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Eisenhardt KS, Fiorentini F, Lindeboom W, Williams CK. Quantifying CO 2 Insertion Equilibria for Low-Pressure Propene Oxide and Carbon Dioxide Ring Opening Copolymerization Catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:10451-10464. [PMID: 38589774 PMCID: PMC11027146 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
While outstanding catalysts are known for the ring-opening copolymerization (ROCOP) of CO2 and propene oxide (PO), few are reported at low CO2 pressure. Here, a new series of Co(III)M(I) heterodinuclear catalysts are compared. The Co(III)K(I) complex shows the best activity (TOF = 1728 h-1) and selectivity (>90% polymer, >99% CO2) and is highly effective at low pressures (<10 bar). CO2 insertion is a prerate determining chemical equilibrium step. At low pressures, the concentration of the active catalyst depends on CO2 pressure; above 12 bar, its concentration is saturated, and rates are independent of pressure, allowing the equilibrium constant to be quantified for the first time (Keq = 1.27 M-1). A unified rate law, applicable under all operating conditions, is presented. As proof of potential, published data for leading literature catalysts are reinterpreted and the CO2 equilibrium constants estimated, showing that this unified rate law applies to other systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina
H. S. Eisenhardt
- Department Chemistry, University
of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Francesca Fiorentini
- Department Chemistry, University
of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Wouter Lindeboom
- Department Chemistry, University
of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Charlotte K. Williams
- Department Chemistry, University
of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
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2
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Seo YH, Lee MR, Lee DY, Park JH, Seo HJ, Park SU, Kim H, Kim SJ, Lee BY. Preparation of Well-Defined Double-Metal Cyanide Catalysts for Propylene Oxide Polymerization and CO 2 Copolymerization. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:1414-1426. [PMID: 38166391 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Reevaluating the composition of the double metal cyanide catalyst (DMC) as a salt of (NC)6Co3- anions with 1:1 Zn2+/(X)Zn+ cations (X = Cl, RO, AcO), we prepared a series of well-defined DMCs, [ClZn+][Zn2+][(NC)6Co3-][ROH], [(RO)Zn+][Zn2+][(NC)6Co3-], [(AcO)Zn+][Zn2+][(NC)6Co3-], [(RO)Zn+]p[ClZn+](1-p)[Zn2+][(NC)6Co3-], [(AcO)Zn+]p[(tBuO)Zn+]q[Zn2+][(NC)6Co3-], and [(AcO)Zn+]p[(tBuO)Zn+]q[ClZn+]r[Zn2+][(NC)6Co3-]. The structure of [(MeOC3H6O)Zn+][Zn2+][(NC)6Co3-] was precisely determined at the atomic level through Rietveld refinement of the synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data. By evaluating the catalyst's performance in both propylene oxide (PO) polymerization and PO/CO2 copolymerization, a correlation between structure and performance was established on various aspects including activity, dispersity, unsaturation level, and carbonate fraction in the resulting polyols. Ultimately, our study identified highly efficient catalysts that outperformed the state-of-the-art benchmark DMC not only in PO polymerization [DMC-(OAc/OtBu/Cl)(0.59/0.38/0.15)] but also in PO/CO2 copolymerization [DMC-(OAc/OtBu)(0.95/0.08)].
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeong Hyun Seo
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, 206 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Ryu Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, 206 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Young Lee
- Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, 206 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hyeong Park
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, 206 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Jeong Seo
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, 206 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Uk Park
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, 206 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjin Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, 206 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Joo Kim
- Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, 206 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Bun Yeoul Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, 206 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
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Nagae H, Matsushiro S, Okuda J, Mashima K. Cationic tetranuclear macrocyclic CaCo 3 complexes as highly active catalysts for alternating copolymerization of propylene oxide and carbon dioxide. Chem Sci 2023; 14:8262-8268. [PMID: 37564411 PMCID: PMC10411860 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00974b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We found that a cationic hetero tetranuclear complex including a calcium and three cobalts exhibited high catalytic activity toward alternating copolymerization of propylene oxide (PO) and carbon dioxide (CO2). The tertiary anilinium salt [PhNMe2H][B(C6F5)4] was the best additive to generate the cationic species while maintaining polymer selectivity and carbonate linkage, even under 1.0 MPa CO2. Density functional theory calculations clarified that the reaction pathway mediated by the cationic complex is more favorable than that mediated by the neutral complex by 1.0 kcal mol-1. We further found that the flexible ligand exchange between Ca and Co ions is important for the alternating copolymerization to proceed smoothly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruki Nagae
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Saki Matsushiro
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Jun Okuda
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 D-52062 Aachen Germany
| | - Kazushi Mashima
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
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Li X, Meng L, Zhang Y, Qin Z, Meng L, Li C, Liu M. Research and Application of Polypropylene Carbonate Composite Materials: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:2159. [PMID: 35683832 PMCID: PMC9182813 DOI: 10.3390/polym14112159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The greenhouse effect and plastic pollution caused by the accumulation of plastics have led to a global concern for environmental protection, as well as the development and application of biodegradable materials. Polypropylene carbonate (PPC) is a biodegradable polymer with the function of "carbon sequestration", which has the potential to mitigate the greenhouse effect and the plastic crisis. It has the advantages of good ductility, oxygen barrier and biocompatibility. However, the mechanical and thermal properties of PPC are poor, especially the low thermal degradation temperature, which limits its industrial use. In order to overcome this problem, PPC can be modified using environmentally friendly materials, which can also reduce the cost of PPC-based products to a certain extent and enhance their competitiveness in terms of improving their mechanical and thermal properties. In this paper, we present different perspectives on the synthesis, properties, degradation, modification and post-modification applications of PPC. The modification part mainly introduces the influence of inorganic materials, natural polymer materials and degradable polymers on the performance of PPC. It is hoped that this work will serve as a reference for the early promotion of PPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangrui Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihua University, Jilin City 132013, China; (X.L.); (L.M.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Q.)
| | - Lingyu Meng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihua University, Jilin City 132013, China; (X.L.); (L.M.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Q.)
| | - Yinliang Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihua University, Jilin City 132013, China; (X.L.); (L.M.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Q.)
| | - Zexiu Qin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihua University, Jilin City 132013, China; (X.L.); (L.M.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Q.)
| | - Lipeng Meng
- Jilin Forestry Research Institute, Jilin City 130117, China;
| | - Chunfeng Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihua University, Jilin City 132013, China; (X.L.); (L.M.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Q.)
| | - Mingli Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihua University, Jilin City 132013, China; (X.L.); (L.M.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Q.)
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Sorbelli D, Belanzoni P, Belpassi L, Lee J, Ciancaleoni G. An ETS-NOCV-based computational strategies for the characterization of concerted transition states involving CO 2. J Comput Chem 2022; 43:717-727. [PMID: 35194805 PMCID: PMC9303928 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Due to the presence of both a slightly acidic carbon and a slightly basic oxygen, carbon dioxide is often involved in concerted transition states (TSs) with two (or more) different molecular events interlaced in the same step. The possibility of isolating and quantitatively evaluating each molecular event would be important to characterize and understand the reaction mechanism in depth. This could be done, in principle, by measuring the relevant distances in the optimized TS, but often distances are not accurate enough, especially in the presence of many simultaneous processes. Here, we have applied the Extended Transition State-Natural Orbital for Chemical Valence-method (ETS-NOCV), also in combination with the Activation Strain Model (ASM) and Energy Decomposition Analysis (EDA), to separate and quantify these molecular events at the TS of both organometallic and organic reactions. For the former, we chose the decomposition of formic acid to CO2 by an iridium catalyst, and for the latter, a CO2 -mediated transamidation and its chemical variations (hydro- and aminolysis of an ester) as case studies. We demonstrate that the one-to-one mapping between the "molecular events" and the ETS-NOCV components is maintained along the entire lowest energy path connecting reactants and products around the TS, thus enabling a detailed picture on the relative importance of each interacting component. The methodology proposed here provides valuable insights into the effect of different chemical substituents on the reaction mechanism and promises to be generally applicable for any concerted TSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Sorbelli
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and BiotechnologyUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaI‐06123Italy
| | - Paola Belanzoni
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and BiotechnologyUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaI‐06123Italy
- CNR Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies “Giulio Natta” (CNR‐SCITEC), c/o Department of ChemistryBiology and Biotechnology, University of PerugiaPerugiaI‐06123Italy
| | - Leonardo Belpassi
- CNR Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies “Giulio Natta” (CNR‐SCITEC), c/o Department of ChemistryBiology and Biotechnology, University of PerugiaPerugiaI‐06123Italy
| | - Ji‐Woong Lee
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenØ 2100Denmark
- Nanoscience CenterUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenØ 2100Denmark
| | - Gianluca Ciancaleoni
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial ChemistryUniversity of PisaPisaI‐56124Italy
- CIRCCBariItaly
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Seo YH, Hyun YB, Lee HJ, Lee HC, Lee JH, Jeong SM, Lee BY. CO2/Propylene Oxide Copolymerization with a Bifunctional Catalytic System Composed of Multiple Ammonium Salts and a Salen Cobalt Complex Containing Sulfonate Anions. Macromol Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-021-9094-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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7
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Seo YH, Hyun YB, Lee HJ, Baek JW, Lee HC, Lee JH, Lee J, Lee BY. Preparation of double-metal cyanide catalysts with H3Co(CN)6 for propylene oxide homo- and CO2-copolymerization. J CO2 UTIL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2021.101755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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8
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Theoretical Study on Epoxide Ring-opening in CO2/Epoxide Copolymerization Catalyzed by Bifunctional Salen-Type Cobalt(III) Complexes: Influence of Stereoelectronic Factors. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11030328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Propylene oxide (PO) binding and ring-opening reaction with the bifunctional CO2/epoxide copolymerization catalyst, based on the Co(III)-salcy complex including two quaternary ammonium salts with n-butyl substituents (N+-chains) were investigated by Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations and compared with the model systems without the N+-chains. The importance of the different possible stereoisomers and the stereoselectivity of these processes for (S)- and (R)-enantiomers of PO were considered. To explore the conformational space for the real catalyst, a complex approach, developed previously was applied. The calculations for the model systems directly demonstrate that PO-ring opening proceeds preferentially in trans catalysts’ configuration and no participation of cis-β isomers is viable; nucleophilic attack at the methylene-carbon atom is preferred over that at methine-carbon atom. For the real bifunctional catalyst, with the (S,S)-configuration of cyclohexane, the results indicate a preference of (R)-PO ring-opening over (S)-PO ring-opening (ca. 6:5). Concerning stereoisomers resulting from the orientation of N+-chains in the real catalyst, different groups of structures participate in the ring-opening reaction for (R)-PO, and different for (S)-PO. The high population of nonreactive complexes of (R)-PO may be the key factor responsible for decreasing the activity of the analyzed catalyst in the epoxide ring-opening reaction.
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Prasad D, Patil KN, Chaudhari NK, Kim H, Nagaraja BM, Jadhav AH. Paving way for sustainable earth-abundant metal based catalysts for chemical fixation of CO2 into epoxides for cyclic carbonate formation. CATALYSIS REVIEWS-SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/01614940.2020.1812212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Divya Prasad
- Centre for Nano and Material Science (CNMS), Jain University, Jain Global Campus, 562112, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Komal N. Patil
- Centre for Nano and Material Science (CNMS), Jain University, Jain Global Campus, 562112, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Nitin K. Chaudhari
- Department of Chemistry, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382007, India
| | - Hern Kim
- Department of Energy Science and Technology, Smart Living Innovation Technology Center, Myongji University, 17058, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Bhari Mallanna Nagaraja
- Centre for Nano and Material Science (CNMS), Jain University, Jain Global Campus, 562112, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Arvind H. Jadhav
- Centre for Nano and Material Science (CNMS), Jain University, Jain Global Campus, 562112, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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