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Ming T, Lan T, Yu M, Wang H, Deng J, Kong D, Yang S, Shen Z. Platinum Black/Gold Nanoparticles/Polyaniline Modified Electrochemical Microneedle Sensors for Continuous In Vivo Monitoring of pH Value. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2796. [PMID: 37447441 DOI: 10.3390/polym15132796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Continuous in vivo monitoring (CIVM) of pH value is essential for personalized medicine, as many diseases are closely related to acid-base imbalances. However, conventional pH meters are limited in their ability to perform CIVM due to excessive blood consumption, large device volume, frequent calibration, and inadequate real-time monitoring. There is thus an urgent need for a portable method for CIVM of pH value. To address this need, we propose a minimally invasive, continuous monitoring solution in the form of an implantable pH microneedle sensor (MNS) in this study. The MNS is based on the integration of an acupuncture needle (AN) and a Ag/AgCl reference electrode. We fabricate the sensor by electrochemically depositing platinum black and gold nanoparticles onto the AN and further modifying it with polyaniline to increase its sensitivity to hydrogen ions. The pH value is obtained by calculating the open circuit voltage between the modified AN and the reference electrode. The resulting MNS demonstrates excellent selectivity and a high nernstian response to pH (-57.4 mV per pH) over a broad range (pH = 4.0 to pH = 9.0). Both in vitro and in vivo experiments have verified the performance of the sensor, showcasing its potential for biomedical research and clinical practice. The MNS provides an alternative to conventional pH meters, offering a less invasive and more convenient way to perform CIVM of pH value. Moreover, this electrochemical implantable sensor based on AN and silver wires provides a simple and sensitive method for continuous in vivo detection of other biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ming
- Research Institute of Transplant Medicine, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin 300190, China
| | - Tingting Lan
- Research Institute of Transplant Medicine, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin 300190, China
| | - Mingxing Yu
- Research Institute of Transplant Medicine, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin 300190, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Juan Deng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Deling Kong
- Research Institute of Transplant Medicine, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin 300190, China
| | - Shuang Yang
- Research Institute of Transplant Medicine, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin 300190, China
| | - Zhongyang Shen
- Research Institute of Transplant Medicine, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin 300190, China
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2
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A simplified methodology: pH sensing using an in situ fabricated Ir electrode under neutral conditions. J Solid State Electrochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-021-05017-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractHerein, a simplified fabrication method for the producing of a pH-sensitive iridium electrode is developed. The in situ electrochemical fabrication of an iridium oxide film is optimized and shown to be achievable under neutral conditions rather than the acidic conditions hitherto employed. The formation of a pH sensitive Ir(III/IV) hydrous film is confirmed via XPS. The amperometric pH-sensing properties of this electrochemically generated material were investigated using square wave voltammetry. In the pH range 2–13, the iridium oxide redox signal has a pH dependency of 86.1 ± 1.1 mV per pH unit for midpoint potentials with uncertainties being ± 0.01–0.05 pH. Finally, the newly developed pH sensor was used to measure the pH of a natural water sample with excellent results as compared to a conventional glass pH probe.
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3
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Hydrothermally reduced graphene oxide as a sensing material for electrically transduced pH sensors. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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4
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Srinivas S, Ashokkumar K, Sriraghavan K, Senthil Kumar A. A prototype device of microliter volume voltammetric pH sensor based on carbazole-quinone redox-probe tethered MWCNT modified three-in-one screen-printed electrode. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13905. [PMID: 34230547 PMCID: PMC8260652 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93368-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
As an alternate for the conventional glass-based pH sensor which is associated with problems like fragile nature, alkaline error, and potential drift, the development of a new redox-sensitive pH probe-modified electrode that could show potential, current-drift and surface-fouling free voltammetric pH sensing is a demanding research interest, recently. Herein, we report a substituted carbazole-quinone (Car-HQ) based new redox-active pH-sensitive probe that contains benzyl and bromo-substituents, immobilized multiwalled carbon nanotube modified glassy carbon (GCE/MWCNT@Car-HQ) and screen-printed three-in-one (SPE/MWCNT@Car-HQ) electrodes for selective, surface-fouling free pH sensor application. This new system showed a well-defined surface-confined redox peak at an apparent standard electrode potential, Eo' = - 0.160 V versus Ag/AgCl with surface-excess value, Γ = 47 n mol cm-2 in pH 7 phosphate buffer solution. When tested with various electroactive chemicals and biochemicals such as cysteine, hydrazine, NADH, uric acid, and ascorbic acid, MWCNT@Car-HQ showed an unaltered redox-peak potential and current values without mediated oxidation/reduction behavior unlike the conventional hydroquinone, anthraquinone and other redox mediators based voltammetry sensors with serious electrocatalytic effects and in turn potential and current drifts. A strong π-π interaction, nitrogen-atom assisted surface orientation and C-C bond formation on the graphitic structure of MWCNT are the plausible reasons for stable and selective voltammetric pH sensing application of MWCNT@Car-HQ system. Using a programed/in-built three-in-one screen printed compatible potentiostat system, voltammetric pH sensing of 3 μL sample of urine, saliva, and orange juice samples with pH values comparable to that of milliliter volume-based pH-glass electrode measurements has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakthivel Srinivas
- Nano and Bioelectrochemistry Research Laboratory, Carbon Dioxide Research and Green Technology Centre, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632 014, India
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632 014, India
| | - Krishnan Ashokkumar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632 014, India
| | - Kamaraj Sriraghavan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632 014, India.
| | - Annamalai Senthil Kumar
- Nano and Bioelectrochemistry Research Laboratory, Carbon Dioxide Research and Green Technology Centre, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632 014, India.
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632 014, India.
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Morshed M, Wang J, Gao M, Wang Z. Poly-2-amino-benzonitrile, a wide dynamic pH linear responding material. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lucio AJ, Macpherson JV. Combined Voltammetric Measurement of pH and Free Chlorine Speciation Using a Micro-Spot sp2 Bonded Carbon–Boron Doped Diamond Electrode. Anal Chem 2020; 92:16072-16078. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J. Lucio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Julie V. Macpherson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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Zhu H, Hassan T, Kabir H, May J, Hamal K, Lopez R, Smith HJ, Nicholas NW, Sankaran P, McIlroy DN, Cheng IF. Voltammetric pH sensor based on electrochemically modified pseudo-graphite. Analyst 2020; 145:7252-7259. [PMID: 33164011 DOI: 10.1039/d0an01405b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
A nanocrystalline graphite-like amorphous carbon (graphite from the University of Idaho thermolyzed asphalt reaction, GUITAR) shares morphological features with classical graphites, including basal and edge planes (BP, EP). However, unlike graphites and other sp2-hybridized carbons, GUITAR has fast heterogenous electron transfer (HET) across its basal planes, and resistance to corrosion similar to sp3-C and boron-doped diamond electrodes. In this contribution, quinoid modified BP-GUITAR (q-GUITAR) is examined as a sensor for pH determination. This modification is performed by applying 2.0 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) for 150 seconds followed by 15 cyclic voltammetric scans from -0.7 to 1.0 V at 50 mV s-1 in 1.0 M H2SO4. The quinoid surface coverage of q-GUITAR is 1.35 × 10-9 mol cm-2, as measured by cyclic voltammetry. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis also confirms the high surface coverage. The quinoid surface concentration ranks highest in literature when compared with other basal plane graphitic materials. This yields a sensor that responds through a square wave voltammetric reduction peak shift of 63.3 mV per pH over a pH range from 0 to 11. The response on q-GUITAR is stable for >20 measurements and no surface re-activation is required between the measurements. The common interferents, Na+, K+ and dissolved oxygen, have no effect on the response of the q-GUITAR-based pH sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Zhu
- University of Idaho, Department of Chemistry, 875 Perimeter Dr., MS 2343, Moscow, ID 83844, USA.
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Rajan TS, Read TL, Abdalla A, Patel BA, Macpherson JV. Ex Vivo Electrochemical pH Mapping of the Gastrointestinal Tract in the Absence and Presence of Pharmacological Agents. ACS Sens 2020; 5:2858-2865. [PMID: 32633120 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c01020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ex vivo pH profiling of the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract (of a mouse), using an electrochemical pH probe, in both the absence and presence of pharmacological agents aimed at altering acid/bicarbonate production, is reported. Three pH electrodes were first assessed for suitability using a GI tract biological mimic buffer solution containing 0.5% mucin. These include a traditional glass pH probe, an iridium oxide (IrOx)-coated electrode (both operated potentiometrically), and a quinone (Q) surface-integrated boron-doped diamond (BDD-Q) electrode (voltammetric). In mucin, the time scale for both IrOx and glass to provide a representative pH reading was in the ∼100's of s, most likely due to mucin adsorption, in contrast to 6 s with the BDD-Q electrode. Both the glass and IrOx pH electrodes were also compromised on robustness due to fragility and delamination (IrOx) issues; contact with the GI tissue was an experimental requirement. BDD-Q was deemed the most appropriate. Ten measurements were made along the GI tract, esophagus (1), stomach (5), and duodenum (4). Under buffer only conditions, the BDD-Q probe tracked the pH from neutral in the esophagus to acidic in the stomach and rising to more alkaline in the duodenum. In the presence of omeprazole, a proton pump inhibitor, the body regions of the stomach exhibited elevated pH levels. Under melatonin treatment (a bicarbonate agonist and acid inhibitor), both the body of the stomach and the duodenum showed elevated pH levels. This study demonstrates the versatility of the BDD-Q pH electrode for real-time ex vivo biological tissue measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teena S. Rajan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
- Diamond Science and Technology CDT, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Tania L. Read
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Aya Abdalla
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Science, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4AT, U.K
| | - Bhavik A. Patel
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Science, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4AT, U.K
| | - Julie V. Macpherson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
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Valenzuela ML, Jara-Ulloa P, Rodriguez L, Cisternas R. Electrochemical Study of Poly(aryloxyphosphazenes) Functionalized with COOH and NO2 Groups. In Search of New Applications. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-019-01123-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Read TL, Cobb SJ, Macpherson JV. An sp 2 Patterned Boron Doped Diamond Electrode for the Simultaneous Detection of Dissolved Oxygen and pH. ACS Sens 2019; 4:756-763. [PMID: 30793885 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A hybrid sp2-sp3 electrochemical sensor comprising patterned regions of nondiamond-carbon (sp2) in a boron doped diamond (sp3) matrix is described for the simultaneous voltammetric detection of dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH in buffered aqueous solutions. Using a laser micropatterning process it is possible to write mechanically robust regions of sp2 carbon into a BDD electrode. These regions both promote the electrocatalytic reduction of oxygen and facilitate the proton coupled electron transfer of quinone groups, integrated into the surface of the sp2 carbon. In this way, in one voltammetric sweep (time of measurement ∼4 s) it is possible to determine both the DO concentration and solution pH. By varying the sp2 pattern the response can be optimized toward both analytes. Using a closely spaced sp2 microspot array, a linear response toward DO, across the range 0.0 to 8.0 mg L-1 (0.0 to 0.25 mM; sensitivity = -8.77 × 10-8 A L mg-1, R2 = 0.9991) and pH range 4-10 (sensitivity = 59.7 mV pH-1, R2 = 0.9983) is demonstrated. The electrode is also capable of measuring both DO concentration and pH in the more complex buffered environment of blood. Finally, we show how the peak position for ORR is independent of pH, and thus via measurement of the difference in ORR and pH peak position, internal referencing is possible. Such electrodes show great promise for use in applications ranging from biomedical sensing to water analysis.
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11
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Chaisiwamongkhol K, Batchelor-McAuley C, Compton RG. Amperometric micro pH measurements in oxygenated saliva. Analyst 2018; 142:2828-2835. [PMID: 28702560 DOI: 10.1039/c7an00809k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An amperometric micro pH sensor has been developed based on the chemical oxidation of carbon fibre surfaces (diameter of 9 μm and length of ca. 1 mm) to enhance the population of surface quinone groups for the measurement of salivary pH. The pH analysis utilises the electrochemically reversible two-electron, two-proton behaviour of surface quinone groups on the micro-wire electrodes. A Nernstian response is observed across the pH range 2-8 which is the pH range of many biological fluids. We highlight the measurement of pH in small volumes of biological fluids without the need for oxygen removal and specifically the micro pH electrode is examined by measuring the pH of commercial synthetic saliva and authentic human saliva samples. The results correspond well with those obtained by using commercial glass pH electrodes on large volume samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korbua Chaisiwamongkhol
- Department of Chemistry, Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK.
| | - Christopher Batchelor-McAuley
- Department of Chemistry, Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK.
| | - Richard G Compton
- Department of Chemistry, Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK.
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12
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Cobb SJ, Ayres ZJ, Newton ME, Macpherson JV. Deconvoluting Surface-Bound Quinone Proton Coupled Electron Transfer in Unbuffered Solutions: Toward a Universal Voltammetric pH Electrode. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 141:1035-1044. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b11518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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13
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Jehnert D, Werner B, Schiering N, Hanheiser K, Vogt C, Dreyer A, Spitzer P, Dziomba T, Felgner A, Hagedorn D. The effect of platinum electrode surfaces on precise primary pH measurements. J Solid State Electrochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-018-4144-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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14
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The aqueous deposition of a pH sensitive quinone on carbon paste electrodes using linear sweep voltammetry. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2018.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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18
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Ayres ZJ, Borrill AJ, Newland JC, Newton ME, Macpherson JV. Controlled sp2 Functionalization of Boron Doped Diamond as a Route for the Fabrication of Robust and Nernstian pH Electrodes. Anal Chem 2015; 88:974-80. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zoë J. Ayres
- Departments of Chemistry and ‡Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra J. Borrill
- Departments of Chemistry and ‡Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan C. Newland
- Departments of Chemistry and ‡Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Mark E. Newton
- Departments of Chemistry and ‡Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Julie. V. Macpherson
- Departments of Chemistry and ‡Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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19
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Lu M, Compton RG. Voltammetric pH sensing using carbon electrodes: glassy carbon behaves similarly to EPPG. Analyst 2015; 139:4599-605. [PMID: 25046424 DOI: 10.1039/c4an00866a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Developing and building on recent work based on a simple sensor for pH determination using unmodified edge plane pyrolytic graphite (EPPG) electrodes, we present a voltammetric method for pH determination using a bare unmodified glassy carbon (GC) electrode. By exploiting the pH sensitive nature of quinones present on carbon edge-plane like sites within the GC, we show how GC electrodes can be used to measure pH. The electro-reduction of surface quinone groups on the glassy carbon electrode was characterised using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and optimised with square-wave voltammetry (SWV) at 298 K and 310 K. At both temperatures, a linear correlation was observed, corresponding to a 2 electron, 2 proton Nernstian response over the aqueous pH range 1.0 to 13.1. As such, unmodified glassy carbon electrodes are seen to be pH dependent, and the Nernstian response suggests its facile use for pH sensing. Given the widespread use of glassy carbon electrodes in electroanalysis, the approach offers a method for the near-simultaneous measurement and monitoring of pH during such analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK.
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20
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Lu M, Compton RG. Voltammetric pH sensor based on an edge plane pyrolytic graphite electrode. Analyst 2015; 139:2397-403. [PMID: 24671261 DOI: 10.1039/c4an00147h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A simple sensor for pH determination is reported using unmodified edge plane pyrolytic graphite (EPPG) electrodes. The analysis is based on the electro-reduction of surface quinone groups on the EPPG which was characterised using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and optimised with square-wave voltammetry (SWV). Under optimised conditions, a linear response is observed between the peak potential and pH with a gradient of ∼59 mV per pH (at 25 °C), which corresponds well with Nernstian behaviour based on a 2 proton, 2 electron system over the aqueous pH range 1.0 to 13.0. As such, an EPPG is suggested as a reagent free and robust pH sensing material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK.
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21
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Dai C, Song P, Wadhawan JD, Fisher AC, Lawrence NS. Screen Printed Alizarin-Based Carbon Electrodes: Monitoring pH in Unbuffered Media. ELECTROANAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201400704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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22
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Dai C, Crawford LP, Song P, Fisher AC, Lawrence NS. A novel sensor based on electropolymerized substituted-phenols for pH detection in unbuffered systems. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra22595g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymeric waves associated with the electrochemical oxidation of salicylaldehyde and its derivatives exhibit Nernstian responses to pH variations in both buffered and unbuffered media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chencheng Dai
- Schlumberger Gould Research Center
- Cambridge CB3 0 EL
- UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- Cambridge
| | | | - Peng Song
- Schlumberger Gould Research Center
- Cambridge CB3 0 EL
- UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- Cambridge
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23
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1,3-Dioxolane: A green solvent for the preparation of carbon nanotube-modified electrodes. Electrochem commun 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2014.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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24
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Ji X, Wang J, Zhang B, Song Q. Flow Injection Determination of the Alkaline Compositions in Boiler Water Based on the Response Curve Modeling. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-014-1222-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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25
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26
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Manu Panicker R, Priya S. Fabrication of flexible conducting thin films of copper-MWCNT from multi-component aqueous suspension by electrodeposition. J Solid State Electrochem 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-013-2279-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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27
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Park W, Kim S. Triggerable single-component two-electrode voltammetric pH sensors using dyad molecules. Electrochem commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2012.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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28
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Using of Ti/Co3O4/PbO2/(SnO2+Sb2O3) modified electrode as indicator electrode in potentiometric and conductometric titration in aqueous solution. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2011.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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29
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Verma P, Maire P, Novák P. Concatenation of electrochemical grafting with chemical or electrochemical modification for preparing electrodes with specific surface functionality. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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30
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Guin PS, Das S, Mandal PC. Electrochemical Reduction of Quinones in Different Media: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.4061/2011/816202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The electron transfer reactions involving quinones, hydroquinones, and catechols are very important in many areas of chemistry, especially in biological systems. The therapeutic efficiency as well as toxicity of anthracycline anticancer drugs, a class of anthraquinones, is governed by their electrochemical properties. Other quinones serve as important functional moiety in various biological systems like electron-proton carriers in the respiratory chain and their involvement in photosynthetic electron flow systems. The present paper summarizes literatures on the reduction of quinones in different solvents under various conditions using different electrochemical methods. The influence of different reaction conditions including pH of the media, nature of supporting electrolytes, nature of other additives, intramolecular or intermolecular hydrogen bonding, ion pair formation, polarity of the solvents, stabilization of the semiquinone and quinone dianion, catalytic property, and adsorption at the electrode surface, are discussed and relationships between reaction conditions and products formed have been presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Sarathi Guin
- Department of Chemistry, Shibpur Dinobundhoo Institution (College), 412/1 G. T. Road (South), Howrah 711102, India
| | - Saurabh Das
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - P. C. Mandal
- Chemical Sciences Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF-Bidhannagar, Kolkata 700064, India
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Scholz F, Kahlert H, Hasse U, Albrecht A, Tagne Kuate AC, Jurkschat K. A solid-state redox buffer as interface of solid-contact ISEs. Electrochem commun 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2010.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Makos MA, Omiatek DM, Ewing AG, Heien ML. Development and characterization of a voltammetric carbon-fiber microelectrode pH sensor. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:10386-91. [PMID: 20380393 PMCID: PMC4774550 DOI: 10.1021/la100134r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This work describes the development and characterization of a modified carbon-fiber microelectrode sensor capable of measuring real-time physiological pH changes in biological microenvironments. The reagentless sensor was fabricated under ambient conditions from voltammetric reduction of the diazonium salt Fast Blue RR onto a carbon-fiber surface in aprotic media. Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry was used to probe redox activity of the p-quinone moiety of the surface-bound molecule as a function of pH. In vitro calibration of the sensor in solutions ranging from pH 6.5 to 8.0 resulted in a pH-dependent anodic peak potential response. Flow-injection analysis was used to characterize the modified microelectrode, revealing sensitivity to acidic and basic changes discernible to 0.005 pH units. Furthermore, the modified electrode was used to measure dynamic in vivo pH changes evoked during neurotransmitter release in the central nervous system of the microanalytical model organism Drosophila melanogaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique A. Makos
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, 125 Chemistry Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Donna M. Omiatek
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, 125 Chemistry Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Andrew G. Ewing
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, 125 Chemistry Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, 10 Kemivagen, SE-41296, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Michael L. Heien
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, 125 Chemistry Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Kampouris DK, Kadara RO, Jenkinson N, Banks CE. Screen printed electrochemical platforms for pH sensing. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2009; 1:25-28. [PMID: 32938138 DOI: 10.1039/b9ay00025a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We explore the possible use of screen printing technology for fabricating disposable electrochemical platforms for the sensing of pH. These screen printed pH sensors incorporate the pH sensitive phenanthraquinone moiety which undergoes a Nernstian potential shift with pH, and the pH insensitive dimethylferrocene which acts as an internal reference. This generic approach offers a calibration-less and reproducible approach for portable pH measurements with the possibility of miniaturisation allowing incorporation into existing sensing devices. The advantages, limitations and future prospects of this fabrication approach for producing electrochemical platforms for pH sensing are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios K Kampouris
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Biology, Chemistry and Health Science, Division of Chemistry and Materials, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, UKM1 5GD.
| | - Rashid O Kadara
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Biology, Chemistry and Health Science, Division of Chemistry and Materials, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, UKM1 5GD.
| | - Norman Jenkinson
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Biology, Chemistry and Health Science, Division of Chemistry and Materials, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, UKM1 5GD.
| | - Craig E Banks
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Biology, Chemistry and Health Science, Division of Chemistry and Materials, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, UKM1 5GD.
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Pandurangappa M, Ramakrishnappa T. Microwave-assisted functionalization of glassy carbon spheres: electrochemical and mechanistic studies. J Solid State Electrochem 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-009-0834-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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