The expression of melanoma-associated antigen A (MAGE-A) in oral squamous cell carcinoma: an evaluation of the significance for tumor prognosis

MAGEA9 Expression in Vocal Fold Leukoplakia and Its Enhancement of Vocal Fold Leukoplakia Epithelial Cell Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion Through the NF-kB-MMP-2/9 Pathway

PURPOSE

The expression of MAGE-A9 in vocal fold leukoplakia (VFL) tissues and the mechanism underlying its role in the malignant transformation of VFL remain unclear. This study investigated the role of MAGE-A9 in the proliferation, migration, and invasion of VFL epithelial cells as well as the underlying regulatory mechanism.

METHODS

MAGE-A9 expression in VFL tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry. The CCK-8 assay, flow cytometry, and transwell assays were performed to determine the viability, cell cycle distribution and apoptosis, as well as migration and invasion, respectively, of primary cultured VFL epithelial cells. Ki67, cell cycle proteins, and proteins in the NF-kB-MMP-2/9 pathway were assessed by Western blotting.

RESULTS

MAGE-A9 expression was detected in 54.5% (18/33) of vocal fold polyps, 48.9% (44/90) of VFLs, and 84.8% (28/33) of laryngeal cancers. Significantly higher levels of expression were found in laryngeal cancer than in vocal fold polyps and VFL tissues (P < 0.001). The expression of MAGE-A9 tended to increase with the severity of VFL dysplasia. In VFL epithelial cells, the overexpression of MAGE-A9 significantly increased the viability, proliferation, migration, and invasion of the cells and reduced the level of apoptosis. The cell cycle effects of MAGE-A9 overexpression included an increased proportion of cells in the G2 and S phases and a decreased proportion of those in the G1 phase (P = 0.002), leading to an altered G1/S phase transition. MAGE-A9 overexpression also significantly increased p-IKBα, p-p65, MMP2, and MMP9 levels while decreasing those of IKBα. All of the effects of MAGE-A9 were inhibited by treating the cells with the IκBα phosphorylation inhibitor BAY 11-7082.

CONCLUSION

MAGE-A9 expression tended to increase with the severity of dysplasia in VFL and was significantly higher in laryngeal cancer than in VFL. MAGE-A9 was shown to promote the proliferation, migration, and invasion of VFL epithelial cells via the NF-kB pathway and downstream targets such as MMP-2/9.

Analysis of the Clinical Value of MAGE-A9 Expressions in Cervical Cancer Tissues and PBMC

Objective

The aim of this study is to explore the expressions and clinical significance of melanoma-associated antigen-A9 (MAGE-A9) in cervical cancer tissues and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC).

Methods

108 patients who were scheduled to undergo cervical conization or extensive hysterectomy between March 2019 and January 2021 due to cervical lesions were selected by convenient sampling. According to postoperative pathological results, the patients were divided into a cervical cancer group (n = 64) and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) group (n = 44). The expression levels of MAGE-A9 mRNA in cervical lesion tissues and PBMC were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR, and the expression of MAGE-A9 protein in lesion tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry. The correlation between MAGE-A9 mRNA expressions in cancer tissues and PBMC and serum tumor markers in patients with cervical cancer and the relationship between MAGE-A9 protein expression in cancer tissues and clinicopathological characteristics were analyzed, and a receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC curve) was drawn to explore the diagnostic value of MAGE-A9 mRNA expressions in cancer tissues and PBMC on cervical cancer.

Results

The expression levels of MAGE-A9 mRNA in cervical lesion tissues and PBMC in the cervical cancer group were significantly higher than those in the CIN group (P < 0.05), and the levels of serum SCC-Ag, CA-125, and CEA were significantly higher than those in the CIN group (P < 0.05). The positive rate of the MAGE-A9 protein expression in cervical lesion tissues in the cervical cancer group was significantly higher than that in the CIN group (P < 0.05). The expression levels of MAGE-A9 mRNA in cancer tissues and PBMC of patients with cervical cancer were positively correlated with serum SCC-Ag, CA-125, and CEA (P < 0.05). The positive rate of the MAGE-A9 protein expression in cervical cancer tissues was related to FIGO stage, tumor diameter, degree of differentiation, lymph node metastasis, and high-risk HPV infection (P < 0.05) and was not correlated with age and pathological type (P > 0.05). The areas under the ROC curves of MAGE-A9 mRNA in lesion tissue and MAGE-A9 mRNA in PBMC were 0.925 and 0.900 in the diagnosis of cervical cancer (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

The expressions of MAGE-A9 in cancer tissues and PBMC of patients with cervical cancer are upregulated, which is related to the levels of serum tumor markers and the progression of disease. MAGE-A9 is expected to become an important marker for the diagnosis of early cervical cancer.

Oncogenic activity and cellular functionality of melanoma associated antigen A3

Cancer testis antigen Melanoma associated antigen A3 (MAGE-A3) has been subject of research for many years. Being expressed in various tumor types and influencing proliferation, metastasis, and tumor pathogenicity, MAGE-A3 is an attractive target for cancer therapy, particularly because in healthy tissues, MAGE-A3 is only expressed in testes and placenta. MAGE-A3 acts as a cellular master regulator by stimulating E3 ubiquitin ligase tripartite motif-containing protein 28 (TRIM28), resulting in regulation of various cellular targets. These include tumor suppressor protein p53 and cellular energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). The restricted expression of MAGE-A3 in tumor cells makes MAGE-A3 an attractive target for vaccine-based immune therapy. However, although phase I and phase II clinical trials involving MAGE-A3-specific immunotherapeutic interventions were promising, large phase III studies failed. This article gives an overview about the role of MAGE-A3 as a cellular master switch and discusses approaches to improve MAGE-A3-based immunotherapies.

Epigenetic Upregulation of MAGE-A Isoforms Promotes Breast Cancer Cell Aggressiveness

Simple Summary

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease that has complex causes and mechanisms of development. Currently, patient treatment options depend on the breast cancer molecular subtype, which is classified based on the presence or absence of hormone receptors and HER2. However, this classification system has limitations in terms of predicting responsiveness to anticancer drugs and patient outcomes. In this study, we present a new approach to classifying molecular breast cancer subtypes: it is based on changes in histone modifications in the promoter region of the MAGEA12 locus, which we found related closely to MAGEA12 expression and MAGEA12-associated malignancy of breast cancer cells.

Abstract

After decades-long efforts to diagnose and treat breast cancer, the management strategy that has proved most successful to date is molecular-subtype-specific inhibition of the hormone receptors and HER2 that are expressed by individual cancers. Melanoma-associated antigen (MAGE) proteins comprise >40 highly conserved members that contain the MAGE homology domain. They are often overexpressed in multiple cancers and contribute to cancer progression and metastasis. However, it remains unclear whether the biological activity arising from MAGE gene expression is associated with breast cancer subtypes. In this study, we analyzed the RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) data of 70 breast cancer cell lines and found that MAGEA12 and MAGEA3 were highly expressed in a subset of these lines. Significantly, MAGEA12 and MAGEA3 expression levels were independent of hormone receptor expression levels but were closely associated with markers of active histone modifications. This indicates that overexpression of these genes is attributable to epigenetic deregulation. RNA-seq of MAGEA12-depleted cells was then used to identify 382 candidate targets of MAGEA12 that were downregulated by MAGEA12 depletion. Furthermore, our gain-of-function experiments showed that MAGEA12 overexpression promoted aggressive behaviors of malignant breast cancer cells, including enhancing their cell migration and invasion. These changes were associated with increased epigenetic deregulation of the MAGEA12 signature genes. Thus, MAGEA12 may play an important role in breast cancer malignancy. Taken together, our findings suggest that MAGEA12 could be a promising therapeutic target in breast cancer, and its overexpression and epigenetic changes could serve as subtype classification biomarkers.

Emerging roles of the MAGE protein family in stress response pathways

The melanoma antigen (MAGE) proteins all contain a MAGE homology domain. MAGE genes are conserved in all eukaryotes and have expanded from a single gene in lower eukaryotes to ∼40 genes in humans and mice. Whereas some MAGEs are ubiquitously expressed in tissues, others are expressed in only germ cells with aberrant reactivation in multiple cancers. Much of the initial research on MAGEs focused on exploiting their antigenicity and restricted expression pattern to target them with cancer immunotherapy. Beyond their potential clinical application and role in tumorigenesis, recent studies have shown that MAGE proteins regulate diverse cellular and developmental pathways, implicating them in many diseases besides cancer, including lung, renal, and neurodevelopmental disorders. At the molecular level, many MAGEs bind to E3 RING ubiquitin ligases and, thus, regulate their substrate specificity, ligase activity, and subcellular localization. On a broader scale, the MAGE genes likely expanded in eutherian mammals to protect the germline from environmental stress and aid in stress adaptation, and this stress tolerance may explain why many cancers aberrantly express MAGEs Here, we present an updated, comprehensive review on the MAGE family that highlights general characteristics, emphasizes recent comparative studies in mice, and describes the diverse functions exerted by individual MAGEs.

MAGE-A genes as predictors of the outcome of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma

Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors in the head and neck area. Melanoma-associated antigens A (MAGE-A) are strictly tumor-specific and are expressed in several types of tumors. To date, no studies have reported the potential of MAGE-A genes as markers for circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in patients with LSCC. The present study aimed to evaluate the expression and the possible prognostic significance of MAGE-A in the peripheral blood of patients with LSCC. In the present study, the expression of MAGE-A genes was determined by multiplex semi-nested PCR and restriction endonuclease treatment of the peripheral blood of patients with LSCC. The association between MAGE-A gene expression and clinicopathological parameters and prognosis was evaluated. The results demonstrated that the expression of MAGE-A was associated with the predictors that indicate poor prognosis. The expression levels of MAGE-A and each individual MAGE-A gene were also associated with a shorter overall survival time of patients with LSCC. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggested that the expression of MAGE-A genes may be a potential prognostic marker for patients with LSCC.

The association of melanoma-associated antigen-A gene expression with clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis in resected non-small-cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis

Our goal was to explore the association of melanoma-associated antigen-A (MAGE-A) gene expression with clinicopathological parameters and survival rates in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who had surgery. A systematic search of EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science and The Cochrane Library databases was performed through 20 April 2019. The combined risk ratios (RRs) and hazard ratios (HRs) with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to assess the association of MAGE-A gene expression with clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of patients with resected NSCLC, respectively. All statistical analyses were performed with Stata software, version 12.0. A total of 9 articles involving 1538 patients were included in our meta-analysis; most of the studies were from Asian countries. The results indicated that the expression of the MAGE-A gene was significantly correlated with lymph node metastases (RR 1.21, 95% CI 1.09-1.34; P = 0.001), high tumour-node-metastasis stage (RR 1.24, 95% CI 1.12-1.38; P < 0.001), histological type (squamous cell carcinoma) (RR 1.82, 95% CI 1.15-2.87; P = 0.01), poor overall survival (HR 2.11, 95% CI 1.73-2.57; P < 0.001) and cancer-specific survival (HR 1.76, 95% CI 1.12-2.78; P = 0.015). MAGE-A gene expression is related to tumour development and metastasis and is more prevalent in squamous cell carcinomas of the lung; besides, it is an independent prognostic factor for patients with resected NSCLC.