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Boutiddar R, Abbiche K, Mellaoui MD, Imjjad A, Alahiane M, Ait Albrimi Y, Marakchi K, Mogren Al-Mogren M, El Hammadi A, Hochlaf M. Insights into the mechanism of [3+2] cycloaddition reactions between N-benzyl fluoro nitrone and maleimides, its selectivity and solvent effects. J Comput Chem 2024; 45:284-299. [PMID: 37795767 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.27235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
We present a theoretical study of the [3+2] cycloaddition (32CA) reactions of N-benzyl fluoro nitrone with a series of maleimides producing isoxazolidines. We use the Molecular Electron Density Theory at the MPWB1K/6-311G(d) level. We focus on the reaction mechanism, selectivity, solvent, and temperature effects. In addition, we perform topological analyses at the minimal and transition states to identify the intermolecular interactions. Electron Localization Function approach classifies the N-benzyl fluoro nitrone as zwitterionic (zw-) three-atom components (TACs), associated with a high energy barrier. The low polar character of the reaction is evaluated using the Conceptual Density Functional Theory analysis of the reactants, confirmed by the low global electron density transfer computed at the transition states. Computations show that these 32CA reactions follow a one-step mechanism under kinetic control, with highly asynchronous bond formation and no new covalent bond is formed at the TS. Besides, the potential energy surfaces along the reaction pathways in gas phase and in solvent are mapped. The corresponding Gibbs free energy profiles reveal that the exo-cycloadducts are kinetically and thermodynamically more favored than endo-cycloadducts, in agreement with the exo-selectivity observed experimentally. In particular, we found that solvent and temperature did not affect this selectivity and mainly influence the activation energies and the exothermic character of these 32CA reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachid Boutiddar
- Analysis, Modeling, Engineering, Natural Substances and Environment Laboratory, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taroudant, Ibn Zohr University, Taroudant, Morocco
- Laboratoire de Spectroscopie, Modélisation Moléculaire, Matériaux, Nanomatériaux, Eau et Environnement, LS3MN2E/CERNE2D, Faculté des Sciences Rabat, Université Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Khalid Abbiche
- Analysis, Modeling, Engineering, Natural Substances and Environment Laboratory, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taroudant, Ibn Zohr University, Taroudant, Morocco
- Laboratoire de Spectroscopie, Modélisation Moléculaire, Matériaux, Nanomatériaux, Eau et Environnement, LS3MN2E/CERNE2D, Faculté des Sciences Rabat, Université Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
- Applied Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Moulay Driss Mellaoui
- Applied Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Abdallah Imjjad
- Applied Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Mustapha Alahiane
- Faculty of Sciences, Chemical Department, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Youssef Ait Albrimi
- Faculty of Sciences, Chemical Department, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Khadija Marakchi
- Laboratoire de Spectroscopie, Modélisation Moléculaire, Matériaux, Nanomatériaux, Eau et Environnement, LS3MN2E/CERNE2D, Faculté des Sciences Rabat, Université Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
| | | | - Abdellatif El Hammadi
- Analysis, Modeling, Engineering, Natural Substances and Environment Laboratory, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taroudant, Ibn Zohr University, Taroudant, Morocco
| | - Majdi Hochlaf
- Université Gustave Eiffel, COSYS/IMSE, Champs sur Marne, France
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Chen Y, Zhang Y, Xue Y. Computational insight into the mechanism and stereoselectivity of cycloaddition between donor-acceptor spirocyclopropane and aldehyde catalyzed by Brønsted acid TsOH. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:4006-4015. [PMID: 35506536 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00140c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism and diastereoselectivity of the cycloaddition reaction between D-A spirocyclopropane and aldehydes, catalyzed by para-toluenesulfonic acid (TsOH) in dichloromethane to produce 2,5-disubstituted tetrahydrofuran-type lignans, have been investigated by density functional theory (DFT) at the M06-2X/6-311+G(d,p)//B3LYP-D3/6-31G(d,p) level combined with the solvation SMD model. Our calculations show that the entire reaction process includes three stages: the activation of the D-A cyclopropane by Brønsted acid, TsOH, the nucleophilic attack of the aldehyde on the spirocyclopropane, and the formation of the final product, 2,5-disubstituted tetrahydrofuran. It was concluded from the conceptual density functional theory (CDFT) reactivity index analysis that aldehydes with electron-rich substituents are more nucleophilic and more favorable for the reaction to proceed. Furthermore, based on the analyses of energetics as well as the noncovalent interaction (NCI) and reduced density gradient (RDG) in the key transition states, the origin of stereoselectivity was revealed to be determined thermodynamically rather than kinetically. The present work explains the experimental phenomenon well, and provides useful theoretical information for the future design of similar reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Chen
- College of Chemistry, Key Lab of Green Chemistry and Technology in Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Key Lab of Green Chemistry and Technology in Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ying Xue
- College of Chemistry, Key Lab of Green Chemistry and Technology in Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China.
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Zhu R, Zhang Y, Yang J, Yang Y, Xue Y. Computational insight into the mechanism and origin of high regioselectivity in the ring-opening cyclization of spirocyclopropanes with stabilized sulfonium ylides by the DFT. J Mol Model 2020; 26:255. [PMID: 32876902 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-020-04522-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chromanes with high bioactivity play an important role in nature, and cyclization reactions of cyclopropanes with sulfonium ylides to form chromane skeletons have attracted great attention of scientists. The mechanism as well as origins of regioselectivity and stereoselectivity for the ring-opening/cyclization reactions between cyclohexane-1,3-dione-2-spirocyclopropanes and stabilized sulfonium ylides in CH2Cl2 were investigated by using the density functional theory (DFT) M06-2X/6-311+G(d,p)//M06-2X/6-31G(d,p) method combined with the SMD model. The calculated results revealed that the reaction process involved two key steps: the ring-opening step and the cyclization step, with the former being the rate-determining and stereoselectivity-determining step. The regioselectivity of the ring-opening step of spirocyclopropane indicated that the tertiary carbon was more preferential than the secondary one when sulfonium ylide attacked spirocyclopropane. The theoretical results confirmed that the stereoselectivity of the reaction to form the trans-isomer product is more favorable than the cis-isomer, and the calculated trans/cis ratio is in accordance with the experiment. Moreover, the conceptual density functional theory reactivity indices suggest that the electronic effect controls the regioselectivity. What is more, the stereoselectivity analyzed by weak non-covalent interaction also shows the importance of electronic effect. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyu Zhu
- Key Lab of Green Chemistry and Technology in Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Lab of Green Chemistry and Technology in Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Junxia Yang
- Key Lab of Green Chemistry and Technology in Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongsheng Yang
- Key Lab of Green Chemistry and Technology in Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Xue
- Key Lab of Green Chemistry and Technology in Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, People's Republic of China.
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Wang X, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Xue Y. The mechanism and diastereoselectivity in the formation of trifluoromethyl-containing spiro[pyrrolidin-3,2′-oxindole] by a catalyst-free and mutually activated [3+2]-cycloaddition reaction: a theoretical study. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj04063k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism and diastereoselectivity of the [3+2] cycloaddition reaction between (Z)-1-methyl-3-imino-indolin-2-one and 5-nitro-2-vinylpyridine with no catalyst in acetonitrile have been investigated by the DFT method and SMD solvation model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Wang
- College of Chemistry
- Key Lab of Green Chemistry and Technology in Ministry of Education
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Chemistry
- Key Lab of Green Chemistry and Technology in Ministry of Education
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yongsheng Yang
- College of Chemistry
- Key Lab of Green Chemistry and Technology in Ministry of Education
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Xue
- College of Chemistry
- Key Lab of Green Chemistry and Technology in Ministry of Education
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- People's Republic of China
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Soleymani M, Kazemi Chegeni Z. A molecular electron density theory study on the [3+2] cycloaddition reaction of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide with 2-cyclopentenone. J Mol Graph Model 2019; 92:256-266. [PMID: 31422198 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2019.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, the [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (Nit-5) and 2-cyclopentenone (CPN-6), experimentally reported by Tamura et al., was theoretically studied using the newly introduced molecular electron density theory (MEDT). Based on the experimental findings, this reaction takes place in an O3-C4 regio- and an exo-stereospecific fashion to give corresponding [3 + 2] exo cycloadduct as the sole product. The results of the potential energy surface analysis indicated that the experimentally reported product is more favorable both thermodynamically and kinetically relative to other possible adducts. In complete agreement with the experimental outcomes, the conceptual density functional theory reactivity indices explained the reactivity and regioselectivity of the reaction. Calculation of global electron density transfer of the energetically most preferred transition state indicated that the electron density fluxes from Nit-5 as a nucleophilic species toward CPN-6 as an electrophilic species. Analysis of the molecular electrostatic potential map of the most favorable transition state showed that approach of Nit-5 and CPN-6 locates the oppositely charged regions over each other leading to attractive forces between two reagents rationalizing the exo stereoselectivity predominance. The molecular mechanism of the reactions was specified using electron localization function analysis over some relevant points along the intrinsic reaction coordinate profile of the most favorable transition state and the results indicated that this zwitterionic-type [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction proceeds through a two-stage one-step mechanism. In fact, while the O3-C4 single bond is initialy formed between two fragments through donation of some electron density from the O3 oxygen lone electron-pairs of Nit-5 toward the C4 carbon atom of CPN-6, the delayed C1-C5 single bond begins to form via C1- to -C5 coupling of pseudodiracal centers created on theses atoms over the course of reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mousa Soleymani
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ayatollah Boroujerdi University, Boroujerd, Iran.
| | - Zeinab Kazemi Chegeni
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ayatollah Boroujerdi University, Boroujerd, Iran
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