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Ma X, Albertsma J, Gabriels D, Horst R, Polat S, Snoeks C, Kapteijn F, Eral HB, Vermaas DA, Mei B, de Beer S, van der Veen MA. Carbon monoxide separation: past, present and future. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:3741-3777. [PMID: 37083229 PMCID: PMC10243283 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00147d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Large amounts of carbon monoxide are produced by industrial processes such as biomass gasification and steel manufacturing. The CO present in vent streams is often burnt, this produces a large amount of CO2, e.g., oxidation of CO from metallurgic flue gasses is solely responsible for 2.7% of manmade CO2 emissions. The separation of N2 from CO due to their very similar physical properties is very challenging, meaning that numerous energy-intensive steps are required for CO separation, making the CO separation from many process streams uneconomical in spite of CO being a valuable building block in the production of major chemicals through C1 chemistry and the production of linear hydrocarbons by the Fischer-Tropsch process. The development of suitable processes for the separation of carbon monoxide has both industrial and environmental significance. Especially since CO is a main product of electrocatalytic CO2 reduction, an emerging sustainable technology to enable carbon neutrality. This technology also requires an energy-efficient separation process. Therefore, there is a great need to develop energy efficient CO separation processes adequate for these different process streams. As such the urgency of separating carbon monoxide is gaining greater recognition, with research in the field becoming more and more crucial. This review details the principles on which CO separation is based and provides an overview of currently commercialised CO separation processes and their limitations. Adsorption is identified as a technology with the potential for CO separation with high selectivity and energy efficiency. We review the research efforts, mainly seen in the last decades, in developing new materials for CO separation via ad/bsorption and membrane technology. We have geared our review to both traditional CO sources and emerging CO sources, including CO production from CO2 conversion. To that end, a variety of emerging processes as potential CO2-to-CO technologies are discussed and, specifically, the need for CO capture after electrochemical CO2 reduction is highlighted, which is still underexposed in the available literature. Altogether, we aim to highlight the knowledge gaps that could guide future research to improve CO separation performance for industrial implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhou Ma
- Chemical Engineering Department, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Jelco Albertsma
- Chemical Engineering Department, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Dieke Gabriels
- Chemical Engineering Department, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Rens Horst
- Science and Technology Faculty, University Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Sevgi Polat
- Process & Energy Department, Delft University of Technology, Leeghwaterstraat 39, 2628 CB Delft, The Netherlands
- Chemical Engineering Department, Marmara University, 34854 İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Casper Snoeks
- Process & Energy Department, Delft University of Technology, Leeghwaterstraat 39, 2628 CB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Freek Kapteijn
- Chemical Engineering Department, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Hüseyin Burak Eral
- Process & Energy Department, Delft University of Technology, Leeghwaterstraat 39, 2628 CB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - David A Vermaas
- Chemical Engineering Department, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Bastian Mei
- Industrial Chemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Sissi de Beer
- Science and Technology Faculty, University Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Monique Ann van der Veen
- Chemical Engineering Department, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands.
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Theoretical study on reaction mechanism of synthesis of iridium complexes having cyclometalated acyclic diaminocarbene ancillary ligands. J Mol Model 2019; 25:261. [PMID: 31422481 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-019-4145-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
DFT calculations at the M06-2X level were performed to explore the reaction mechanism for the synthesis of the new cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes with acyclic diaminocarbene ancillary ligands. The solvent effects of the reaction systems have been considered by a single-point energy calculation using the SMD model in the experimental conditions of CH2Cl2 solvent. The calculated results show that the reaction consists of two main steps: the first step is the hydrogen transfer between the two N atoms, and the next step is the closed-loop process of the Ir atom and the aromatic ring ortho to release the HCl molecule. The reaction has a relatively low activation free energy of 17.1-23.2 kcal mol-1, indicating that it is easy to occur under the experimental conditions of Na et al. At the same time, it was found that the aryl para-CF3 substituent has higher reactivity than the corresponding reactant of the NO2 substituent.
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