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Khalil K, Shahnaz, Ludwig R, Tighezza AM, Ayub K, Mahmood T, Gilani MA. Unraveling the role of superalkalis in modulating the static and dynamic hyperpolarizabilities of emerging calix[4]arenes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:6794-6805. [PMID: 38323625 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04825j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Calixarenes, as novel organic materials, can play a pivotal role in the development of high-performance nonlinear optical materials due to the ease of design and fabrication. In this study, DFT simulations were employed to investigate the geometric, electronic, and NLO responses of calix[4]arene doped with Li3O, Na3O, and K3O superalkalis. The computed values of the vertical ionization energies and interaction energies indicate the chemical and thermodynamic stabilities of the targeted M3O@calix[4]arene complexes. The corresponding energy gaps (2.01 to 3.49 eV) are notably reduced, indicating the semiconductor nature of the materials. Surprisingly, the M3O@calix[4]arene complexes exhibit transparency in the UV/visible range as the absorption peaks are shifted in the near infrared (NIR) region. The highest values of 5.9 × 105 a.u. and 2.3 × 108 a.u. for the respective first and second hyperpolarizabilities are observed for Na3O@calix[4]arene. Furthermore, the Na3O@calix[4]arene complex exhibits maximum values of 2.3 × 105 a.u. for second harmonic generation (SHG) and (K3O@calix[4]arene) 2.3 × 106 a.u. for the electro-optical Pockels effect (EOPE) at 1064 nm. Similarly, approximations are made for the dynamic second hyperpolarizability coefficients (EOKE and EFISHG) at different wavelengths. Notably, the Na3O@calix[4]arene complex demonstrates the highest quadratic nonlinear refractive index (n2) of 9.5 × 10-15 cm2 W-1 at 1064 nm. This research paves the way for the development of stable calix[4]arenes doped with superalkalis, leading to an improved nonlinear optical (NLO) response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalida Khalil
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore 54600, Pakistan.
| | - Shahnaz
- Department of Chemistry, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ralf Ludwig
- University of Rostock, Institute of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Albert-Einstein-Straße 27, Rostock 18059, Germany
- University of Rostock, Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research, Department Science and Technology of Life, Light and Matter, Rostock 18059, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Rostock 18059, Germany
| | - Ammar M Tighezza
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khurshid Ayub
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Tariq Mahmood
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Sakhir P. O. Box 32038, Bahrain
| | - Mazhar Amjad Gilani
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore 54600, Pakistan.
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Toward the design of inorganic–organic hybrid Ir(III) complexes containing borazine and benzene ligands with excellent second-order NLO responses: An appropriate substitution and π-conjugated extension. J Mol Liq 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.121081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Exploring the effect of complexant on remarkably high static and dynamic second hyperpolarizability of aziridine-based diffuse electron systems: a theoretical study. Struct Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-022-01989-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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