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M de Farias D, Pradela-Filho LA, Arantes IVS, Gongoni JLM, Veloso WB, Meloni GN, Paixão TRLC. Sulfanilamide Electrochemical Sensor Using Phenolic Substrates and CO 2 Laser Pyrolysis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:56424-56432. [PMID: 37982226 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c11462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
The concentration of environmental pollutants needs to be monitored constantly by reliable analytical methods since they pose a public health risk. Developing simple and affordable sensors for such pollutants can allow for large-scale monitoring economically. Here, we develop a simple electrochemical sensor for sulfanilamide (SFD) quantification using a phenolic resin substrate and a CO2 laser to pyrolyze the sensor geometry over the substrate. The sensors are modified with carbon nanotubes via a simple drop-casting procedure. The carbon nanotube loading effect the electrochemical performance toward a redox probe and analytical performance for SFD detection is investigated, showing no net benefit beyond 1 mg L-1 of carbon nanotubes. The effects of the modification on the SFD oxidation are shown to be more than just an electrode area effect and possibly attributed to the fast electron transfer kinetics of the carbon nanotubes. SFD detection is performed at small solution volumes under static (800 μL) and hydrodynamic conditions (3 mL) in a fully integrated, miniaturized batch-injection analyses cell. Both methods have a similar linear range from 10.0 to 115.0 μmol L-1 and high selectivity for SFD determination. Both systems are used to quantify SFD in real samples as a proof of concept, showcasing the proposed device's applicability as a sensor for environmental and public health monitoring of SFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davi M de Farias
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Lauro A Pradela-Filho
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Iana V S Arantes
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Juliana L M Gongoni
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - William B Veloso
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Gabriel N Meloni
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Thiago R L C Paixão
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
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2
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Ataide VN, Pradela-Filho LA, Ameku WA, Negahdary M, Oliveira TG, Santos BG, Paixão TRLC, Angnes L. Paper-based electrochemical biosensors for the diagnosis of viral diseases. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:276. [PMID: 37368054 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05856-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Paper-based electrochemical analytical devices (ePADs) have gained significant interest as promising analytical units in recent years because they can be fabricated in simple ways, are low-cost, portable, and disposable platforms that can be applied in various fields. In this sense, paper-based electrochemical biosensors are attractive analytical devices since they can promote diagnose several diseases and potentially allow decentralized analysis. Electrochemical biosensors are versatile, as the measured signal can be improved by using mainly molecular technologies and nanomaterials to attach biomolecules, resulting in an increase in their sensitivity and selectivity. Additionally, they can be implemented in microfluidic devices that drive and control the flow without external pumping and store reagents, and improve the mass transport of analytes, increasing sensor sensitivity. In this review, we focus on the recent developments in electrochemical paper-based devices for viruses' detection, including COVID-19, Dengue, Zika, Hepatitis, Ebola, AIDS, and Influenza, among others, which have caused impacts on people's health, especially in places with scarce resources. Also, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the main electrode's fabrication methods, device designs, and biomolecule immobilization strategies. Finally, the perspectives and challenges that need to be overcome to further advance paper-based electrochemical biosensors' applications are critically presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa N Ataide
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Lauro A Pradela-Filho
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Wilson A Ameku
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Masoud Negahdary
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Thawan G Oliveira
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Berlane G Santos
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago R L C Paixão
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lúcio Angnes
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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3
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Lisboa TP, Couto da Silva G, Oliveira RS, Veríssimo de Oliveira WB, Cunha de Souza C, Costa Matos MA, Matos RC. Electrochemical monitoring of levofloxacin using a silver nanoparticle-modified disposable device based on a lab-made conductive ink. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:2262-2269. [PMID: 37129413 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay00499f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of bacteria genetically resistant to first- and second-generation fluoroquinolones has resulted in increased consumption of levofloxacin (LEV) in human and veterinary medicine. In this regard, the development of low cost and good sensitivity electrochemical devices has been highly required. Thus, in this work, we propose the development of a disposable electrochemical device (DED) using a lab-made conductive ink based on graphite powder and nail polish immobilized on a rigid polyvinyl chloride support (transparent sheet). Additionally, a simple and quick protocol for the electrodeposition of silver nanoparticles was used in order to improve the electroanalytical performance of the sensor (2.75-fold). A differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) method was optimized and the sensor was applied for LEV monitoring in pharmaceutical formulation samples, synthetic urine and simulated body fluid. The method showed a wide linear working range ranging from 0.5 to 50 μmol L-1 and a detection limit of 68.3 nmol L-1. Furthermore, the precision was adequate (RSD < 4.7%), while the accuracy was evaluated through spiked samples with percent recovery ranging from 93 to 103%. The sensor was also shown to be selective for LEV against other electroactive antibiotic species, thus demonstrating suitable characteristics for electroanalytical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thalles Pedrosa Lisboa
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Juiz de For a, 36026-900, Juiz de Fora-MG, Brazl.
| | - Gabriela Couto da Silva
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Juiz de For a, 36026-900, Juiz de Fora-MG, Brazl.
| | - Raylla Santos Oliveira
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Juiz de For a, 36026-900, Juiz de Fora-MG, Brazl.
| | | | - Cassiano Cunha de Souza
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Juiz de For a, 36026-900, Juiz de Fora-MG, Brazl.
| | | | - Renato Camargo Matos
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Juiz de For a, 36026-900, Juiz de Fora-MG, Brazl.
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Pradela-Filho LA, Veloso WB, Arantes IVS, Gongoni JLM, de Farias DM, Araujo DAG, Paixão TRLC. Paper-based analytical devices for point-of-need applications. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:179. [PMID: 37041400 PMCID: PMC10089827 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05764-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Paper-based analytical devices (PADs) are powerful platforms for point-of-need testing since they are inexpensive devices fabricated in different shapes and miniaturized sizes, ensuring better portability. Additionally, the readout and detection systems can be accomplished with portable devices, allying with the features of both systems. These devices have been introduced as promising analytical platforms to meet critical demands involving rapid, reliable, and simple testing. They have been applied to monitor species related to environmental, health, and food issues. Herein, an outline of chronological events involving PADs is first reported. This work also introduces insights into fundamental parameters to engineer new analytical platforms, including the paper type and device operation. The discussions involve the main analytical techniques used as detection systems, such as colorimetry, fluorescence, and electrochemistry. It also showed recent advances involving PADs, especially combining optical and electrochemical detection into a single device. Dual/combined detection systems can overcome individual barriers of the analytical techniques, making possible simultaneous determinations, or enhancing the devices' sensitivity and/or selectivity. In addition, this review reports on distance-based detection, which is also considered a trend in analytical chemistry. Distance-based detection offers instrument-free analyses and avoids user interpretation errors, which are outstanding features for analyses at the point of need, especially for resource-limited regions. Finally, this review provides a critical overview of the practical specifications of the recent analytical platforms involving PADs, demonstrating their challenges. Therefore, this work can be a highly useful reference for new research and innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauro A Pradela-Filho
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Fundamental Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil.
| | - William B Veloso
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Fundamental Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Iana V S Arantes
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Fundamental Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Juliana L M Gongoni
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Fundamental Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Davi M de Farias
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Fundamental Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Diele A G Araujo
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Fundamental Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Thiago R L C Paixão
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Fundamental Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil.
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5
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Rocha RG, de Faria LV, Silva VF, Muñoz RAA, Richter EM. Carbon Black Integrated Polylactic Acid Electrodes Obtained by Fused Deposition Modeling: A Powerful Tool for Sensing of Sulfanilamide Residues in Honey Samples. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:3060-3067. [PMID: 36720110 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c07814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Sulfanilamide (SFL) is used to prevent infections in honeybees. However, many regulatory agencies prohibit or establish maximum levels of SFL residues in honey samples. Hence, we developed a low-cost and portable electrochemical method for SFL detection using a disposable device produced through 3D printing technology. In the proposed approach, the working electrode was printed using a conductive filament based on carbon black and polylactic acid and it was associated with square wave voltammetry (SWV). Under optimized SWV parameters, linear concentration ranges (1-10 μmol L-1 and 12.5-35.0 μmol L-1), a detection limit of 0.26 μmol L-1 (0.05 mg L-1), and suitable RSD values (2.4% for inter-electrode; n = 3) were achieved. The developed method was selective in relation to other antibiotics applied in honey samples, requiring only dilution in the electrolyte. The recovery values (85-120%) obtained by SWV were statistically similar (95% confidence level) to those obtained by HPLC, attesting to the accuracy of the analysis and the absence of matrix interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel G Rocha
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Avenida João Naves de Avila, 2121, 38408-100 Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lucas V de Faria
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Avenida João Naves de Avila, 2121, 38408-100 Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vanessa F Silva
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Avenida João Naves de Avila, 2121, 38408-100 Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A A Muñoz
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Avenida João Naves de Avila, 2121, 38408-100 Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Bioanalysis-INCTBio, 13083-970 Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo M Richter
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Avenida João Naves de Avila, 2121, 38408-100 Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Bioanalysis-INCTBio, 13083-970 Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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6
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Kuswandi B, Hidayat MA, Noviana E. Paper-Based Electrochemical Biosensors for Food Safety Analysis. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:1088. [PMID: 36551055 PMCID: PMC9775995 DOI: 10.3390/bios12121088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, foodborne pathogens and other food contaminants are among the major contributors to human illnesses and even deaths worldwide. There is a growing need for improvements in food safety globally. However, it is a challenge to detect and identify these harmful analytes in a rapid, sensitive, portable, and user-friendly manner. Recently, researchers have paid attention to the development of paper-based electrochemical biosensors due to their features and promising potential for food safety analysis. The use of paper in electrochemical biosensors offers several advantages such as device miniaturization, low sample consumption, inexpensive mass production, capillary force-driven fluid flow, and capability to store reagents within the pores of the paper substrate. Various paper-based electrochemical biosensors have been developed to enable the detection of foodborne pathogens and other contaminants that pose health hazards to humans. In this review, we discussed several aspects of the biosensors including different device designs (e.g., 2D and 3D devices), fabrication techniques, and electrode modification approaches that are often optimized to generate measurable signals for sensitive detection of analytes. The utilization of different nanomaterials for the modification of electrode surface to improve the detection of analytes via enzyme-, antigen/antibody-, DNA-, aptamer-, and cell-based bioassays is also described. Next, we discussed the current applications of the sensors to detect food contaminants such as foodborne pathogens, pesticides, veterinary drug residues, allergens, and heavy metals. Most of the electrochemical paper analytical devices (e-PADs) reviewed are small and portable, and therefore are suitable for field applications. Lastly, e-PADs are an excellent platform for food safety analysis owing to their user-friendliness, low cost, sensitivity, and a high potential for customization to meet certain analytical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bambang Kuswandi
- Chemo and Biosensors Group, Faculty of Farmasi, University of Jember, Jember 68121, Indonesia
| | - Mochammad Amrun Hidayat
- Chemo and Biosensors Group, Faculty of Farmasi, University of Jember, Jember 68121, Indonesia
| | - Eka Noviana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
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de Souza CC, Lisboa TP, de Oliveira WBV, Abarza Muñoz RA, Costa Matos MA, Matos RC. Simple strategy for the detection of the amoxicillin antibiotic in different matrices using a low-cost paper electrode. Talanta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.124050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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8
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Lisboa TP, de Cássia Moreira B, Cunha de Souza C, Veríssimo de Oliveira WB, Costa Matos MA, Matos RC. A pencil graphite-based disposable device for electrochemical monitoring of sulfanilamide in honey and water samples. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:3867-3874. [PMID: 36129347 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay01137a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The present paper reports a simple, fast, and inexpensive process of manufacturing a disposable pencil graphite electrode (PGE) from widely available materials, which showed a reproducibility of at least 7.5%. The electrode was compared to the commercial glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and showed superior electroanalytical performance for sulfanilamide (SFA) with approximately 3.9-fold higher current density. Additionally, a displacement of the oxidation peak from approximately 80 mV to more cathodic regions was observed. Therefore, a method based on square wave voltammetry (SWV) was developed for the determination of the antimicrobial SFA in honey and tap water samples using the proposed sensor. The optimized method presented good detectability (LOD = 2.37 μmol L-1), with excellent precision and accuracy (relative standard deviation < 4.2%) and percent recovery from spiked samples ranging from 92 to 97%. In addition, the sensor did not suffer significant interference from sample matrix components and other commonly evaluated antimicrobials, which demonstrates the potential of these electrodes for implementation in routine analysis and quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thalles Pedrosa Lisboa
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 36026-900, Juiz de Fora-MG, Brazil.
| | - Bianca de Cássia Moreira
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 36026-900, Juiz de Fora-MG, Brazil.
| | - Cassiano Cunha de Souza
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 36026-900, Juiz de Fora-MG, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Renato Camargo Matos
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 36026-900, Juiz de Fora-MG, Brazil.
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9
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Figueira Alves G, Vinícius de Faria L, Pedrosa Lisboa T, Cunha de Souza C, Luiz Mendes Fernandes B, Auxiliadora Costa Matos M, Camargo Matos R. A portable and affordable paper electrochemical platform for the simultaneous detection of sunset yellow and tartrazine in food beverages and desserts. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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10
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Alves GF, de Faria LV, Lisboa TP, Matos MAC, Matos RC. Electrochemical exfoliation of graphite from pencil lead to graphene sheets: a feasible and cost-effective strategy to improve ciprofloxacin sensing. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-022-01755-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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de Souza CC, Alves GF, Lisboa TP, Matos MAC, Matos RC. Low-cost paper-based electrochemical sensor for the detection of ciprofloxacin in honey and milk samples. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Lisboa TP, Alves GF, de Faria LV, de Souza CC, Matos MAC, Matos RC. 3D-printed electrode an affordable sensor for sulfanilamide monitoring in breast milk, synthetic urine, and pharmaceutical formulation samples. Talanta 2022; 247:123610. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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13
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Beitollahi H, Tajik S, Di Bartolomeo A. Application of MnO2 Nanorod–Ionic Liquid Modified Carbon Paste Electrode for the Voltammetric Determination of Sulfanilamide. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13040598. [PMID: 35457903 PMCID: PMC9028730 DOI: 10.3390/mi13040598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The current work introduced a convenient single-phase hydrothermal protocol to fabricate MnO2 nanorods (MnO2 NRs). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) were used to determine the characteristics of MnO2 NR. Then, ionic liquid (IL) and MnO2 NRs were utilized to modify a carbon paste electrode (CPE) surface (MnO2NR-IL/CPE) to voltammetrically sense the sulfanilamide (SAA). An enhanced voltammetric sensitivity was found for the as-developed modified electrode toward SAA when compared with a bare electrode. The optimization experiments were designed to achieve the best analytical behavior of the SAA sensor. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) in the optimized circumstances portrayed a linear dependence on various SAA levels (between 0.07 and 100.0 μM), possessing a narrow detection limit (0.01 μM). The ability of the modified electrode to be used in sensor applications was verified in the determination of SAA present in the actual urine and water specimens, with impressive recovery outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Beitollahi
- Environment Department, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman 7631885356, Iran;
| | - Somayeh Tajik
- Research Center of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7616913555, Iran
- Correspondence: (S.T.); (A.D.B.)
| | - Antonio Di Bartolomeo
- Physics Department “E.R. Caianiello”, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
- Correspondence: (S.T.); (A.D.B.)
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Motshakeri M, Sharma M, Phillips ARJ, Kilmartin PA. Electrochemical Methods for the Analysis of Milk. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:2427-2449. [PMID: 35188762 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c06350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The milk and dairy industries are some of the most profitable sectors in many countries. This business requires close control of product quality and continuous testing to ensure the safety of the consumers. The potential risk of contaminants or degradation products and undesirable chemicals necessitates the use of fast, reliable detection tools to make immediate production decisions. This review covers studies on the application of electrochemical methods to milk (i.e., voltammetric and amperometric) to quantify different analytes, as reported over the last 10 to 15 years. The review covers a wide range of analytes, including allergens, antioxidants, organic compounds, nitrogen- and aldehyde containing compounds, biochemicals, heavy metals, hydrogen peroxide, nitrite, and endocrine disruptors. The review also examines pretreatment procedures applied to milk samples and the use of novel sensor materials. Final perspectives are provided on the future of cost-effective and easy-to-use electrochemical sensors and their advantages over conventional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Motshakeri
- Polymer Biointerface Centre, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Manisha Sharma
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Anthony R J Phillips
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag, 92019 Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Paul A Kilmartin
- Polymer Biointerface Centre, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
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