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Åkefeldt SO, Ismail MB, Belot A, Salvatore G, Bissay N, Gavhed D, Aricò M, Henter JI, Valentin H, Delprat C. Neutralizing Anti-IL-17A Antibody Demonstrates Preclinical Activity Enhanced by Vinblastine in Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis. Front Oncol 2022; 11:780191. [PMID: 35127485 PMCID: PMC8814633 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.780191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is an inflammatory myeloid neoplasm characterised by the accumulation into granulomas of apoptosis-resistant pathological dendritic cells (LCH-DCs). LCH outcome ranges from self-resolving to fatal. Having previously shown that, (i) monocyte-derived DCs (Mo-DCs) from LCH patients differentiate into abnormal and pro-inflammatory IL-17A-producing DCs, and (ii) recombinant IL-17A induces survival and chemoresistance of healthy Mo-DCs, we investigated the link between IL-17A and resistance to apoptosis of LCH-DCs. In LCH granulomas, we uncovered the strong expression of BCL2A1 (alias BFL1), an anti-apoptotic BCL2 family member. In vitro, intracellular IL-17A expression was correlated with BCL2A1 expression and survival of Mo-DCs from LCH patients. Based on the chemotherapeutic drugs routinely used as first or second line LCH therapy, we treated these cells with vinblastine, or cytarabine and cladribine. Our preclinical results indicate that high doses of these drugs decreased the expression of Mcl-1, the main anti-apoptotic BCL2 family member for myeloid cells, and killed Mo-DCs from LCH patients ex vivo, without affecting BCL2A1 expression. Conversely, neutralizing anti-IL-17A antibodies decreased BCL2A1 expression, the downregulation of which lowered the survival rate of Mo-DCs from LCH patients. Interestingly, the in vitro combination of low-dose vinblastine with neutralizing anti-IL-17A antibodies killed Mo-DCs from LCH patients. In conclusion, we show that BCL2A1 expression induced by IL-17A links the inflammatory environment to the unusual pro-survival gene activation in LCH-DCs. Finally, these preclinical data support that targeting both Mcl-1 and BCL2A1 with low-dose vinblastine and anti-IL-17A biotherapy may represent a synergistic combination for managing recurrent or severe forms of LCH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma Olsson Åkefeldt
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,UnivLyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Mohamad Bachar Ismail
- UnivLyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France.,Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement, Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon.,Faculty of Science, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Alexandre Belot
- UnivLyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France.,Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Pediatric Nephrology, Rheumatology, Dermatology Unit, HFME, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Giulia Salvatore
- UnivLyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France.,Radiotherapy Unit, Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Nathalie Bissay
- UnivLyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France.,Unité de recherche "Lymphoma Immuno-Biology", Faculté de Médecine Lyon-Sud, Oullins, France
| | - Désirée Gavhed
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Jan-Inge Henter
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hélène Valentin
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL) - INSERM U1052 - CNRS UMR5286 - Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Christine Delprat
- UnivLyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France.,Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL) - INSERM U1052 - CNRS UMR5286 - Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
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Paredes SEY, Almeida LY, Trevisan GL, Polanco XBJ, Silveira HA, Vilela Silva E, Segato RAB, da Silva LAB, Chahud F, León JE. Immunohistochemical characterization of immune cell infiltration in paediatric and adult Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Scand J Immunol 2020; 92:e12950. [PMID: 32738155 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is an inflammatory myeloid neoplasia commonly affecting children with frequent somatic mutations in MAPK pathway genes including BRAFV600E and MAP2K1. Some studies suggest that LCH cells can recruit and modulate inflammatory cells, which could provide reciprocal survival signals. To characterize the immune profile of infiltrating inflammatory cells, and to clarify their participation in LCH pathogenesis, a detailed immunohistochemical analysis was performed. Fifteen (10 children, 5 adults) LCH cases were assessed through macrophage (CD68 and CD163), mature dendritic cell (mDC; CD83 and CD208), regulatory T cell (Treg; CD4, CD25 and FOXP3) and cytotoxic lymphocyte (CL; CD56, CD57, perforin and granzyme B) immunomarkers. Moreover, lymphocytic and LCH markers were also analysed. All cases were S100, CD1a, CD207 and CD4-positive. Bcl-2 and cyclin D1 expression was observed in 13 of 15 cases. In the immune microenvironment, M2-polarized macrophages and Tregs were the predominant cell populations, followed by significantly (P < .005) smaller levels of mDCs and CLs. Additionally, the number of CD3 + cells was significantly higher than that of CD20 + cells. In the CD3 + cell population, there were a significantly higher number of CD4 + cells than CD8 + cells. While there were no differences when comparing the paediatric and adult populations, FOXP3 + cells were significantly higher in patients with multisystem involvement and treated with chemotherapy, than single-site cases and those without chemotherapy. Our results suggest that M2-polarized macrophages and Treg infiltration can promote LCH development and survival, probably through pro-tumoral, immunosuppressive and/or cytokine-mediated mechanisms. This work highlights the need for further exploration of immune-targeted therapy for LCH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Elena Yacarini Paredes
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo (FORP/USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Luciana Yamamoto Almeida
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Hematology Division, Ribeirão Preto Medical School (FMRP/USP), University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Glauce Lunardelli Trevisan
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School (FMRP/USP), University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Xiomara Beatriz Jimenez Polanco
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo (FORP/USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Heitor Albergoni Silveira
- Oral Pathology, Department of Stomatology, Public Oral Health and Forensic Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (FORP/USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Evânio Vilela Silva
- Oral Pathology, Department of Stomatology, Public Oral Health and Forensic Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (FORP/USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Raquel Assed Bezerra Segato
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo (FORP/USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Léa Assed Bezerra da Silva
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo (FORP/USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Fernando Chahud
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School (FMRP/USP), University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Jorge Esquiche León
- Oral Pathology, Department of Stomatology, Public Oral Health and Forensic Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (FORP/USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Targeting BCL2 family in human myeloid dendritic cells: a challenge to cure diseases with chronic inflammations associated with bone loss. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:701305. [PMID: 23762095 PMCID: PMC3674653 DOI: 10.1155/2013/701305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) are common and rare diseases, respectively. They associate myeloid cell recruitment and survival in inflammatory conditions with tissue destruction and bone resorption. Manipulating dendritic cell (DC), and, especially, regulating their half-life and fusion, is a challenge. Indeed, these myeloid cells display pathogenic roles in both diseases and may be an important source of precursors for differentiation of osteoclasts, the bone-resorbing multinucleated giant cells. We have recently documented that the proinflammatory cytokine IL-17A regulates long-term survival of DC by inducing BCL2A1 expression, in addition to the constitutive MCL1 expression. We summarize bibliography of the BCL2 family members and their therapeutic targeting, with a special emphasis on MCL1 and BCL2A1, discussing their potential impact on RA and LCH. Our recent knowledge in the survival pathway, which is activated to perform DC fusion in the presence of IL-17A, suggests that targeting MCL1 and BCL2A1 in infiltrating DC may affect the clinical outcomes in RA and LCH. The development of new therapies, interfering with MCL1 and BCL2A1 expression, to target long-term surviving inflammatory DC should be translated into preclinical studies with the aim to increase the well-being of patients with RA and LCH.
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Abstract
Pulmonary Langerhans' cell histiocytosis (PLCH) is an unusual cystic lung disease that is also characterized by extrapulmonary manifestations. The current review discusses the presenting features and relevant diagnostic testing and treatment options for PLCH in the context of a clinical case. While the focus of the present article is adult PLCH and its pulmonary manifestations, it is important for clinicians to distinguish the adult and pediatric forms of the disease, as well as to be alert for possible extrapulmonary complications. A major theme of the current series of articles on rare lung diseases has been the translation of insights gained from fundamental research to the clinic. Accordingly, the understanding of dendritic cell biology in this disease has led to important advances in the care of patients with PLCH.
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Kim SY, Kim HJ, Kim HJ, Park MR, Koh KN, Im HJ, Lee CH, Seo JJ. Role of p16 in the pathogenesis of Langerhans cell histiocytosis. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF HEMATOLOGY 2010; 45:247-52. [PMID: 21253426 PMCID: PMC3023050 DOI: 10.5045/kjh.2010.45.4.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background It has been hypothesized that genetic alteration at the cellular level may have a significant effect on cellular mechanisms controlling the proliferation and apoptosis of Langerhans cells (LCs). Methods We examined whether p16 protein expression can be used to predict the outcome of Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH). Archival paraffin blocks from children diagnosed with LCH and followed at the Asan Medical Center and Chungnam National University Hospital between March 1998 and February 2008 were studied. Results Slides were stained with p16 antibody and evaluated semi-quantitatively using the following scale: negative, no staining; ±, weakly positive; 1+, staining similar to lymphocytes surrounding the LCs; 2+, stronger staining than lymphocytes; 3+, much stronger staining than lymphocytes. Negative and ± groups were assigned to a lower expression group (LEG) and the 1+, 2+, and 3+ groups were assigned to a higher expression group (HEG). The median age of the 51 patients (24 girls, 27 boys) was 49 (range, 0.6-178) months, and LCH was diagnosed based on CD1a positivity. p16 protein was expressed to varying degrees in all but one specimen. There was a greater tendency toward multisystem disease, risk organ involvement, and relapse in the HEG than in the LEG. Conclusion The p16 protein may have a significant effect on cellular mechanisms controlling the proliferation and apoptosis of LCs, and thus may influence the clinical outcome and prognosis of LCH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Young Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Maarten Egeler R, van Halteren AGS, Hogendoorn PCW, Laman JD, Leenen PJM. Langerhans cell histiocytosis: fascinating dynamics of the dendritic cell-macrophage lineage. Immunol Rev 2010; 234:213-32. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2009.00883.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Ezra N, Van Dyke GS, Binder SW. CD30 positive anaplastic large-cell lymphoma mimicking Langerhans cell histiocytosis. J Cutan Pathol 2009; 37:787-92. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2009.01430.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Merad M, Ginhoux F, Collin M. Origin, homeostasis and function of Langerhans cells and other langerin-expressing dendritic cells. Nat Rev Immunol 2008; 8:935-47. [PMID: 19029989 DOI: 10.1038/nri2455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 579] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LCs) are a specialized subset of dendritic cells (DCs) that populate the epidermal layer of the skin. Langerin is a lectin that serves as a valuable marker for LCs in mice and humans. In recent years, new mouse models have led to the identification of other langerin(+) DC subsets that are not present in the epidermis, including a subset of DCs that is found in most non-lymphoid tissues. In this Review we describe new developments in the understanding of the biology of LCs and other langerin(+) DCs and discuss the challenges that remain in identifying the role of different DC subsets in tissue immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Merad
- Department of Gene and Cell Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA.
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Amir G, Weintraub M. Association of cell cycle-related gene products and NF-kappaB with clinical parameters in Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008; 50:304-7. [PMID: 17455317 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.21198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare disorder characterized by the accumulation of abnormal Langerhans cells in one or several organs where they cause local tissue damage. The pathophysiology is not well understood. The aim of this study was to examine expression of various gene products that play a role in cell cycle and cell death and to look for an association with the extent of the disease at the time of diagnosis and with "risk bone" involvement. PROCEDURE Histologic slides from cases with biopsy proven disease were stained immunohistochemically for Bcl-2, caspase-3, Ki-67, p53, and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and the results were quantitated and compared with the clinical extent of the disease. RESULTS In patients with multisystem disease and "risk" bone involvement, a higher percentage of Langerhans cells stained with the anti-apoptotic gene product Bcl-2 (P = 0.0004; P = 0.001 respectively) and a lower percentage of these cells stained with the apoptosis marker caspase-3 compared to patients with single system disease (P = 0.0001; P = 0.01 respectively). Proliferation marker Ki-67 was expressed more frequently in multisystem disease compared to single system disease (P = 0.02) but an association with "risk" bone involvement was not found. Expression of p53 and NF-kappaB did not discriminate between clinical subgroups. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that cell proliferation and suppression of apoptosis may be mechanisms of cell survival in the more aggressive forms of LCH (multisystem, risk bone involvement).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail Amir
- Department of Pathology, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Ko CJ, Kim J, Phan J, Binder SW. Bcl-2-positive epidermal dendritic cells in inverted follicular keratoses but not squamous cell carcinomas or seborrheic keratoses. J Cutan Pathol 2006; 33:498-501. [PMID: 16872473 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2006.00462.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM In our previous research, bcl-2-positive dendritic cells were seen in increased numbers in suprabasal areas of inverted follicular keratoses (IFKs) compared to seborrheic keratoses (SKs). The purpose of this study was twofold; firstly, to support that these dendritic cells are Langerhans cells and secondly, to contrast the epidermal dendritic cells in IFKs, squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), and SKs. METHODS Ten IFKs and five SKs previously showing bcl-2-positive dendritic cells within the epidermis were stained with CD1a. Fifteen other IFKs were stained with CD1a alone. Ten SCCs were stained with bcl-2 and CD1a. RESULTS In the 10 IFKs stained with both bcl-2 and CD1a, the density of CD1a-positive cells correlated well with the density of bcl-2-positive dendritic cells; in the five SKs, the density of CD1a-positive cells was similar to that seen in IFKs but was higher compared to the density of bcl-2-positive dendritic cells in SKs (p < 0.05). The IFKs had a significantly higher number of CD1a-positive cells compared to SCCs (p < 0.01). SCCs showed bcl-2-positive cells only within the basal layer of the normal epidermis flanking the carcinomas. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that there is different bcl-2 regulation of CD1a-positive cells in IFKs, SKs, and SCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine J Ko
- Department of Dermatology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Bechan GI, Egeler RM, Arceci RJ. Biology of Langerhans cells and Langerhans cell histiocytosis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2006; 254:1-43. [PMID: 17147996 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(06)54001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LC) are epidermal dendritic cells (DC). They play an important role in the initiation of immune responses through antigen uptake, processing, and presentation to T cells. Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare disease in which accumulation of cells with LC characteristics (LCH cells) occur. LCH lesions are further characterized by the presence of other cell types, such as T cells, multinucleated giant cells (MGC), macrophages (MPhi), eosinophils, stromal cells, and natural killer cells (NK cells). Much has been learned about the pathophysiology of LCH by studying properties of these different cells and their interaction with each other through cytokines/chemokines. In this review we discuss the properties and interactions of the different cells involved in LCH pathophysiology with the hope of better understanding this enigmatic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- G I Bechan
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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Bank MI, Gudbrand C, Rengtved P, Carstensen H, Fadeel B, Henter JI, Petersen BL. Immunohistochemical detection of the apoptosis-related proteins FADD, FLICE, and FLIP in Langerhans cell histiocytosis. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2005; 27:301-6. [PMID: 15956881 DOI: 10.1097/01.mph.0000168725.57143.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is characterized by an accumulation of dendritic Langerhans cells in granulomatous lesions in various organs. The etiology of LCH remains enigmatic. Fas/APO-1/CD95 belongs to the "death receptor" family of apoptosis regulators and has been implicated in the downregulation of immune responses. The authors examined the expression of three proteins that are engaged in the Fas signaling cascade-FADD/Fas-associated death domain-containing protein, FLICE/FADD-like interleukin-1beta-converting enzyme (both pro-apoptotic), and FLIP/FLICE-inhibitory protein (anti-apoptotic)-in lesions from LCH patients. Immunohistochemistry was performed on paraffin-embedded tissue specimens from 43 children with LCH. The infiltrates were scored according to the amount of positive pathologic Langerhans cells (pLCs). In all investigated specimens, the majority of the pLCs expressed FADD, active FLICE, and FLIP. The clinical outcome of the disease could not be correlated to the expression of the investigated proteins. This study shows a high expression of the apoptosis-related proteins FADD, active FLICE, and FLIP in pLCs. The authors previously showed that pLCs express Fas and Fas ligand. Taken together, these findings suggest that the Fas signaling pathway may be involved in the pathogenesis of LCH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micha I Bank
- Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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Andersson By U, Tani E, Andersson U, Henter JI. Tumor necrosis factor, interleukin 11, and leukemia inhibitory factor produced by Langerhans cells in Langerhans cell histiocytosis. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2004; 26:706-11. [PMID: 15543003 DOI: 10.1097/00043426-200411000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES : The etiology and pathophysiology of Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) remain elusive. The 3-year survival in pediatric multisystem LCH is still around 80%, and children with risk organ involvement (i.e., liver, spleen, hematopoietic system, or lungs) have a less favorable outcome. To further elucidate the pathogenesis of LCH in the search for a rationale cure, the authors investigated intracellular synthesis of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)-11, and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) from biopsied lesions. METHODS : Lesional cells were obtained by fine-needle aspiration biopsy from nine children with LCH. The study was accomplished by the use of an immunofluorescence staining method that allowed cytokine-producing cells to be differentiated from cytokine-binding cells. RESULTS : All patients had histiocytes expressing TNF. Seven patients had histiocytes expressing IL-11 and six patients had histiocytes expressing LIF. The two children with the highest proportion of histiocytes displaying TNF and the three with the highest proportion of histiocytes expressing IL-11 and LIF all had risk organ involvement. Two-color staining revealed that histiocytes expressing TNF, IL-11, and LIF co-expressed CD1a molecules. CONCLUSIONS : These observations suggest that LCH represents a cytokine-driven condition partially mediated by TNF, IL-11, and LIF. These three cytokines are all osteoclastogenic, suggesting a pathogenetic pathway for the osteolytic lesions in LCH. Furthermore, thrombocytosis in LCH may be explained by IL-11 and LIF activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Andersson By
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health, Karolinska Institutet, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Marchal J, Kambouchner M, Tazi A, Valeyre D, Soler P. Expression of apoptosis-regulatory proteins in lesions of pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Histopathology 2004; 45:20-8. [PMID: 15228440 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2004.01875.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis (PLCH) is characterized by the presence of lesions containing numerous activated Langerhans cells (LCs). An uncontrolled immune response sustained by activated LCs seems to be involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. The aim of this study was to establish whether disruption of LC apoptosis related to the expression of the Bcl-2 family proteins is implicated in the maintenance of PLCH lesions. METHODS Six patients with PLCH were evaluated by morphological and immunohistochemical techniques to explore the incidence of apoptosis in pathological LCs and to characterize the expression of Bcl-2-related proteins by these cells. RESULTS Very few LCs present in PLCH lesions exhibited nuclear apoptotic changes or expressed cleaved caspase-3, whereas they all strongly expressed the anti-apoptotic molecule Bcl-x(L). Interestingly, pulmonary LCs present in intervening lung tissue not involved by the pathological process and known to be immature dendritic cells did not express Bcl-2 family proteins. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that activated LCs present within PLCH lesions are poorly susceptible to apoptosis and, thus, are able to sustain the pathological process by causing continuous local stimulation of T cells. Functional studies are needed, however, to demonstrate that they are actually resistant to programmed cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Marchal
- INSERM U 408, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
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Schouten B, Egeler RM, Leenen PJM, Taminiau AHM, van den Broek LJJCM, Hogendoorn PCW. Expression of cell cycle-related gene products in Langerhans cell histiocytosis. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2002; 24:727-32. [PMID: 12468913 DOI: 10.1097/00043426-200212000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenesis of Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), a disease characterized by an abnormal accumulation of the dendritic Langerhans cells, is still unknown. Based on the monoclonality of the CD1a+ cell and reports of familial clustering, it is hypothesized that a genetic alteration at a cellular level may be causative. This genetic change may have an effect on the cellular mechanisms controlling proliferation and apoptosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS LCH-lesions were studied for the expression of Ki-67, present in the nucleus of proliferating cells. Furthermore, the expression of cell cycle-related gene products TGF-beta receptor I and II, MDM2, p53, p21, p16, Rb, and Bcl2 were studied. The TGF-betaR genes play a role in tumor suppression, whereas Bcl2 inhibits apoptosis. The remaining genes are part of either the p53-p21 and/or p16-Rb pathways, which induce cell cycle arrest or apoptosis in response to DNA damage. RESULTS In 30 biopsies the diagnosis of LCH could be confirmed on the basis of CD1a positivity (27 bone and 3 skin). All cases showed scattered nuclear-positive staining for the proliferation marker Ki-67. In more than 90% (n >/=27) of these cases, expression of TGFbeta receptor I and II, MDM2, p53, p21, p16, Rb, and Bcl2 was detected in lesional LCH cells. The overexpression was in general heterogeneous, ranging from limited focal staining of scattered cells within the lesion to strong diffuse staining. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the cellular mechanisms that sense and respond to DNA-damage, namely the p53-p21 pathway and the p16-Rb pathway, are activated. The expression of Ki-67 indicates that the cells in LCH are proliferating. The observed overexpression of Bcl2 may play a role in the activation of p53 and p16 and/or the arrest of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Schouten
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden. The Netherlands
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Pinkus GS, Lones MA, Matsumura F, Yamashiro S, Said JW, Pinkus JL. Langerhans cell histiocytosis immunohistochemical expression of fascin, a dendritic cell marker. Am J Clin Pathol 2002; 118:335-43. [PMID: 12219775 DOI: 10.1309/n2tw-enrb-1n1c-dwl0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a clonal disorder believed to be derivedfrom cells of the dendritic system. Fascin, a 55-kd actin-bundling protein, represents a highly selective marker for dendritic cells of lymphoid tissues and peripheral blood and is involved in the formation of dendritic processes in maturing epidermal Langerhans cells. Since lesional cells of LCH may represent Langerhans cells arrested at an early stage of activation, immunohistochemical expression offascin in epidermal Langerhans cells and in the lesional cells of 34 cases of LCH was evaluated in paraffin sections using an immunoalkaline phosphatase technique. Though epidermal Langerhans cells were nonreactive for fascin, lesional cells in all LCH cases exhibited immunoreactivityforfascin, CD1a, and S-100 protein. Variation in staining intensity was observed in some cases, possibly reflecting differences in cell maturation or activation. Involved tissues included bone, soft tissue, lymph node, thyroid, orbit, and extradural cranial tissue. Immunoreactivity of lesional cells of LCH for fascin supports their derivation from cells of the dendritic system and represents another alteration in the phenotype of Langerhans cells that is associated with maturation, migration, culture, or clonal expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine S Pinkus
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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