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Habibi B, Pashazadeh A, Pashazadeh S, Saghatforoush LA. A new method for the preparation of MgAl layered double hydroxide-copper metal-organic frameworks structures: application to electrocatalytic oxidation of formaldehyde. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5222. [PMID: 38433243 PMCID: PMC10909854 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55770-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
In this research, we present a novel design protocol for the in-situ synthesis of MgAl layered double hydroxide-copper metal-organic frameworks (LDH-MOFs) nanocomposite based on the electrocoagulation process and chemical method. The overall goal in this project is the primary synthesis of para-phthalic acid (PTA) intercalated MgAl-LDH with Cu (II) ions to produce the paddle-wheel like Cu-(PTA) MOFs nanocrystals on/in the MgAl-LDH structure. The physicochemical properties of final product; Cu-(PTA) MOFs/MgAl-LDH, were characterized by the surface analysis and chemical identification methods (SEM, EDX, TEM, XRD, BET, FTIR, CHN, DLS, etc.). The Cu-(PTA) MOFs/MgAl-LDH nanocomposite was used to modification of the carbon paste electrode (CPE); Cu-(PTA) MOFs/MgAl-LDH/CPE. The electrochemical performance of Cu-(PTA) MOFs/MgAl-LDH/CPE was demonstrated through the utilization of electrochemical methods. The results show a stable redox behavior of the Cu (III)/Cu (II) at the surface of Cu-(PTA) MOFs/MgAl-LDH/CPE in alkaline medium (aqueous 0.1 M NaOH electrolyte). Then, the Cu-(PTA) MOFs/MgAl-LDH/CPE was used as a new electrocatalyst toward the oxidation of formaldehyde (FA). Electrochemical data show that the Cu-(PTA) MOFs/MgAl-LDH/CPE exhibits superior electrocatalytic performance on the oxidation of FA. Also the diffusion coefficient, exchange current density (J°) and mean value of catalytic rate constant (Kcat) were found to be 1.18 × 10-6 cm2 s-1, 23 mA cm-2 and 0.4537 × 104 cm3 mol-1 s-1, respectively. In general, it can be said the Cu-(PTA) MOFs/MgAl-LDHs is promising candidate for applications in direct formaldehyde fuel cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biuck Habibi
- Electroanalytical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, 53714-161, Iran
| | - Ali Pashazadeh
- Electroanalytical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, 53714-161, Iran.
| | - Sara Pashazadeh
- Electroanalytical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, 53714-161, Iran
| | - Lotf Ali Saghatforoush
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, Tehran, 19395-4697, Islamic Republic of Iran
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Trafela Š, Krishnamurthy A, Soderžnik KŽ, Kavčič U, Karlovits I, Klopčič B, Šturm S, Žužek K. IoT Electrochemical Sensor with Integrated Ni(OH) 2-Ni Nanowires for Detecting Formaldehyde in Tap Water. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:4676. [PMID: 37430588 DOI: 10.3390/s23104676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Simple, low-cost methods for sensing volatile organic compounds that leave no trace and do not have a detrimental effect on the environment are able to protect communities from the impacts of contaminants in water supplies. This paper reports the development of a portable, autonomous, Internet of Things (IoT) electrochemical sensor for detecting formaldehyde in tap water. The sensor is assembled from electronics, i.e., a custom-designed sensor platform and developed HCHO detection system based on Ni(OH)2-Ni nanowires (NWs) and synthetic-paper-based, screen-printed electrodes (pSPEs). The sensor platform, consisting of the IoT technology, a Wi-Fi communication system, and a miniaturized potentiostat can be easily connected to the Ni(OH)2-Ni NWs and pSPEs via a three-terminal electrode. The custom-made sensor, which has a detection capability of 0.8 µM/24 ppb, was tested for an amperometric determination of the HCHO in deionized (DI) and tap-water-based alkaline electrolytes. This promising concept of an electrochemical IoT sensor that is easy to operate, rapid, and affordable (it is considerably cheaper than any lab-grade potentiostat) could lead to the straightforward detection of HCHO in tap water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Špela Trafela
- Department for Nanostructured Materials, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova c. 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Abhilash Krishnamurthy
- Department for Nanostructured Materials, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova c. 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova c. 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kristina Žagar Soderžnik
- Department for Nanostructured Materials, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova c. 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova c. 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Urška Kavčič
- Pulp and Paper Institute, Bogišićeva 8, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Igor Karlovits
- Pulp and Paper Institute, Bogišićeva 8, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Beno Klopčič
- Department for Nanostructured Materials, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova c. 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sašo Šturm
- Department for Nanostructured Materials, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova c. 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova c. 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kristina Žužek
- Department for Nanostructured Materials, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova c. 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova c. 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Eshagh-Nimvari S, Hassaninejad-Darzi SK. Electrocatalytic Performance of Nickel Hydroxide-Decorated Microporous Nanozeolite Beta-Modified Carbon Paste Electrode for Formaldehyde Oxidation. Electrocatalysis (N Y) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12678-022-00799-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Radi AE, Ashour WFD, Elshafey R. Glycerol Electrocatalytic Oxidation on Nickel Hydroxide Nanoparticles/Poly-Eriochrome Black T Modified Electrode. Electrocatalysis (N Y) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12678-022-00755-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Ali MM, Mitchell JJ, Burwell G, Rejnhard K, Jenkins CA, Daghigh Ahmadi E, Sharma S, Guy OJ. Application of Molecular Vapour Deposited Al 2O 3 for Graphene-Based Biosensor Passivation and Improvements in Graphene Device Homogeneity. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2121. [PMID: 34443952 PMCID: PMC8398646 DOI: 10.3390/nano11082121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Graphene-based point-of-care (PoC) and chemical sensors can be fabricated using photolithographic processes at wafer-scale. However, these approaches are known to leave polymer residues on the graphene surface, which are difficult to remove completely. In addition, graphene growth and transfer processes can introduce defects into the graphene layer. Both defects and resist contamination can affect the homogeneity of graphene-based PoC sensors, leading to inconsistent device performance and unreliable sensing. Sensor reliability is also affected by the harsh chemical environments used for chemical functionalisation of graphene PoC sensors, which can degrade parts of the sensor device. Therefore, a reliable, wafer-scale method of passivation, which isolates the graphene from the rest of the device, protecting the less robust device features from any aggressive chemicals, must be devised. This work covers the application of molecular vapour deposition technology to create a dielectric passivation film that protects graphene-based biosensing devices from harsh chemicals. We utilise a previously reported "healing effect" of Al2O3 on graphene to reduce photoresist residue from the graphene surface and reduce the prevalence of graphene defects to improve graphene device homogeneity. The improvement in device consistency allows for more reliable, homogeneous graphene devices, that can be fabricated at wafer-scale for sensing and biosensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Munem Ali
- Centre for NanoHealth, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK; (J.J.M.); (E.D.A.)
| | - Jacob John Mitchell
- Centre for NanoHealth, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK; (J.J.M.); (E.D.A.)
| | - Gregory Burwell
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK; (G.B.); (K.R.)
| | - Klaudia Rejnhard
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK; (G.B.); (K.R.)
| | | | - Ehsaneh Daghigh Ahmadi
- Centre for NanoHealth, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK; (J.J.M.); (E.D.A.)
| | - Sanjiv Sharma
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Bay Campus, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK;
| | - Owen James Guy
- Centre for NanoHealth, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK; (J.J.M.); (E.D.A.)
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
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Abbasi HY, Tehrani Z, Devadoss A, Ali MM, Moradi-Bachiller S, Albani D, Guy OJ. Graphene based electrochemical immunosensor for the ultra-sensitive label free detection of Alzheimer's beta amyloid peptides Aβ(1-42). NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:2295-2304. [PMID: 36133757 PMCID: PMC9419744 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00801j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
An immunosensor capable of high sensitivity detection of beta-amyloid peptides, shown to be a reliable biomarker for Alzheimer's disease, has been developed using screen printed graphene electrodes (SPGEs) modified with ultra-thin layers of polymerised 1,5-diaminonaphthalene (pDAN). Electropolymerization of 1,5-diaminonaphthalene (DAN) was performed to coat the graphene screen printed electrodes in a continuous polymer layer with controlled thickness. The surface characteristics of pristine graphene and polymer modified graphene electrodes were examined using Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The effects of polymer thickness on the electron transfer rates were investigated. An immunosensor for selective detection of beta amyloid peptides Aβ(1-42) was developed via biofunctionalization of the pDAN modified SPGE with the anti-beta amyloid antibody used as the peptide bioreceptor. The immunosensor has been used for specific detection of Aβ(1-42) with a linear range of 1 pg mL-1 to 1000 pg mL-1 and showed 1.4 pg mL-1 and 4.25 pg mL-1 detection and quantification limit, respectively. The biosensor was further validated for the analysis of spiked human plasma. The immunosensor enables rapid, accurate, precise, reproducible and highly sensitive detection of Aβ(1-42) using a low-cost SPGE platform, which opens the possibilities for diagnostic ex vivo applications and research-based real time studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hina Y Abbasi
- Centre for NanoHealth, College of Engineering, Swansea University Swansea SA2 8PP UK +44 (0) 1792 606475 +44 (0) 1792 513181
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Swansea University Swansea SA2 8PP UK
| | - Zari Tehrani
- Centre for NanoHealth, College of Engineering, Swansea University Swansea SA2 8PP UK +44 (0) 1792 606475 +44 (0) 1792 513181
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Swansea University Swansea SA2 8PP UK
| | - Anitha Devadoss
- Centre for NanoHealth, College of Engineering, Swansea University Swansea SA2 8PP UK +44 (0) 1792 606475 +44 (0) 1792 513181
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Swansea University Swansea SA2 8PP UK
| | - Muhammad Munem Ali
- Centre for NanoHealth, College of Engineering, Swansea University Swansea SA2 8PP UK +44 (0) 1792 606475 +44 (0) 1792 513181
| | - Soraya Moradi-Bachiller
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS Via La Masa 19 20156 Milan Italy
| | - Diego Albani
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS Via La Masa 19 20156 Milan Italy
| | - Owen J Guy
- Centre for NanoHealth, College of Engineering, Swansea University Swansea SA2 8PP UK +44 (0) 1792 606475 +44 (0) 1792 513181
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Swansea University Swansea SA2 8PP UK
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Trafela Š, Zavašnik J, Šturm S, Žužek Rožman K. Controllable voltammetric formation of a structurally disordered NiOOH/Ni(OH)2 redox pair on Ni-nanowire electrodes for enhanced electrocatalytic formaldehyde oxidation. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.137180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Ehsan MA, Rehman A. Facile and scalable fabrication of nanostructured nickel thin film electrodes for electrochemical detection of formaldehyde. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:4028-4036. [PMID: 32744279 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay00821d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates were deposited with thin metallic nickel films, having distinguishable surface morphologies, via a rapid, facile, and scalable approach i.e., aerosol assisted chemical vapor deposition (AACVD). The growth patterns of the nickel deposits were studied, showing a coalescing behavior as a function of the deposition time in a hierarchical fashion. These studies were followed by electrochemical measurements to design an efficient sensor for formaldehyde detection. The electrochemical responses were correlated with the surface characteristics of the films, whereas the optimized parameters were subjected to the evaluation of sensing performances. The developed sensor demonstrated a detection limit of 8.3 × 10-6 M and a sensitivity of 0.18 A M-1 within a linear range of 0-6.5 mM. Further, the sensor showed a response time of less than 5 s, selectivity against similar concentrations of methanol and formaldehyde, and recovery of ∼102% in a spiked fruit juice sample. Finally, the commercial viability of the fabrication procedure is tested using batch production analysis, and the high reproducibility of the data shows a promising future in mass production. It is envisaged that such low-cost fabrication procedures can be converted into many useful applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali Ehsan
- Center of Research Excellence in Nanotechnology (CENT), King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
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Trafela Š, Zavašnik J, Šturm S, Rožman KŽ. Formation of a Ni(OH)2/NiOOH active redox couple on nickel nanowires for formaldehyde detection in alkaline media. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Hassan KM. Electrochemical sensing and simultaneous determination of ascorbic acid, dopamine and uric acid at nickel nanoparticles/poly (1,2-diaminoanthraquinone) modified electrode. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-018-1297-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ali Shah AUH, Yasmeen N, Rahman G, Bilal S. High Electrocatalytic Behaviour of Ni Impregnated Conducting Polymer Coated Platinum and Graphite Electrodes for Electrooxidation of Methanol. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.12.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Zabihi MS, Raoof JB, Sohrabi MR, Hosseini SR, Bamoharram FF. Application of phosphotungstic acid–nickel composite-modified carbon paste electrode for electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol in alkaline solution. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-016-0927-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Preparation of a novel supported electrode comprising a nickel (II) hydroxide-modified carbon paste electrode (Ni(OH)2-X/CPE) for the electrocatalytic oxidation of formaldehyde. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(15)60990-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Raoof JB, Hosseini SR, Ojani R, Aghajani S. Fabrication of bimetallic Cu/Pd particles modified carbon nanotube paste electrode and its use towards formaldehyde electrooxidation. J Mol Liq 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2015.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Electrochemical and analytical applications for NADH detection at glassy carbon electrode modified with nickel nanoparticles dispersed on poly 1,5-diaminonaphthalene. J Solid State Electrochem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-014-2705-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Norouzi B, Sarvinehbaghi S, Norouzi M. Electrocatalytic oxidation of formaldehyde on Ni/Poly(N,N-Dimethylaniline) (sodium dodecylsulfate) modified carbon paste electrode in alkaline medium. RUSS J ELECTROCHEM+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1023193514110068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Hassan K, Elhaddad G, Abdel Azzem M. Simultaneous determination of ascorbic acid, uric acid and glucose using glassy carbon electrode modified by nickel nanoparticles at poly 1, 8-diaminonaphthalene in basic medium. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Ojani R, Raoof JB, Zamani S. A New and Simple Electrocatalyst for Formaldehyde Oxidation; Nickel/poly(o-Anisidine)/Film Modified Ionic Liquid Carbon Paste Electrode. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201200504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Raoof JB, Chekin F, Ojani R, Ghodrati S. Ni/ZSM-5 Zeolite Modified Carbon Paste Electrode as an Efficient Electrode for Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Formaldehyde. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201200372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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References. Anal Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1201/b11478-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Raoof JB, Ojani R, Hosseini SR. Electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol onto platinum particles decorated nanostructured poly (1,5-diaminonaphthalene) film. J Solid State Electrochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-012-1697-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Nickel modified ionic liquid/carbon paste electrode for highly efficient electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol in alkaline medium. J Solid State Electrochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-012-1671-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Marjanović B, Juranić I, Ćirić-Marjanović G, Mojović M, Pašti I, Janošević A, Trchová M, Holler P, Horský J. Chemical oxidative polymerization of ethacridine. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Guedes da Silva Q, Vieira Barbosa N, de Pieri Troiani E, Censi Faria R. Electrochemical Determination of Norepinephrine on Cathodically Pretreated Poly(1,5-diaminonaphthalene) Modified Electrode. ELECTROANAL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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