading to a σ-complex and a single-step nitration mechanism were modeled. The energy barrier for the single-step mechanism was lower than that for the SET mechanism in the gas phase. However, the two are much more energetically competitive in the solvent. The σ-complex was found to be unstable in the gas phase owing to the interaction with the counterion. Using the single-step mechanism, the carbon site 1 nearest boron had the lowest activation energy for nitration of 22.6 kcal/mol, while site 3 had the second lowest barrier of 24.6 kcal/mol. Details on the molecular structures at intermediate and transition states as well as charges in different configurations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad A Steele
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, P. O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Mao-Xi Zhang
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, P. O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - I-Feng W Kuo
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, P. O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94550, United States
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5
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Nakatani K, Teshigawara S, Tanahashi Y, Kasahara K, Higashi M, Sato H. Solvation in nitration of benzene and the valence electronic structure of the Wheland intermediate. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:16453-16461. [PMID: 35647764 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01699k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nitration of benzene is a representative aromatic substitution reaction related to the σ-complex (arenium ion or "Wheland" intermediate) concept. This reaction is typically carried out in a mixed acid solution to generate nitronium ions, and how solvent molecules play roles in the reaction has been of great interest. Here we will shed new light on the reaction, namely the electronic structure and the microscopic insights of the solvation, which have been rarely discussed so far. We studied this process using the reference interaction site model-self consistent field with constrained spatial electron density distribution (RISM-SCF-cSED) method, considering sulfuric acid or water molecules as a solvent. In this method, the electronic structure of the solute and the solvation structure are self-consistently determined based on quantum chemistry and statistical mechanics of molecular liquids. The solvation free energy surfaces in solution and solvation structures were verified. In the bond formation process of benzene and nitronium ions, the solvation structure by sulfuric acid molecules drastically changes and the solvation effect on the free energy is quite large. We revealed largely contributing resonance structures in the π-electron system of the σ-complex in gas and solution phases by analysing the valence electronic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaho Nakatani
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
| | - Sho Teshigawara
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
| | - Yuta Tanahashi
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
| | - Kento Kasahara
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Higashi
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan. .,Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8520, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Sato
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan. .,Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8520, Japan.,Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Takano Nishihiraki-cho 34-4, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
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6
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Immuno-Affinity Study of Oxidative Tyrosine Containing Peptides. Int J Pept Res Ther 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-021-10329-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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7
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Vorobyev SV, Primerova OV, Bylikin SY, Koshelev VN. Lactamomethylation of alkylphenols: Synthesis and quantum-chemical study of the reaction pathway. ARAB J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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8
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Quasi-RRHO approximation and DFT study for understanding the mechanism and kinetics of nitration reaction of benzonitrile with nitronium ion. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2021.113209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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9
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Surface Functionalization of Biochar from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch through Hydrothermal Process. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9010149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of biochar as an adsorbent for wastewater treatment purposes has been hindered due to its lower surface area compared to activated carbon. Current research on increasing surface functional groups on biochar surfaces to improve its adsorption performance suggests using high chemical concentration and long period of modification. This study solves these problems by focusing on improving surface functionalities of biochar via the hydrothermal functionalization process. Oil palm empty fruit bunch biochar was functionalized using autoclave with nitric acid as the functionalization agent. Functionalized biochar properties such as Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area and surface functional groups were analyzed and compared with untreated biochar. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic analysis shows a significant increase in absorption by oxygen functional groups and is corroborated with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. The process does not result in any major change in surface morphology and reduction in surface area value. Methylene blue (MB) adsorption test shows 7 times increase in adsorption performance. These results show that the simple hydrothermal functionalization process successfully functionalizes the biochar surface and improves its performance without affecting its surface area at lower concentration, and shorter time compared to previous studies. This result, with future large-scale experimentation using real-life equipment in palm oil mills, would provide a better technology that can be implemented in the industry.
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Liljenberg M, Ripa L, Shamovsky I. Theoretical Studies of the Mechanism of Carbamoylation of Nucleobases by Isocyanates. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:2845-2853. [PMID: 33076655 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Isocyanates with the -N═C═O functional group are highly reactive compounds. They are used in various industrial applications and have been found as possible metabolites of hydroxamic acids. Isocyanates interact with biopolymers and are notorious mutagens. Mutagenic effects of isocyanates are caused by the formation of covalent adducts with nucleobases of DNA, primarily cytosines, through carbamoylation of NH2 groups to give the corresponding urea. The mechanism of carbamoylation of nucleobases by aryl isocyanates is studied by high-level density functional theory calculations. Three possible pathways are analyzed. It is demonstrated that the reaction follows the stepwise pathway, which starts with the formation of a π-complex followed by a rate-determining C-N covalent bond formation via the reactive tautomeric imine forms of the nucleobases. The reaction proceeds further through two consecutive proton transfers mediated by water molecules to give the final adduct. The predicted activation free energies of the rate-determining step in water agree with experimental data. In line with experiments, the reactivity of isocyanates toward nucleobases decreases in the order cytosine > adenine > guanine, and we rationalize this order of reactivity by the fall of their basicity and destabilization of the imine forms. Activation barriers of the alternative concerted pathways are higher than that of the preferred stepwise mechanism, and the match to experiment is poor. The kinetic effect of adding electron-withdrawing or electron-donating groups to the aryl group of aryl isocyanate is minute, which suggests that mutagenicity of isocyanates is determined exclusively by the reactivity of the -N═C═O group and as such cannot be removed by structural alterations of the adjacent aryl.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lena Ripa
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Igor Shamovsky
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
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11
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Jadhav PM, Pandey RK, Kulkarni AA. Estimation of reaction kinetics for aromatic and heterocycles nitration in mixed acids through computational chemistry approach. INT J CHEM KINET 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.21445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pandurang M. Jadhav
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR) CSIR‐NCL Campus Pune India
- Chemical Engineering Process Development Division CSIR‐National Chemical Laboratory Pune India
- High‐Energy Materials Research Laboratory (HEMRL) Pune India
| | - Raj K. Pandey
- High‐Energy Materials Research Laboratory (HEMRL) Pune India
| | - Amol A. Kulkarni
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR) CSIR‐NCL Campus Pune India
- Chemical Engineering Process Development Division CSIR‐National Chemical Laboratory Pune India
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12
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H-bond catalytic mechanism of aromatic electrophilic substitution between phenol and formaldehyde. Tetrahedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Prasongkit J. Reply to the ‘Comment on “Quantum interference effects in biphenyl dithiol for gas detection”’ by A. Grigoriev, H. Jafri and K. Leifer, RSC Adv., 2020, 10, DOI: 10.1039/C9RA00451C. RSC Adv 2020; 10:2560-2561. [PMID: 35503274 PMCID: PMC9048816 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra06459a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Comment on our publication [Prasongkit et al., RSC Adv., 2016, 64, 59299] is puzzling since it is well known that biphenyl is fairly non-reactive. Hence, it's not surprising we have low binding energies when the gas molecules were adsorbed on biphenyl dithiol (BPDT). The large binding energy of NO2 chemisorbed onto BPDT (∼2.04 eV) in the Comment conflicts with existing theoretical and experimental evidence. Grigoriev et al. have attempted to compare their results to our findings, employing different approximation schemes under the density functional theory (DFT) framework. Here, the effect of taking into account van der Waals (vdW) interactions upon the adsorption mechanism of small aromatic molecules has been discussed. We reply to the Comment by Leifer et al. on our publication [Prasongkit et al., RSC Adv., 2016, 64, 59299]. We maintain that, as biphenyl is non-reactive, low binding energies are expected when gases are adsorbed on biphenyl dithiol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jariyanee Prasongkit
- Division of Physics, Faculty of Science, Nakhon Phanom University, Nakhon Phanom 48000, Thailand
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14
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Trichloroisocyanuric acid and NaNO2 mediated nitration of indoles under acid-free and Vilsmeier–Haack conditions: synthesis and kinetic study. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-1023-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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15
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Mechanism of Direct Electrophilic Aromatic Amination: an Electrophile is Found by Quantum-Chemical Study. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201803911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Tomberg A, Johansson MJ, Norrby PO. A Predictive Tool for Electrophilic Aromatic Substitutions Using Machine Learning. J Org Chem 2018; 84:4695-4703. [PMID: 30336024 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
At the early stages of the drug development process, thousands of compounds are synthesized in order to attain the best possible potency and pharmacokinetic properties. Once successful scaffolds are identified, large libraries of analogues are made, which is a challenging and time-consuming task. Recently, late stage functionalization (LSF) has become increasingly prominent since these reactions selectively functionalize C-H bonds, allowing to quickly produce analogues. Classical electrophilic aromatic halogenations are a powerful type of reaction in the LSF toolkit. However, the introduction of an electrophile in a regioselective manner on a drug-like molecule is a challenging task. Herein we present a machine learning model able to predict the reactive site of an electrophilic aromatic substitution with an accuracy of 93% (internal validation set). The model takes as input a SMILES of a compound and uses six quantum mechanics descriptors to identify its reactive site(s). On an external validation set, 90% of all molecules were correctly predicted.
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Lu L, Liu H, Hua R. HNO 3/HFIP: A Nitrating System for Arenes with Direct Observation of π-Complex Intermediates. Org Lett 2018; 20:3197-3201. [PMID: 29767980 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This report describes an efficient nitrating system for the nitration of arenes at room temperature by using an equivalent of nitric acid in HFIP (1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropanol). The π-complex intermediate of an arene with a nitronium ion stabilized by HFIP can be directly observed by UV-vis spectra and is supported by theoretical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Huixin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Ruimao Hua
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
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Liljenberg M, Stenlid JH, Brinck T. Theoretical Investigation into Rate-Determining Factors in Electrophilic Aromatic Halogenation. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:3270-3279. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b10781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Liljenberg
- Applied Physical Chemistry, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joakim Halldin Stenlid
- Applied Physical Chemistry, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tore Brinck
- Applied Physical Chemistry, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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