1
|
Richardson EA, Ho B, Huang A. Atypical Teratoid Rhabdoid Tumour : From Tumours to Therapies. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2018; 61:302-311. [PMID: 29742888 PMCID: PMC5957315 DOI: 10.3340/jkns.2018.0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumours (ATRTs) are the most common malignant central nervous system tumours in children ≤1 year of age and represent approximately 1–2% of all pediatric brain tumours. ATRT is a primarily monogenic disease characterized by the bi-allelic loss of the SMARCB1 gene, which encodes the hSNF5 subunit of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex. Though conventional dose chemotherapy is not effective in most ATRT patients, high dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplant, radiotherapy and/or intrathecal chemotherapy all show significant potential to improve patient survival. Recent epigenetic and transcriptional studies highlight three subgroups of ATRT, each with distinct clinical and molecular characteristics with corresponding therapeutic sensitivities, including epigenetic targeting, and inhibition of tyrosine kinases or growth/lineage specific pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Anne Richardson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ben Ho
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Annie Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Georgakis MK, Kalogirou EI, Liaskas A, Karalexi MA, Papathoma P, Ladopoulou K, Kantzanou M, Tsivgoulis G, Petridou ET. Anthropometrics at birth and risk of a primary central nervous system tumour: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer 2017; 75:117-131. [PMID: 28219020 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2016.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aetiology of primary central nervous system (CNS) tumours remains largely unknown, but their childhood peak points to perinatal parameters as tentative risk factors. In this meta-analysis, we opted to quantitatively synthesise published evidence on the association between birth anthropometrics and risk of primary CNS tumour. METHODS Eligible studies were identified via systematic literature review; random-effects meta-analyses were conducted for the effect of birth weight and size-for-gestational-age on childhood and adult primary CNS tumours; subgroup, sensitivity, meta-regression and dose-response by birth weight category analyses were also performed. RESULTS Forty-one articles, encompassing 53,167 CNS tumour cases, were eligible. Birth weight >4000 g was associated with increased risk of childhood CNS tumour (OR: 1.14, [1.08-1.20]; 22,330 cases). The risk was higher for astrocytoma (OR: 1.22, [1.13-1.31]; 7456 cases) and embryonal tumour (OR: 1.16, [1.04-1.29]; 3574 cases) and non-significant for ependymoma (OR: 1.12, [0.94-1.34]; 1374 cases). Increased odds for a CNS tumour were also noted among large-for-gestational-age children (OR: 1.12, [1.03-1.22]; 10,339 cases), whereas insufficient data for synthesis were identified for other birth anthropometrics. The findings remained robust across subgroup and sensitivity analyses controlling for several sources of bias, whereas no significant heterogeneity or publication bias were documented. The limited available evidence on adults (4 studies) did not reveal significant associations between increasing birth weight (500-g increment) and overall risk CNS tumour (OR: 0.99, [0.98-1.00]; 1091 cases) or glioma (OR: 1.03, [0.98-1.07]; 2052 cases). CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis confirms a sizeable association of high birth weight, with childhood CNS tumour risk, particularly astrocytoma and embryonal tumour, which seems to be independent of gestational age. Further research is needed to explore underlying mechanisms, especially modifiable determinants of infant macrosomia, such as gestational diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marios K Georgakis
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Str, 11527, Goudi, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni I Kalogirou
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Str, 11527, Goudi, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Liaskas
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Str, 11527, Goudi, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria A Karalexi
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Str, 11527, Goudi, Athens, Greece
| | - Paraskevi Papathoma
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Str, 11527, Goudi, Athens, Greece
| | - Kyriaki Ladopoulou
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Str, 11527, Goudi, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Kantzanou
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Str, 11527, Goudi, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Tsivgoulis
- Second Department of Neurology, Attikon University General Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 1 Rimini Str, 12462, Chaidari, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Eleni Th Petridou
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Str, 11527, Goudi, Athens, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Singh A, Lun X, Jayanthan A, Obaid H, Ruan Y, Strother D, Chi SN, Smith A, Forsyth P, Narendran A. Profiling pathway-specific novel therapeutics in preclinical assessment for central nervous system atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors (CNS ATRT): favorable activity of targeting EGFR- ErbB2 signaling with lapatinib. Mol Oncol 2013; 7:497-512. [PMID: 23375777 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite intensifying multimodal treatments, children with central nervous system atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (CNS ATRT) continue to endure unacceptably high mortality rates. At present, concerted efforts are focusing on understanding the characteristic INI1 mutation and its implications for the growth and survival of these tumors. Additionally, pharmaceutical pipeline libraries constitute a significant source of potential agents that can be taken to clinical trials in a timely manner. However, this process requires efficient target validation and relevant preclinical studies. As an initial screening approach, a panel of 129 small molecule inhibitors from multiple pharmaceutical pipeline libraries was tested against three ATRT cell lines by in vitro cytotoxicity assays. Based on these data, agents that have strong activity and corresponding susceptible cellular pathways were identified. Target modulation, antibody array analysis, drug combination and in vivo xenograft studies were performed on one of the pathway inhibitors found in this screening. Approximately 20% of agents in the library showed activity with IC(50) values of 1 μM or less and many showed IC(50) values less than 0.05 μM. Intra cell line variability was also noted among some of the drugs. However, it was determined that agents capable of affecting pathways constituting ErbB2, mTOR, proteasomes, Hsp90, Polo like kinases and Aurora kinases were universally effective against the three ATRT cell lines. The first target selected for further analysis, the inhibition of ErbB2-EGFR pathway by the small molecule inhibitor lapatinib, indicated inhibition of cell migration properties and the initiation of apoptosis. Synergy between lapatinib and IGF-IR inhibition was also demonstrated by combination index (CI) values. Xenograft studies showed effective antitumor activity of lapatinib in vivo. We present an experimental approach to identifying agents and drug combinations for future clinical trials and provide evidence for the potential of lapatinib as an effective agent in the context of the biology and heterogeneity of its targets in ATRT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Singh
- Pediatric Oncology Experimental Therapeutics Investigators Consortium (POETIC), Laboratory for Pre-Clinical and Drug Discovery Studies, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ginn KF, Gajjar A. Atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor: current therapy and future directions. Front Oncol 2012; 2:114. [PMID: 22988546 PMCID: PMC3439631 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors (ATRTs) are rare central nervous system tumors that comprise approximately 1-2% of all pediatric brain tumors; however, in patients less than 3 years of age this tumor accounts for up to 20% of cases. ATRT is characterized by loss of the long arm of chromosome 22 which results in loss of the hSNF5/INI-1 gene. INI1, a member of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex, is important in maintenance of the mitotic spindle and cell cycle control. Overall survival in ATRT is poor with median survival around 17 months. Radiation is an effective component of therapy but is avoided in patients younger than 3 years of age due to long term neurocognitive sequelae. Most long term survivors undergo radiation therapy as a part of their upfront or salvage therapy, and there is a suggestion that sequencing the radiation earlier in therapy may improve outcome. There is no standard curative chemotherapeutic regimen, but anecdotal reports advocate the use of intensive therapy with alkylating agents, high-dose methotrexate, or therapy that includes high-dose chemotherapy with stem cell rescue. Due to the rarity of this tumor and the lack of randomized controlled trials it has been challenging to define optimal therapy and advance treatment. Recent laboratory investigations have identified aberrant function and/or regulation of cyclin D1, aurora kinase, and insulin-like growth factor pathways in ATRT. There has been significant interest in identifying and testing therapeutic agents that target these pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin F. Ginn
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research HospitalMemphis, TN, USA
| | - Amar Gajjar
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research HospitalMemphis, TN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jayanthan A, Bernoux D, Bose P, Riabowol K, Narendran A. Multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitors in preclinical studies for pediatric CNS AT/RT: Evidence for synergy with Topoisomerase-I inhibition. Cancer Cell Int 2011; 11:44. [PMID: 22206574 PMCID: PMC3278350 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-11-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, Atypical Teratoid Rhabdoid Tumor (AT/RT) constitutes one of the most difficult to treat malignancies in pediatrics. Hence, new knowledge of potential targets for therapeutics and the development of novel treatment approaches are urgently needed. We have evaluated the presence of cytokine pathways and the effects of two clinically available multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitors for cytotoxicity, target modulation and drug combinability against AT/RT cell lines. RESULTS AT/RT cell lines expressed measurable quantities of VEGF, FGF, PDGF and SDF-1, although the absolute amounts varied between the cell lines. The targeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor sorafenib inhibited the key signaling molecule Erk, which was activated following the addition of own conditioned media, suggesting the existence of autocrine/paracrine growth stimulatory pathways. The multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitors sorafenib and sunitinib also showed significant growth inhibition of AT/RT cells and their activity was enhanced by combination with the topoisomerase inhibitor, irinotecan. The loss of cytoplasmic NF-kappa-B in response to irinotecan was diminished by sorafenib, providing evidence for a possible benefit for this drug combination. CONCLUSIONS In addition to previously described involvement of insulin like growth factor (IGF) family of cytokines, a multitude of other growth factors may contribute to the growth and survival of AT/RT cells. However, consistent with the heterogeneous nature of this tumor, quantitative and qualitative differences may exist among different tumor samples. Multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitors appear to have effective antitumor activity against all cell lines studied. In addition, the target modulation studies and drug combinability data provide the groundwork for additional studies and support the evaluation of these agents in future treatment protocols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aarthi Jayanthan
- Laboratory for Pre-clinical and Drug Discovery Studies, Pediatric Oncology Experimental Therapeutics Investigators Consortium (POETIC) and Division of Pediatric Oncology, Alberta Children's Hospital, 2888 Shaganappi Trail NW, Calgary, T3B 6A8, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Callan AC, Milne E. Involvement of the IGF system in fetal growth and childhood cancer: an overview of potential mechanisms. Cancer Causes Control 2011; 20:1783-98. [PMID: 19533389 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-009-9378-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fetal growth is determined by a complex interplay of genetic, nutritional, environmental, and hormonal factors. Greater than expected fetal growth has been positively associated with the risk of the development of some cancers in childhood, particularly acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and the biological mechanisms underlying such associations are thought to involve insulin-like growth factors (IGFs). Circulating IGF levels are highly correlated with fetal growth, and IGFs are believed to play an important role in carcinogenesis; however, these two bodies of evidence have not been well integrated and, as a result, the potential underlying biological mechanisms linking the IGF system with the development of specific childhood cancers have not been elucidated. This review aims to draw together and summarize the literature linking the IGF system, rapidity of fetal growth, and risk of some specific childhood cancers; suggest explanations for some of the inconsistencies observed in previous studies of these associations; and propose an integrated framework for the putative involvement of the IGF system in the development of at least some childhood cancers. If the challenges involved in studying the complex IGF system can be overcome, this field presents an exciting opportunity to elucidate etiological pathways to childhood malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Carita Callan
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, PO Box 855, West Perth, WA 6872, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kane AJ, Sughrue ME, Rutkowski MJ, Tihan T, Parsa AT. The molecular pathology of central neurocytomas. J Clin Neurosci 2011; 18:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2010.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
8
|
Bikowska B, Grajkowska W, Jóźwiak J. Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor: short clinical description and insight into possible mechanism of the disease. Eur J Neurol 2010; 18:813-8. [PMID: 21159066 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03277.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT) is a highly malignant tumor typically appearing in childhood. Differentiation of AT/RT from other brain tumors is extremely important because of grim prognosis and necessity of more aggressive treatment. On the other hand, investigation is essential for new therapeutic agents based on continuously developing knowledge of AT/RT development mechanisms. Most AT/RT tumors have been demonstrated to harbor a chromosome 22 mutation in the region of hSNF5/INI1 gene, whose protein product participates in chromatin remodeling. Although the presence of this mutation is rather undisputable, additional molecular pathways underlying AT/RT development are poorly understood. Current paper discusses current views on molecular pathophysiology of the tumor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Bikowska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Center for Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
de Bont JM, Packer RJ, Michiels EM, den Boer ML, Pieters R. Biological background of pediatric medulloblastoma and ependymoma: a review from a translational research perspective. Neuro Oncol 2008; 10:1040-60. [PMID: 18676356 DOI: 10.1215/15228517-2008-059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Survival rates of pediatric brain tumor patients have significantly improved over the years due to developments in diagnostic techniques, neurosurgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and supportive care. However, brain tumors are still an important cause of cancer-related deaths in children. Prognosis is still highly dependent on clinical characteristics, such as the age of the patient, tumor type, stage, and localization, but increased knowledge about the genetic and biological features of these tumors is being obtained and might be useful to further improve outcome for these patients. It has become clear that the deregulation of signaling pathways essential in brain development, for example, sonic hedgehog (SHH), Wnt, and Notch pathways, plays an important role in pathogenesis and biological behavior, especially for medulloblastomas. More recently, data have become available about the cells of origin of brain tumors and the possible existence of brain tumor stem cells. Newly developed array-based techniques for studying gene expression, protein expression, copy number aberrations, and epigenetic events have led to the identification of other potentially important biological abnormalities in pediatric medulloblastomas and ependymomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judith M de Bont
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Narendran A, Coppes L, Jayanthan A, Coppes M, Teja B, Bernoux D, George D, Strother D. Establishment of atypical-teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT) cell cultures from disseminated CSF cells: a model to elucidate biology and potential targeted therapeutics. J Neurooncol 2008; 90:171-80. [PMID: 18651103 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-008-9653-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2007] [Accepted: 06/27/2008] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT) is a highly malignant central nervous system neoplasm that usually affects infants and young children. In this report, we describe culture conditions that enabled the sustained growth of tumor cells obtained from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of an infant with AT/RT. These cells retained the morphological and biomarker characteristics of the original tumor. A screening of receptor tyrosine kinases identified the presence of phosphorylated ErbB4, Insulin-R, PDGFR and IGF-IR, which appear to depend on Hsp90 to maintain their active form. IGF-IR activity is consistent with data from other established AT/RT cell lines. Inhibition of IGF-IR by the small molecular weight inhibitor AEW541 led to growth suppression of cultured AT/RT cells. In addition, neutralizing antibodies to IGF-II also inhibited the growth of these cells suggesting a potential autocrine function for this cytokine. We also compared cultured AT/RT cells to established cell lines to identify consistent drug sensitivity patterns among these cells. In addition to previously described cell lines and xenograft models, continuous culture of CSF derived cells may also provide an effective way to study the biology of AT/RT and to identify potential targets for future therapeutics for this tumor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aru Narendran
- Translational Research Laboratories, Southern Alberta Children's Cancer Program, The University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
de Bont JM, van Doorn J, Reddingius RE, Graat GHM, Passier MMCJ, den Boer ML, Pieters R. Various components of the insulin-like growth factor system in tumor tissue, cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral blood of pediatric medulloblastoma and ependymoma patients. Int J Cancer 2008; 123:594-600. [PMID: 18478565 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system plays an important role in neuronal development and may contribute to the development of brain tumors. In this study, we studied mRNA expression levels of IGFs, insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) and insulin-like growth factor receptors (IGFRs) in 27 pediatric medulloblastomas, 13 pediatric ependymomas and 5 control cerebella. Compared to normal cerebellum, mRNA levels of IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-3 were significantly increased in medulloblastomas and ependymomas. IGFBP-2 expression was indicative of poor prognosis in medulloblastomas, whereas IGFBP-3 mRNA levels were especially high in anaplastic ependymomas. IGFBP-5 and IGF-II mRNA levels were significantly increased in ependymomas compared to control cerebellum. Protein expression levels of IGFs and IGFBPs were analyzed in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 16 medulloblastoma, 4 ependymoma and 23 control patients by radioimmuno assay to determine whether they could be used as markers for residual disease after surgery. No aberrant CSF protein expression levels were found for ependymoma patients. In medulloblastoma patients, the IGFBP-3 protein levels were significantly higher than in ependymoma patients and controls. Moreover, enhanced levels of proteolytic fragments of IGFBP-3 were found in the CSF of medulloblastoma patients, being in concordance with a significantly increased IGFBP-3 proteolytic activity in the CSF of these patients. In conclusion, our data suggest that the IGF system is of importance in pediatric medulloblastomas and ependymomas. Larger studies should be conducted to validate the predictive values of the levels of intact IGFBP-3 and proteolytic fragments in CSF in the follow-up of medulloblastomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judith M de Bont
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chen RL, Kassem NA, Sadeghi M, Preston JE. Insulin-Like Growth Factor-II Uptake Into Choroid Plexus and Brain of Young and Old Sheep. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2008; 63:141-8. [DOI: 10.1093/gerona/63.2.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
|
13
|
Grotzer MA, Guerreiro AS, Bourquin JP, Arcaro A. IGF signaling as a therapeutic target in pediatric solid tumors of the central and peripheral nervous system. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2007; 2:677-688. [PMID: 30736130 DOI: 10.1586/17446651.2.5.677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Similar to many other growth factor systems, the IGF system consists of more than a single ligand interacting with a single receptor. There are three ligands (IGF-I, IGF-II and insulin) that interact with at least four receptors. In addition, the IGF system also involves six well-characterized binding proteins that regulate IGF action. Type I IGF receptor-mediated signaling plays a fundamental role in cell growth and malignant transformation and is an important mediator of anti-apoptotic signals. This review describes the roles of IGF signaling in childhood tumors of the CNS and PNS, including neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma, atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors and craniopharyngioma. Moreover, it describes strategies to disrupt the IGF signaling as a potential cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Grotzer
- a University Children's Hospital of Zurich, Division of Oncology, Steinwiesstrasse 75, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Ana S Guerreiro
- b University Children's Hospital of Zurich, Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Pierre Bourquin
- c University Children's Hospital of Zurich, Division of Oncology, Steinwiesstrasse 75, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Arcaro
- b University Children's Hospital of Zurich, Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Arcaro A, Doepfner KT, Boller D, Guerreiro AS, Shalaby T, Jackson SP, Schoenwaelder SM, Delattre O, Grotzer MA, Fischer B. Novel role for insulin as an autocrine growth factor for malignant brain tumour cells. Biochem J 2007; 406:57-66. [PMID: 17506723 PMCID: PMC1948991 DOI: 10.1042/bj20070309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AT/RTs (atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumours) of the CNS (central nervous system) are childhood malignancies associated with poor survival rates due to resistance to conventional treatments such as chemotherapy. We characterized a panel of human AT/RT and MRT (malignant rhabdoid tumour) cell lines for expression of RTKs (receptor tyrosine kinases) and their involvement in tumour growth and survival. When compared with normal brain tissue, AT/RT cell lines overexpressed the IR (insulin receptor) and the IGFIR (insulin-like growth factor-I receptor). Moreover, insulin was secreted by AT/RT cells grown in serum-free medium. Insulin potently activated Akt (also called protein kinase B) in AT/RT cells, as compared with other growth factors, such as epidermal growth factor. Pharmacological inhibitors, neutralizing antibodies, or RNAi (RNA interference) targeting the IR impaired the growth of AT/RT cell lines and induced apoptosis. Inhibitors of the PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase)/Akt pathway also impaired basal and insulin-stimulated AT/RT cell proliferation. Experiments using RNAi and isoform-specific pharmacological inhibitors established a key role for the class I(A) PI3K p110alpha isoform in AT/RT cell growth and insulin signalling. Taken together, our results reveal a novel role for autocrine signalling by insulin and the IR in growth and survival of malignant human CNS tumour cells via the PI3K/Akt pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Arcaro
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Children's Hospital Zurich, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
D'cunja J, Shalaby T, Rivera P, von Büren A, Patti R, Heppner FL, Arcaro A, Rorke-Adams LB, Phillips PC, Grotzer MA. Antisense treatment of IGF-IR induces apoptosis and enhances chemosensitivity in central nervous system atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumours cells. Eur J Cancer 2007; 43:1581-9. [PMID: 17446062 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2007.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2006] [Revised: 11/28/2006] [Accepted: 03/05/2007] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumours (AT/RT) are among the paediatric malignant tumours with the worst prognosis and fatal outcome. Insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-IR) protects cancer cells from apoptosis induced by a variety of anticancer drugs and radiation. In the present study, IGF-IR was expressed in 8/8 primary AT/RT as detected by immunohistochemistry. Moreover, we found IGF-I and IGF-II mRNA in BT-16 CNS AT/RT cells and IGF-II mRNA in BT-12 CNS AT/RT cells, and autophosphorylated IGF-IR in both cell lines, indicating the potential presence of an autocrine/paracrine IGF-I/II/IGF-IR loop in CNS AT/RT. IGF-IR antisense oligonucleotide treatment of human CNS AT/RT cells resulted in significant down-regulation of IGF-IR mRNA and protein expression, induction of apoptosis, and chemosensitisation to doxorubicin and cisplatin. These studies provide evidence for the influence of IGF-IR on cellular responses to chemotherapy and raise the possibility that curability of selected CNS AT/RT may be improved by pharmaceutical strategies directed towards the IGF-IR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J D'cunja
- Neuro-Oncology Program, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sim FJ, Keyoung HM, Goldman JE, Kim DK, Jung HW, Roy NS, Goldman SA. Neurocytoma is a tumor of adult neuronal progenitor cells. J Neurosci 2006; 26:12544-55. [PMID: 17135416 PMCID: PMC6674894 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0829-06.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Central neurocytoma (CN) is a rare periventricular tumor, whose derivation, lineage potential, and molecular regulation have been mostly unexplored. We noted that CN cells exhibited an antigenic profile typical of neuronal progenitor cells in vivo, yet in vitro generated neurospheres, divided in response to bFGF (basic fibroblast growth factor), activated the neuroepithelial enhancer of the nestin gene, and gave rise to both neuron-like cells and astrocytes. When CN gene expression was compared with that of both normal adult VZ (ventricular zone) and E/nestin:GFP (green fluorescent protein)-sorted native neuronal progenitors, significant overlap was noted. Marker analysis suggested that the gene expression pattern of CN was that of a proneuronal population; glial markers were conspicuously absent, suggesting that the emergence of astroglia from CN occurred only with passage. The expression pattern of CN was distinguished from that of native progenitor cells by a cohort of differentially expressed genes potentially involved in both the oncogenesis and phenotypic restriction of neurocytoma. These included both IGF2 and several components of its signaling pathway, whose sharp overexpression implicated dysregulated autocrine IGF2 signaling in CN oncogenesis. Both receptors and effectors of canonical wnt signaling, as well as GDF8 (growth differentiation factor 8), PDGF-D, and neuregulin, were differentially overexpressed by CN, suggesting that CN is characterized by the concurrent overactivation of these pathways, which may serve to drive neurocytoma expansion while restricting tumor progenitor phenotype. This strategy of comparing the gene expression of tumor cells to that of the purified native progenitors from which they derive may provide a focused approach to identifying transcripts important to stem and progenitor cell oncogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fraser J. Sim
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - H. Michael Keyoung
- Department of Neurology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021
| | - James E. Goldman
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University Medical School, New York, New York 10032, and
| | - Dong Kyu Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-744, Korea
| | - Hee-Won Jung
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-744, Korea
| | - Neeta S. Roy
- Department of Neurology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021
| | - Steven A. Goldman
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642
- Department of Neurology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Fèvre-Montange M, Champier J, Szathmari A, Wierinckx A, Mottolese C, Guyotat J, Figarella-Branger D, Jouvet A, Lachuer J. Microarray Analysis Reveals Differential Gene Expression Patterns in Tumors of the Pineal Region. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2006; 65:675-84. [PMID: 16825954 DOI: 10.1097/01.jnen.0000225907.90052.e3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Several types of tumors are known to originate from the pineal region, among them pineal parenchymal tumors (PPTs) and papillary tumors of the pineal region (PTPRs), probably derived from the subcommissural organ. As a result of their rarity, their histologic diagnosis remains difficult. To identify molecular markers, using CodeLink oligonucleotide arrays, gene expression was studied in 3 PPTs (2 pineocytomas and one pineoblastoma), 2 PTPRs, and one chordoid glioma, another rare tumor of the third ventricle. Because PTPR and chordoid glioma may present ependymal differentiation, gene expression was also analyzed in 4 ependymomas. The gene patterns of the 3 PPTs fell in the same cluster. The pineocytomas showed high expression of TPH, HIOMT, and genes related to phototransduction in the retina (OPN4, RGS16, and CRB3), whereas the pineoblastoma showed high expression of UBEC2, SOX4, TERT, TEP1, PRAME, CD24, POU4F2, and HOXD13. Using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction on 13 PPTs, we demonstrated that PRAME, CD24, POU4F2, and HOXD13 might be candidates for grading PPT with intermediate differentiation. PTPRs, classified with chordoid glioma and separately from ependymomas, showed high expression of SPEDF, KRT18, and genes encoding proteins reported to be expressed in the subcommissural organ, namely ZFH4, RFX3, TTR, and CGRP. Our results highlight the usefulness of gene expression profiling for classify tumors of the pineal region and identify genes with potential use as diagnostic markers.
Collapse
|
18
|
van Doorn J, Gilhuis HJ, Koster JG, Wesseling P, Reddingius RE, Gresnigt MG, Bloemen RJ, van Muijen GNP, van Buul-Offers SC. Differential patterns of insulin-like growth factor-I and -II mRNA expression in medulloblastoma. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2004; 30:503-12. [PMID: 15488026 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2004.00571.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) play an important role in tumour growth and development. We hypothesized that this is also the case for medulloblastomas, which are highly malignant cerebellar brain tumours usually occurring in children. In these tumours the expression patterns of IGF-I and -II mRNA were studied. Tumour specimens obtained from 12 children and two adults at diagnosis were hybridized in situ with digoxigenin-labelled cRNA probes for hIGF-I and hIGF-II mRNAs. In all cases, tumour cells showed abundant expression of IGF-I mRNA. Nine of the 14 tumours showed variable but significant IGF-II expression. In these tumours, the hybridization signal almost exclusively colocalized with a subpopulation of Ki-M1P positive cells that were identified as ramified microglia (RM) cells. In the five tumours without IGF-II expression, microglia/brain macrophages with a more rounded amoeboid-like morphology predominated. RM cells in normal cerebellar tissues, residing abundantly in areas of the white and, to a less extent, in the grey matter, were IGF-II mRNA-negative. These RM cells showed a thinner and more extensively branched appearance and were more evenly distributed than those encountered in medulloblastoma. Probably, during the transformation from the resting ramified towards the amoeboid morphology (or vice versa) IGF-II mRNA expression is only temporarily induced. The physiological meaning of the induction of IGF-II mRNA expression by these cells in medulloblastoma remains unclear but any IGF-II peptide synthesized could exert unfavourable mitogenic and antiapoptotic effects on adjacent tumour cells. However, in this relatively small number of cases we could not find any indications for a relationship between clinical characteristics of the various cases and the extent of IGF-II mRNA expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J van Doorn
- Department of Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital/University Medical Centre Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Korshunov A, Neben K, Wrobel G, Tews B, Benner A, Hahn M, Golanov A, Lichter P. Gene expression patterns in ependymomas correlate with tumor location, grade, and patient age. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2003; 163:1721-7. [PMID: 14578171 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63530-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate the molecular events responsible for tumorigenesis and progression of ependymomas, we analyzed molecular alterations on the gene expression level in a series of newly diagnosed ependymal neoplasms (n = 39). To this aim, tumor RNA was hybridized to microarrays comprising 2600 different genes with relevance to mitosis, cell-cycle control, oncogenesis, or apoptosis. For CLU, IGF-2, and RAF-1, which are apparent candidate genes because they had been previously described to be involved in tumorigenesis of other human malignancies, we found a high expression on the mRNA as well as the protein level. We identified gene expression signatures for the differentiation of tumors with respect to location, grade, and patient age. Spinal ependymomas were characterized by high-expression levels of HOXB5, PLA2G, and CDKN2A and tumors in young patients (< or =16 years of age) by high-expression levels of LDHB and STAM. Notably, we were able to classify supratentorial grade II and III tumors with 100% accuracy, whereas this did not apply for infratentorial ependymomas. The similar gene expression patterns of grade II and III infratentorial malignancies suggest that grade III tumors may develop through a secondary multistep transformation process involving genes that are related to cell proliferation (LDHA, cyclin B, MAT2A) or tumor suppression (PTEN). In summary, our results provide new insight in the biochemical pathways particularly intriguing in the pathomechanism of ependymomas and suggest that this entity comprises molecularly distinct diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Korshunov
- Department of Neuropathology, Neurosurgical Nikolai Nilovich Burdenko Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Seely BL, Samimi G, Webster NJG. Retroviral expression of a kinase-defective IGF-I receptor suppresses growth and causes apoptosis of CHO and U87 cells in-vivo. BMC Cancer 2002; 2:15. [PMID: 12057025 PMCID: PMC115841 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-2-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2002] [Accepted: 05/31/2002] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate (PtdInsP3) signaling is elevated in many tumors due to loss of the tumor suppressor PTEN, and leads to constitutive activation of Akt, a kinase involved in cell survival. Reintroduction of PTEN in cells suppresses transformation and tumorigenicity. While this approach works in-vitro, it may prove difficult to achieve in-vivo. In this study, we investigated whether inhibition of growth factor signaling would have the same effect as re-expression of PTEN. METHODS Dominant negative IGF-I receptors were expressed in CHO and U87 cells by retroviral infection. Cell proliferation, transformation and tumor formation in athymic nude mice were assessed. RESULTS Inhibition of IGF-IR signaling in a CHO cell model system by expression of a kinase-defective IGF-IR impairs proliferation, transformation and tumor growth. Reduction in tumor growth is associated with an increase in apoptosis in-vivo. The dominant-negative IGF-IRs also prevented growth of U87 PTEN-negative glioblastoma cells when injected into nude mice. Injection of an IGF-IR blocking antibody alphaIR3 into mice harboring parental U87 tumors inhibits tumor growth and increases apoptosis. CONCLUSION Inhibition of an upstream growth factor signal prevents tumor growth of the U87 PTEN-deficient glioma to the same extent as re-introduction of PTEN. This result suggests that growth factor receptor inhibition may be an effective alternative therapy for PTEN-deficient tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Lynn Seely
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Goli Samimi
- UCSD Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nicholas JG Webster
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- UCSD Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Medical Research Service, San Diego Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Many genetic alterations that contribute to CNS tumorigenesis and progression have been identified. One goal of such studies is to identify loci that would serve as diagnostic prognostic markers or both. A significant advance is the observation that chromosome 1p loss identified anaplastic oligodendroglioma and a subset of high-grade glioma patients who responded to chemotherapy and had longer survival times. Combined 1p and 19q loss was a predictor of prolonged survival of patients having pure oligodendrogliomas. Such markers eventually may be used to identify patients upfront who would benefit from treatment, while sparing patients who would not benefit. Although many molecular participants involved in the biologic pathways that promote proliferation, angiogenesis, and invasion have been elucidated, there are still many gaps in clinicians' knowledge. It is expected that the use of the human genome project information and databases such as SAGEmap, in combination with techniques such as cDNA arrays and proteomics, will facilitate greatly the identification of novel genes that contribute to CNS tumors. cDNA arrays and tissue arrays will permit the construction of CNS-specific screening tools that will permit the identification of tumor-specific mutations and alterations so that patient-specific therapies can be designed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S A Rempel
- Barbara Jane Levy Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Hermelin Brain Tumor Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
| |
Collapse
|