A meta-analysis comparing open anterior component separation with posterior component separation and transversus abdominis release in the repair of midline ventral hernias

Limitations of Transversus Abdominis Release (TAR)-Additional Bridging of the Posterior Layer And/Or Anterior Fascia Is the Preferred Solution in Our Clinical Routine If Primary Closure is Not Possible

Background: By separating the abdominal wall, transversus abdominis release (TAR) permits reconstruction of the abdominal wall and the placement of large mesh for many types of hernias. However, in borderline cases, the mobility of the layers is inadequate, and additional bridging techniques may be required for tension-free closure. We now present our own data in this regard. Patients and Methods: In 2023, we performed transversus abdominis release on 50 patients as part of hernia repair. The procedures were carried out using open (n = 25), robotic (n = 24), and laparoscopic (n = 1) techniques. The hernia sac was always integrated into the anterior suture and, in the case of medial hernias, was used for linea alba reconstruction. Results: For medial hernias, open TAR was performed in 22 cases. Additional posterior bridging was performed in 7 of these cases. The ratio of mesh size in the TAR plane to the defect area (median in cm) was 1200cm2/177 cm2 = 6.8 in patients without bridging, and 1750cm2/452 cm2 = 3.8 in those with bridging. The duration of surgery (median in min) was 139 and 222 min and the hospital stay was 6 and 10 days, respectively. Robotic TAR was performed predominantly for lateral and parastomal hernias. These procedures took a median of 143 and 242 min, and the hospital stay was 2 and 3 days, respectively. For robotic repair, posterior bridging was performed in 3 cases. Discussion: Using the TAR technique, even complex hernias can be safely repaired. Additional posterior bridging provides a reliable separation of the posterior plane from the intestines. Therefore, the hernia sac is always available for anterior reconstruction of the linea alba. The technique can be implemented as an open or minimally invasive procedure.

Laparoscopic transversus abdominis release for complex ventral hernia repair: technique and initial findings

PURPOSE

The open Rives-Stoppa retrorectus and transversus abdominis release (TAR) techniques are well established in open ventral and incisional hernia repair. The principles are currently being translated into minimally invasive surgery with different concepts. In this study, we investigate our initial results of transperitoneal laparoscopic TAR for ventral incisional hernia repair (laparoscopic TAR).

METHODS

Over a 20-month period, 23 consecutive patients with incisional hernias underwent surgery. Laparoscopic TAR was performed transperitoneally with adhesiolysis from the anterior abdominal wall, development of the retrorectus space and TAR, midline reconstruction and extraperitoneal mesh reinforcement.

RESULTS

There were 23 incisional hernias, of which 70% were M2-M4 and 60% were W3. Median patient age was 68 years and the median BMI was 31. Median operating time was 313 min, and hospital stay was 4 days. Morbidity was 26% (Clavien-Dindo 1: n = 4 and 2 + 3b: n = 2).

CONCLUSION

With the laparoscopic TAR, it was possible to treat a series of patients with ventral incisional hernias. The operating times were long. However, with a low rate of perioperative complications the hospital stay was short As feasibility is demonstrated, the clinical relevance of the method has to be further evaluated.

Open transversus abdominis release in incisional hernia repair: technical limits and solutions

INTRODUCTION

Incisional hernias with a defect width of more than10 cm are considered complex. The European Hernia Society guidelines recommend that such hernias should only be repaired by surgeons with experience of component separation. The standard component separation technique now is posterior component separation with transversus abdominis release (PCSTAR). Questions are raised about the limits of this technique.

METHODS

A literature search of publications on PCSTAR was performed for any references to the limits of this technique in open incisional hernia repair. We found 26 publications relevant to answer this research questions.

RESULTS

The standard PCSTAR can generally be used for a defect width of up to 15-17 cm. For defects greater than 17 cm problems must be expected with procedural tasks involving closure of the posterior layer and anterior fascia. No data are available in the literature on the bridging rate for the posterior layer. However, our own experiences show that gaps (holes) occur in the very thin peritoneum/fascia transversalis during dissection and these must be carefully closed. Furthermore, bridging with an absorbable synthetic mesh is needed not so rarely. Closure of the anterior fascia is successful in 81.0-97.2% of cases. In addition to a further mesh for anterior fascial closure, the hernia sac bound with multiple, accordion-like stitches can also be used. For a defect width greater than 17 cm, the limits of PCSTAR become increasingly evident and can be overcome through special technical solutions for closure of the posterior layer and the anterior fascia.

Botulinum toxin A in complex incisional hernia repair: a systematic review

PURPOSE

To evaluate the safety, efficacy, and short and long-term postoperative results of using BTA.

METHODS

We conducted a systematic review following the recommendations of the PRISMA method. We systematically reviewed the MEDLINE/PubMed and SCOPUS electronic databases for studies published between January 2010 and September 2021. This systematic review was registered in PROSPERO, with registration number CRD42021252445.

RESULTS

After applying the selection criteria, 11 relevant articles were selected. The total sample size was 1058 patients. Most studies aimed to assess the rate of fascial closure, followed by the rate of recurrence and reporting of postoperative complications, as well as the need for the components separation technique (CST). None of the studies reported serious complications from using BTA. Regarding fascial closure, all articles had rates above 75%, except for one. Surgical site events ranged between 19% and 29.4%. No recurrence in the group that used BTA was recorded in five studies. The other articles reported recurrence rates ranging from 6.4 to 11.4% in the groups that received BTA. The studies had varying follow-up times ranging from 1 to 49 months, with a mean of 18.6 months (± 11.2).

CONCLUSION

This review described most of the key points about the preoperative use of BTA in hernia repair. It can be concluded that the use of BTA is a safe and effective practice that promotes good short and long-term results. However, the limitations of the current literature prevent more accurate conclusions on the subject.

Contemporary Abdominal Wall Reconstruction: Emerging Techniques and Trends

Abdominal wall reconstruction is a common and necessary surgery, two factors that drive innovation. This review article examines recent developments in ventral hernia repair including primary fascial closure, mesh selection between biologic, permanent synthetic, and biosynthetic meshes, component separation, and functional abdominal wall reconstruction from a plastic surgery perspective, exploring the full range of hernia repair's own reconstructive ladder. New materials and techniques are examined to explore the ever-increasing options available to surgeons who work within the sphere of ventral hernia repair and provide updates for evolving trends in the field.

Does a "hernia center" label provide better 30-day outcomes following elective ventral hernia repair?: An analysis of the ACHQC database

INTRODUCTION

Currently, there is no agreed upon definition of a designated hernia center (DHC) and no study has investigated the association of hernia center designation with ventral hernia repair (VHR) outcomes. We sought to investigate the current utilization of DHC and the association of hernia center designation with VHR outcomes.

METHODS

All patients who underwent elective, ventral hernia repair with mesh with 30-day follow-up from 2013 through 2020 were in the Americas Hernia Society Quality Collaborative (ACHQC) database. Patients were divided into two groups: those that underwent VHR at a DHC and those that underwent VHR at a non-designated hernia center site (NDHC). Using a 1:1 matched analysis, differences in the incidence of 30-day wound events, the total number of 30-day complications, one-year ventral hernia recurrence rates, and 30-day and one-year patient reported outcomes were compared between DHC and NDHC.

RESULTS

A total of 261 sites were included in our analysis; 78 (30%) were identified as DHC. After matching, there were 14,186 VHRs available for analysis. There was no significant difference in 30-day wound morbidity events. Patients who underwent VHR at NDHC were less likely to experience any 30-day complication or 1-year hernia recurrence while patients who underwent VHR at DHC had a statistically significant greater improvement in their HerQLes scores at one-year postoperatively.

CONCLUSIONS

There is currently no clear superiority to VHR at a DHC. The ACHQC may self-select for surgeons invested in hernia repair outcomes regardless of hernia center designation. More standardized criteria for a hernia center are required in order to positively influence the value of hernia care delivered in the United States.

The Use of Inlay Bridge of the Posterior Fascia as Adjuvants to a Modified Rives-Stoppa Repair for Difficult Abdominal Wall Hernias

BACKGROUND

Major abdominal wall defects remain a highly morbid complication. Occasionally a fascial defect is encountered, that despite all surgical efforts, is unable to completely approximate at the midline. Here we describe our method and outcomes of using a bridging mesh when the posterior fascia was unable to be approximated during the repair of large postoperative ventral hernias using the modified Rives-Stoppa technique.

METHODS

A retrospective review was conducted looking at all the open abdominal wall hernia repairs between 2014 and 2020. The cohort of patients who had a bridge placed in addition to the traditional open modified Rives-Stoppa repair were used for this study.

RESULTS

Nineteen patients had a mesh inlay bridge placed in addition to a modified Rives-Stoppa repair with a sublay (retrorectus) Ultrapro mesh. For the inlay mesh 13 Symbotex composite meshes were placed and 6 Vicryl meshes used. The average surface area of the defect was 358.1 cm^2. The average length of hospitalization was 8.8 days with a range of 3-24 days. During the immediate postoperative course there were 6 minor complications. During the follow-up period there were 2 recurrences.

DISCUSSION

The use of inlay mesh bridge as an adjuvant to a modified Rives-Stoppa repair with a sublay ultrapro mesh is an effective technique for difficult abdominal wall repairs where the posterior fascia is unable to be approximated without tension.

Open Complex Abdominal Wall Reconstruction

This article provides an approach to open complex abdominal wall reconstruction. Herein, the authors discuss the purpose of component separation as well as its relevant indications. The techniques and anatomical considerations of both anterior and posterior component separation are described. In addition, patient selection criteria, preoperative adjuncts that may assist with fascial or soft tissue closure, and complications of component separation will be discussed.

A prospective multicentre study evaluating the outcomes of the abdominal wall dehiscence repair using posterior component separation with transversus abdominis muscle release reinforced by a retro-muscular mesh: filling a step

BACKGROUND

This study aimed to evaluate the results of posterior component separation (CS) and transversus abdominis muscle release (TAR) with retro-muscular mesh reinforcement in patients with primary abdominal wall dehiscence (AWD). The secondary aims were to detect the incidence of postoperative surgical site occurrence and risk factors of incisional hernia (IH) development following AWD repair with posterior CS with TAR reinforced by retromuscular mesh.

METHODS

Between June 2014 and April 2018, 202 patients with grade IA primary AWD (Björck's first classification) following midline laparotomies were treated using posterior CS with TAR release reinforced by a retro-muscular mesh in a prospective multicenter cohort study.

RESULTS

The mean age was 42 ± 10 years, with female predominance (59.9%). The mean time from index surgery (midline laparotomy) to primary AWD was 7 ± 3 days. The mean vertical length of primary AWD was 16 ± 2 cm. The median time from primary AWD occurrence to posterior CS + TAR surgery was 3 ± 1 days. The mean operative time of posterior CS + TAR was 95 ± 12 min. No recurrent AWD occurred. Surgical site infections (SSI), seroma, hematoma, IH, and infected mesh occurred in 7.9%, 12.4%, 2%, 8.9%, and 3%, respectively. Mortality was reported in 2.5%. Old age, male gender, smoking, albumin level < 3.5 gm%, time from AWD to posterior CS + TAR surgery, SSI, ileus, and infected mesh were significantly higher in IH. IH rate was 0.5% and 8.9% at two and three years, respectively. In multivariate logistic regression analyses, the predictors of IH were time from AWD till posterior CS + TAR surgical intervention, ileus, SSI, and infected mesh.

CONCLUSION

Posterior CS with TAR reinforced by retro-muscular mesh insertion resulted in no AWD recurrence, low IH rates, and low mortality of 2.5%. Trial registration Clinical trial: NCT05278117.

Component Separation: A Case Report of Hybrid and Synthetic Absorbable Mesh Use for Complex Large Ventral Hernia Reparation

Ventral abdominal hernias are a common abdominal wall defect in the United States. We present a 50-year-old Caucasian male with a large (>18 cm) abdominal wall defect. An extensive complex abdominal wall reconstruction with advanced bilateral fascial flaps/component separation and repair of the abdominal wall defect was planned to restore the appropriate abdominal wall anatomic contour. The use of double mesh in large abdominal wall defects is still a relatively new documented technique. Only two case series detail the same technique used on this patient, with no articles on using a hybrid mesh with a synthetic absorbable mesh. This case uses an underlay and onlay mesh technique, with a hybrid mesh, Tela Biologics (Malvern, PA, USA), under the muscle, in this case, intraperitoneal bridging the gap. The anterior rectus sheath was reinforced with intercepted 0-Ethibond sutures (Ethicon/J&J, Bridgewater, NJ, USA) and then reinforced with a synthetic absorbable mesh (Phasix^TM, Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ). The outcome with this patient shows more research should be conducted on considering long-term results with the types of mesh and the question of whether there are additional benefits when using two different types of mesh and their placement in the sandwich technique.

The outcomes of open anterior component separation versus posterior component separation with transversus abdominis release for complex incisional hernias: a systematic review and meta-analysis

PURPOSE

The main objective was to assess the prevalence of hernia recurrence, wound complications (surgical site infections [SSI], seroma and hematoma) and mortality after anterior component separation (ACS) and posterior component separation via transversus abdominis muscle release (PCSTAR) in patients with complex incisional hernias. The so-called complex IH is a serious medical and societal challenge due to its direct and indirect costs; it is also hampered by the use of different surgical techniques, different type of meshes, and different results heterogeneously reported and interpreted. According to actual data, the best approach seems to be a mesh reinforcement component separation procedure augmented or not with an adjuvant technique (preoperative progressive pneumoperitoneum and/or Botulin toxin type A infiltration).

METHODS

A systematic search of four databases (MEDLINE, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholars) was conducted to identify studies reporting on outcomes of component separation techniques and which were published before December 2021. A systematic review and a meta-analysis of postoperative outcomes were performed.

RESULTS

Nineteen studies including 3412 patients (1709 with ACS and 1703 with PCSTAR) were selected. Pooled hernia recurrence rate after a minimum 1-year follow-up was evaluated at 5.15% (odds ratio [OR] 0.68; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.5-0.9; p = 0.0175). Pooled surgical site infection rate was 10.6% (OR 1.32; 95% CI 1.06-1.65; p = 0.0119). Seroma and hematoma were estimated at 9.75% (OR 1.93; 95% CI 1.52-2.44; p = 0.0001) and 3.83% (OR 1.81; 95% CI 1.26-2.61; p = 0.0012), respectively. ACS was associated with increased wound morbidity, seroma and hematoma. PCSTAR displayed higher recurrence rate (4.27% vs 6.11%).

CONCLUSIONS

PCSTAR was superior to ACS in terms of wound morbidity, surgical site infections, seroma and hematoma incidence. The procedure should be further evaluated in comparative head-to-head randomized controlled trials.

Patient-performed at-home surgical drain removal is safe and feasible following hernia repair and abdominal wall reconstruction

BACKGROUND

Traditionally, surgical drains are considered a relative contraindication to telemedicine-based postoperative care. We sought to assess the safety, feasibility, and outcomes of an at-home patient-performed surgical drain removal pilot program.

METHODS

A prospective cohort study among patients who were discharged with surgical drains was performed. Patients discharged with drains were given the option for in-clinic, provider-performed removal, or at-home, patient-performed drain removal. Patient demographics, health characteristics, perioperative metrics, and operative outcomes were compared and analyzed.

RESULTS

A total of 68 encounters with drain removal were included (at-home: 28%, n = 19; in-clinic: 72%, n = 49), with both groups having similar demographics, except for age (median age of telemedicine-based at-home: 50 vs in-clinic: 62 years, p = 0.03). Patients who opted into at-home, patient-performed drain removal were more likely to have drain removal occur earlier (9 vs 13 days for in-clinic, p < 0.001). In-clinic removal resulted in increased encounters with surgical nursing staff and increased travel time, with no significant difference in complication burden.

CONCLUSIONS

Patient-performed at-home drain removal is safe and allows for more timely drain removal.

EVOLUTION OF COMPONENT SEPARATION TECHNIQUE (REVIEW)

The problem of treatment of incisional ventral hernias is currently very relevant. The appearance of a hernial defect in the area of a previous operation is one of the most frequent long-term complications of any surgical treatment. Component separation techniques are the most modern and promising methods for the treatment of large ventral hernias. The review focuses on the main stages in the development of separation technique, as well as the results of treating patients with incisional ventral hernias using various options for posterior separation repair, which are currently frequently used. It has been established that posterior component separation is an effective and safe method of treatment, however, there is currently insufficient data on the long-term postoperative period and patients quality of life.

Posterior component separation with transversus abdominis muscle release versus mesh-only repair in the treatment of complex ventral-wall hernia: a randomized controlled trial

Background

Complex ventral hernias (VHs) represent a real challenge to both general and plastic surgeons. This study aims to compare Sublay Mesh-Only Repair to Posterior Component Separation “PCS” with Transversus Abdominis Release “TAR” in the treatment of complex ventral-wall hernias (VHs).

Methods

This a randomized, controlled, intervention, including two parallel groups: A; Sublay Mesh-Only Repair and Group B; “TAR”. Consecutive patients of both genders aged between 18 and 65 years old with complex VHs presented at Mansoura University Hospitals including large-sized abdominal-wall hernia ≥ 10 cm in width, loss of domain ≥ 20%, multiple hernial defects, or recurrent hernias. Immuno-compromised patients, patients with liver impairment, or severe heart failure were considered an exclusion criterion. The primary outcome is the recurrence rate after 12-months following the procedure.

Results

Fifty-six patients were recruited in this study. There was no significant difference between both groups regarding recurrence. However, there was significant differences between both groups regarding seroma favoring mesh-only repair.

Conclusions

Although TAR may be associated with longer operative times and more blood losses, these were not found to be statistically significant. Postoperative complication, except for seroma, and recurrence rates were comparable in both groups.

Trail registration The study was registered on clicaltrials.gov “NCT04516031”.

Transversus Abdominis Muscle Release in Giant Incisional Hernia

Giant incisional hernias and complex abdominal wall reconstructions are challenging in terms of primary closure with typical operating techniques. Transversus abdominis muscle release (TAR) is a new myofascial release technique that involves the creation of a retro rectal place and mesh placement. It is a modification of the posterior component separation technique (CST) and enables the primary closure of the most challenging abdominal wall reconstructions. We present a case where a favorable outcome was achieved in a contaminated environment with almost no perioperative complications and no recurrence after 17 months, with the placement of inexpensive non-absorbable ‘Paha’ mesh.

Open Anterior Component Separation for Complex Incisional and Ventral Hernias—When and How? Case Series Analysis

Closing the midline in patients with incisional hernias is the cornerstone for a functional reconstruction with low morbidity, low recurrence rates, and good cosmetic results, which is the ideal outcome for every hernia surgeon. However, in patients with large hernias (usually over 10 cm width) or in loss of domain cases, this goal is difficult to achieve. Anterior component separation with or without mesh reinforcement has been the procedure of choice for these patients despite its high rate of wound complications. The goal of our study is to evaluate the opportunity and necessity of the anterior component separation in patients with complex incisional or ventral hernias (defects larger than 10 cm, infected meshes). Data of patients with large incisional/ventral hernia operated using anterior component separation technique in the past 10 years were re-visited and analyzed from hospital records between January 2012 and December 2020. Demographic data (age, gender, body mass index, ASA score) and the main steps of the technique were recorded. Data were reported as mean and standard deviation. We used the anterior component separation in 66 cases, mainly for septic conditions (open abdomen, chronic and extended infections of the abdominal wall, chronic-infected meshes). For large parietal defects with aseptic local condition, we used mesh-reinforced anterior component separation (five patients). Mean age was 68.7 years. Among them, 29 patients developed wound complications (hematoma, seroma, infection). Mean hospital stay was 12.6 days. Recurrence was 18% in patients without mesh and zero in patients with mesh reinforcement after a minimum one-year follow-up. Anterior component separation is still a valid procedure in patients with large abdominal defects especially when a septic wound is to be closed. For large parietal defects, if a wide subcutaneous dissection is required, mesh-reinforced anterior component separation remains a valid alternative in abdominal wall reconstruction in certain cases (mainly aseptic conditions).

An Evaluation of the Evidence Guiding Adult Midline Ventral Hernia Repair

Purpose:  Several guidelines have been published in recent years to guide the clinician in ventral hernia repair. This review distils this advice, critically assesses their evidence base, and proposes avenues for future study. Methods:  A PUBMED search identified four guidelines addressing midline ventral hernia repair published by major surgical societies between 2016 and 2020. The studies used to inform the advice have been critically appraised, including 20 systematic reviews/meta-analyses, 10 randomized controlled trials, 32 cohort studies, and 14 case series. Results:  Despite a lack of randomized controlled trials, case heterogeneity, and variation in outcome reporting, key themes have emerged. Preoperative computed tomography scan assesses defect size, loss of domain, and the likely need for component separation. Prehabilitation, frailty assessment, and risk stratification are beneficial in complex cases. Minimally invasive component separation techniques, Botox injection, and progressive pneumoperitoneum represent novel techniques to promote closure of large fascial defects. Rives-Stoppa sublay mesh repair has become the "gold" standard for open and minimally invasive repairs. Laparoscopic repair promotes early return to functional status. The enhanced-view totally extraperitoneal approach facilitates laparoscopic sublay mesh placement, avoiding mesh contact with viscera. Robotic techniques continue to evolve, although the evidence at present remains immature. Synthetic mesh is recommended for use in clean and clean-contaminated cases. However, optimism regarding the use of biologic and biosynthetic meshes in the contaminated setting has waned. Conclusions:  Surgical techniques in ventral hernia repair have advanced in recent years. High-quality data has struggled to keep pace; rigorous clinical trials are required to support the surgical innovation.

A retrospective comparison of outcomes after open anterior and posterior component separation by a single surgical team

PURPOSE

While both anterior and posterior component separation techniques aid the repair of large ventral hernias, their outcomes can be remarkably dissimilar in terms of wound morbidity. We describe outcomes after open component separation by a single surgical team over the entire breadth of our experience.

METHODS

We queried a prospectively maintained database for ventral hernias who received an open bilateral component separation between January 2014 and January 2020. A retrospective review was performed to analyze patient demographics, perioperative events, adverse outcomes, and recurrence.

RESULTS

One hundred twenty-seven patients met the inclusion criteria of which 44 underwent anterior component separation (ACS) and 83 underwent posterior component separation (PCS). The two groups were broadly similar in terms of demographic and hernia-related variables. Mesh:defect area ratios, operative time, and estimated intraoperative blood loss were higher in the PCS group. The ACS group had more frequent use of drains which remained in situ for longer, along with a longer hospital stay. Surgical site occurrences (SSOs), including those needing procedural intervention (SSOPIs) were significantly more common after ACS. This group was also more likely to undergo a reoperation within 30 days of index repair. A single recurrence was noted in the ACS group after a mean follow-up duration of 43 months.

CONCLUSIONS

Open PCS may be more technically demanding than ACS, but it has a lower risk of postoperative morbidity and reoperation. While we now utilize PCS more frequently in our practice, ACS remains an important tool in our armamentarium.

[Intraoperative fascial traction (IFT) for treatment of large ventral hernias : A retrospective analysis of 50 cases]

OBJECTIVE

The aim was to evaluate the effectiveness, clinical practicability, and complication rate of the intraoperative fascial traction (IFT) procedure for the treatment of large ventral hernias.

METHOD

This study evaluated 50 patients from 11 specialized centers with an intraoperatively measured fascial distance of more than 8 cm, who were treated by IFT (traction time 30-35 min) using the fasciotens® hernia traction procedure.

RESULTS

Fascial gaps measured preoperatively ranged from 8 cm to 44 cm, with most patients (94%) having a fascial gap above 10 cm (W3 according to the European Hernia Society classification). The mean fascial distance was reduced from 16.1 ± 0.8 cm to 5.8 ± 0.7 cm (stretch gain 10.2 ± 0.7 cm, p < 0.0001, Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks test). A reduction in fascial distance of at least 50% was achieved in three quarters of the patients and in half of the treated patients the reduction in fascial distance amounted to even more than 70%. The closure rate achieved by IFT after a mean surgical duration of 207.3 ± 11.0 min was 90% (45/50). Hernia closure was performed in all cases with a mesh augmentation in a sublay position. Postoperative complications occurred in 6 patients (12%). A reoperation was required in 3 patients (6%).

CONCLUSION

The described IFT method is a new procedure for abdominal wall closure in large ventral hernias. The presented results demonstrate a high effectiveness, a good clinical practicability and a low complication rate of IFT.

Medialization after combined anterior and posterior component separation in giant incisional hernia surgery, an anatomical study

BACKGROUND

To obtain tension-free closure for giant incisional hernia repair, anterior or posterior component separation is often performed. In patients with an extreme diameter hernia, anterior component separation and posterior component separation may be combined. The aim of this study was to assess the additional medialization after simultaneous anterior component separation and posterior component separation.

METHODS

Fresh-frozen post mortem human specimens were used. Both sides of the abdominal wall were subjected to retro-rectus dissection (Rives-Stoppa), anterior component separation and posterior component separation, the order in which the component separation techniques were performed was reversed for the contralateral side. Medialization was measured at 3 reference points.

RESULTS

Anterior component separation provided most medialization for the anterior rectus sheath, posterior component separation provided most medialization for the posterior rectus sheath. After combined component separation techniques total median medialization ranged between 5.8 and 9.2 cm for the anterior rectus sheath, and between 10.1 and 14.2 cm for the posterior rectus sheath (depending on the level on the abdomen). For the anterior rectus sheath, additional posterior component separation after anterior component separation provided 15% to 16%, and additional anterior component separation after posterior component separation provided 32% to 38% of the total medialization after combined component separation techniques. For the posterior rectus sheath, additional posterior component separation after anterior component separation provided 50% to 59%, and additional anterior component separation after posterior component separation provided 11% to 17% of the total medialization after combined component separation techniques. Retro-rectus dissection alone contributed up to 41% of maximum obtainable medialization.

CONCLUSION

Anterior component separation provided most medialization of the anterior rectus sheath and posterior component separation provided most medialization of the posterior rectus sheath. Combined component separation techniques provide marginal additional medialization, clinical use of this technique should be carefully balanced against additional risks.

Single institute experience with anterior and posterior component separation techniques for large ventral hernias: A retrospective review

BACKGROUND

Component separation techniques have recently gained popularity for the repair of complex ventral hernias. Anterior and posterior component separation techniques offer similar myofascial medialization, with a differing complication profile. The aim of this study is to compare the efficacy, patient morbidity and post-operative complications between anterior component separation (ACST) and transversus abdominis release (TAR) for large ventral hernias.

METHODS

Between December 2017 and September 2019, data was collected and analysed for patients undergoing ACST and TAR, in terms of demographics, peri-operative events, adverse events and hernia recurrence.

RESULTS

25 patients each underwent ACST and TAR during our study period. Mean age was 53.5 and 52.8 years and mean BMI was 31.4 and 29.5 respectively. The mean defect area was 120.8 cm² and 131.9 cm², and average mesh size was 741.8 cm² and 1429.04 cm² respectively in the ACST and TAR groups. Four patients undergoing TAR had intra-operative complications with none in the ACST group. In the ACST group, 8 patients had an SSI, of which 5 patients needed operative intervention, while 3 patients in the TAR group had an SSI, all of whom were managed with bedside procedures. One patient in the ACST group had a recurrence. None of the patients in the TAR group had a recurrence.

CONCLUSIONS

Component separation techniques are gaining popularity in treatment of large ventral hernias. While they have comparable outcomes with respect to recurrence, wound morbidity is more frequent and severe in the ACST group.

Botulinum Toxin in the Surgical Treatment of Complex Abdominal Hernias: A Surgical Anatomy Approach, Current Evidence and Outcomes

BACKGROUND/AIM

Abdominal wall hernias represent a common problem in surgical practice. A significant proportion of them entails large defects, often difficult to primarily close without advanced techniques. Injection of botulinum toxin preoperatively at specific points targeting lateral abdominal wall musculature has been recently introduced as an adjunct in achieving primary fascia closure rates.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A literature search was conducted investigating the role of botulinum toxin in abdominal wall reconstruction focusing on anatomic repair of hernia defects.

RESULTS

Injecting botulinum toxin preoperatively achieved chemical short-term paralysis of the lateral abdominal wall muscles, enabling a tension-free closure of the midline, which according to anatomic and clinical studies should be the goal of hernia repair. No significant complications from botulinum injections for complex hernias were reported.

CONCLUSION

Botulinum is a significant adjunct to complex abdominal wall reconstruction. Further studies are needed to standardize protocols and create more evidence.

Wide variation in surgical techniques to repair incisional hernias: a survey of practice patterns among general surgeons

BACKGROUND

The purpose of this research was to examine the self-reported practice patterns of Canadian general surgeons regarding the elective repair of incisional hernias.

METHODS

A mail survey was sent to all general surgeons in Canada. Data were collected regarding surgeon training, years in practice, practice setting and management of incisional hernias. Surgeons were asked to describe their usual surgical approach for a patient with a midline incisional hernia and a 10 × 6 cm fascial defect.

RESULTS

Of the 1876 surveys mailed out 555 (30%) were returned and 483 surgeons indicated that they perform incisional hernia repair. The majority (62%) have been in practice > 10 years and 73% regularly repair incisional hernias. In response to the clinical scenario of a patient with an incisional hernia, 74% indicated that they would perform an open repair and 18% would perform a laparoscopic repair. Ninety eight percent of surgeons would use mesh, 73% would perform primary fascial closure and 47% would perform a component separation. The most common locations for mesh placement were intraperitoneal (46%) and retrorectus/preperitoneal (48%). The most common repair, which was reported by 37% of surgeons, was an open operation, with mesh, with primary fascial closure and a component separation.

CONCLUSIONS

While almost all surgeons who perform incisional hernia repairs would use permanent mesh, there was substantial variation reported in surgical approach, mesh location, fascial closure and use of component separation techniques. It is unclear how this variability may impact healthcare resources and patient outcomes.

Adjunct botox to preoperative progressive pneumoperitoneum for incisional hernia with loss of domain: no additional effect but may improve outcomes

INTRODUCTION

Incisional hernia with loss of domain (IHLD) remains a surgical challenge. Its management requires complex approaches including specific preoperative and intra-operative techniques. This study focuses on the interest of adding preoperative botulinum toxin A (BTA) injection to preoperative progressive pneumoperitoneum (PPP), compared to PPP alone.

MATERIAL

Patients between January 2015 and March 2020 with IHLD who underwent pre-operative preparation were included. Their baseline characteristics were retrospectively analyzed, along with the characteristics of their incisional hernia before and after preparation including CT-scan volumetry. Intra-operative data, early post-operative outcomes, surgical site occurrences (SSOs) including surgical site infection (SSI) were recorded.

RESULTS

Four hundred and fifty (450) patients with incisional hernia were operated, including 41 patients (9.1%) with IHLD, 13 of which had both BTA and PPP, while 28 had PPP only. Both groups were comparable in term of patients and IHLD characteristics. Median increase in the volume of the abdominal cavity (VAbC) was + 55% for the entire population (+ 58.3% for the BTA-PPP group, p < 0.0001 and + 52.8% for the PPP-alone group, p < 0.0001) although the increase in volume was not different between the two groups (p = 0.99). Complete fascial closure was achieved in all patients. SSOs were more frequent in the PPP-alone group than in the BTA-PPP group (17 (60.7%) versus 3 (23.1%) patients, respectively, p = 0.043).

CONCLUSION

BTA and PPP are both useful in pre-operative preparation for IHLD. Combining both significantly increases the volume of abdominal cavity but associating BTA to PPP does not add any volumetric benefit but may decrease the post-operative SSO rate.

Resection and reconstruction of a giant primitive neuroectodermal tumour of the abdominal wall with an ultra-long lateral circumflex femoral artery musculocutaneous flap: a case report

Background

Primitive neuroectodermal tumours are clinically rare. Here, we report a case of a large peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumour of the abdominal wall. The defect was reconstructed with the longest lateral circumflex femoral artery musculocutaneous flap reported to date.

Case presentation

A 15-year-old male suffered rupture and bleeding of an abdominal wall mass with a volume of approximately 23*18*10 cm³, involving the whole layer of the abdominal wall. Pathological examination revealed a peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumour. The tumour was removed via oncologic resection, and the abdominal wall was reconstructed with a bilateral 44*8 cm² lateral circumflex femoral artery musculocutaneous flap combined with a titanium polypropylene patch. The patient had smooth recovery postoperative, and the functions of the donor and recipient areas of the flap were not significantly affected.

Conclusion

In this case report, we describe a rare primitive neuroectodermal tumour of the abdominal wall, which invaded almost the entire abdominal wall due to delay of treatment. After thoroughly removing the tumour, we immediately reconstructed the abdominal wall with an ultra-long lateral circumflex femoral artery musculocutaneous flap and achieved better appearance and function after the operation. This case suggests that we should adopt an integrated scheme of surgery combined with radiotherapy and chemotherapy in the treatment of peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumours. Under the premise of determining the blood supply, the lateral circumflex femoral artery musculocutaneous flap can be cut to a sufficient length.

Comparing the outcomes of external oblique and transversus abdominus release using the AHSQC database

PURPOSE

Myofascial release techniques at the time of complex hernia repair allow for tension-free closure of the midline fascia. Two common techniques are the open external oblique release (EOR) and the transversus abdominis release (TAR). Each technique has its reported advantages and disadvantages, but there have been few comparative studies. The purpose of this project was to compare the outcomes of these two myofascial release techniques.

METHODS

The Americas Hernia Society Quality Collaborative (AHSQC) database was queried and produced a data set on 24 May 2018. All patients undergoing open incision hernia repair with an open EOR or TAR were evaluated, and outcomes were compared including hernia recurrence, quality of life, and 30-day wound-related complications.

RESULTS

3610 patients met the inclusion criteria of undergoing open incisional hernia repair (501 undergoing EOR and 3109 undergoing TAR). Seventy surgeons from 50 institutions contributed EOR patients, and 124 surgeons from 89 institutions contributed TAR patients with no differences between the two groups in surgeons' affiliation. Comparing open EOR and TAR showed no significant differences in hernia recurrence, quality of life, or 30-day surgical site infection rate. EOR had a significantly higher rate of surgical site occurrences compared with TAR (p < 0.05); however, this did not result in an increase in surgical site occurrences requiring procedural interventions.

CONCLUSIONS

Equivalent outcomes were achieved using the EOR or TAR techniques in the open repair of incisional hernias. Both techniques offer consistently good outcomes and are important adjuncts in the repair of complex incisional hernias.

Beyond the Hernia Repair: A Review of the Insurance Coverage of Critical Adjuncts in Abdominal Wall Reconstruction

The prevalence of complex abdominal wall defects continues to rise, which necessitates increasingly sophisticated medical and surgical management. Insurance coverage for reconstructive surgery varies due to differing interpretations of medical necessity. The authors sought to characterize the current insurance landscape for a subset of key adjunctive procedures in abdominal wall reconstruction, including component separation and simultaneous ventral hernia repair with panniculectomy (SVHR-P) or abdominoplasty (SVHR-A), and synthesize a set of reporting recommendations based on insurer criteria.

Methods

Insurance companies were selected based on their national and state market share. Preauthorization criteria, preauthorization lists, and medical/clinical policies by each company for component separation, SVRH-P, and SVRH-A were examined. Coverage criteria were abstracted and analyzed.

Results

Fifty insurance companies were included in the study. Only 1 company had clear approval criteria for component separation, while 38 cover it on a case-by-case basis. Four companies had clear approval policies for SVHR-P, 4 cover them on an individual case basis, and 28 flatly do not cover SVHR-P. Similarly, 3 companies had clear approval policies for SVHR-A, 6 cover them case by case, and 33 do not cover SVHR-A.

Conclusions

Component separation and soft tissue contouring are important adjunctive AWR procedures with efficacy supported by peer-reviewed literature. The variability in SVHR-P and SVHR-A coverage likely decreases access to these procedures even when there are established medical indications. The authors recommend standardization of coverage criteria for component separation, given that differing interpretations of medical necessity increase the likelihood of insurance denials.

Endoscopic preaponeurotic access for complex ventral hernia repair with sublay mesh and bilateral anterior component separation: A case report

Introduction

Minimally invasive techniques are now routine in complex abdominal wall defects repair. Although laparoscopy allows to reduce post-operative pain, promoting a more rapid recovery and shortening hospital stay, it is associated with risk of bowel injury and adhesions development, when intraperitoneal mesh is placed. We report the case of a patient affected by large recurrent incisional hernia, treated with a new hybrid endoscopic approach.

Presentation of case

Patient treated with the novel approach is a 53-year-old male, BMI 27, smoker, with epigastric recurrence of incisional hernia and prosthetic fistula. An endoscopic preaponeurotic subcutaneous access was used. Repair with sublay mesh, bilateral anterior component separation and muscular reinsertions was conducted. Three months after surgery, no signs of recurrence were observed and complete functional recovery had been achieved.

Discussion

The new technique adopted benefits from all the advantages of minimally invasive surgery, allowing to avoid risks associated with laparoscopic access. Bilateral anterior component separation with muscular reinsertions is the key for tension-free suture.

Conclusion

To our knowledge, this is the first time that a complex recurrent incisional hernia is repaired with the hybrid technique aforementioned. The approach used is certainly technically challenging, thus requiring a team skilled in the use of laparoscopy. Good outcomes reported are a further demonstration that minimally invasive surgery can be a valid alternative to traditional open techniques for large abdominal wall defects repair.

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Minimally invasive surgical techniques are commonly used in complex ventral hernia repair.

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Laparoscopy is effective but it is associated with the risk of bowel injury and adhesions development.

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Component separation allows tension-free suture in presence of large hernia defects.

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A hybrid approach with endoscopic preaponeurotic access can be used to treat complex cases.

Chinese expert consensus on adult ventral abdominal wall defect repair and reconstruction

BACKGROUND

Surgical management of patients with ventral abdominal wall defects, especially complex abdominal wall defects, remains a challenging problem for abdominal wall reconstructive surgeons. Effective surgical treatment requires appropriate preoperative assessment, surgical planning, and correct operative procedure in order to improve postoperative clinical outcomes and minimize complications. Although substantial advances have been made in surgical techniques and prosthetic technologies, there is still insufficient high-level evidence favoring a specific technique. Broad variability in existing practice patterns, including clinical pre-operative evaluation, surgical techniques and surgical procedure selection, are still common.

DATA SOURCES

With the purpose of providing a best practice algorithm, a comprehensive search was conducted in Medline and PubMed. Sixty-four surgeons considered as experts on abdominal wall defect repair and reconstruction in China were solicited to develop a Chinese consensus and give recommendations to help surgeons standardize their techniques and improve clinical results.

CONCLUSIONS

This consensus serves as a starting point to provide recommendations for adult ventral abdominal wall repair and reconstruction in China and may help build opportunities for international cooperation to refine AWR practice.

An Evaluation of Tension Measurements During Myofascial Release for Hernia Repair

Tension-free repairs have revolutionized the way we repair hernias. To help reduce undue tension when performing ventral hernia repair, multiple different techniques of myofascial releases have been described. The purpose of this project is to evaluate tension measurements for commonly performed myofascial releases in abdominal wall hernia repair. Patients undergoing myofascial release techniques for their ventral hernias were enrolled in a prospective Institutional Review Board-approved protocol to measure abdominal wall tension from June 1, 2011 to August 1, 2019. Abdominal wall tensions were measured using tensiometers before and after myofascial release techniques. Descriptive statistics were performed and data were analyzed. Thirty patients had tension measurements (5 anterior myofascial separation, 25 posterior myofascial separation with transversus abdominis release [TAR]). Average age was 60.1 years (range 29-81), 83% Caucasian, 53% female, and 42% recurrent hernias. The average hernia defect in patients undergoing anterior myofascial release was 117.3 cm2, and the average mesh size was 650 cm2. The reduction in tension after anterior release was 4.7 lbs (2.7 lbs vs 7.4 lbs). The average hernia defect in patients undergoing posterior myofascial release (TAR) was 183 cm2, and the average mesh size was 761.36 cm2. The reduction in tension after bilateral posterior rectus sheath incision was 2.55 lbs (5.01 lbs vs 7.56 lbs) with 0.66 lbs further reduction in tension after TAR (4.35 lbs vs 5.01). In this evaluation, abdominal wall tension measurements are shown to be a feasible adjunct during open hernia repair. Preliminary data show tension reductions associated with the different myofascial release techniques and, with further study, may be a useful intraoperative adjunct for decision making in hernia repair.

Short- to Midterm Results After Posterior Component Separation with Transversus Abdominis Release: Initial Experience from India

PURPOSE

Posterior component separation with transversus abdominis release is a new procedure and is quickly gaining popularity. It has shown promising results in terms of low recurrence rates for large and complex hernias. However, there are very little Indian data available on this to date. The purpose of this study was to assess the outcomes of the technique at three centers in India.

METHODS

This was a retrospective analysis of the prospectively collected data. Patients with a minimum follow-up of 3 months who underwent open or minimal access posterior component separation were included.

RESULTS

A total of 72 patients (open = 44, minimal access = 25, and hybrid = 3) were included in the analysis. At a follow-up ranging from 3 months to 35 months, there were two recurrences (2.78%). Surgical site occurrences were seen in 23/72 (31.9%), and surgical site infection was seen in 7/72 (9.7%). Surgical site occurrence requiring procedural intervention was 3/72 (4.2%). There were two (2.78%) mortalities in the open group due to myocardial infarction.

CONCLUSION

Posterior component separation with transversus abdominis release may have advantages in terms of low recurrence in large hernias in the Indian population and can be used in carefully selected patients.

An early experience with transversus abdominis release for complex ventral hernias: a retrospective review of 100 cases

BACKGROUND

Transversus abdominis release (TAR) is a relatively recent surgical technique for ventral hernia repair which allows placement of a large prosthesis in the retro-muscular plane with considerable myofascial medialization. A retrospective review of 100 cases who underwent TAR for complex ventral hernias was performed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of TAR in a series of large ventral hernias.

METHODS

Between March 2016 and May 2019, 100 consecutive patients who underwent open TAR were identified from our prospectively maintained database. A retrospective review was performed to analyze patient demographics, peri-operative events, adverse outcomes and recurrence.

RESULTS

12 primary and 88 incisional hernia cases underwent TAR with prosthetic mesh repair during the study period. Mean age was 52.5 years, mean BMI was 30.87 kgs/m², mean ASA class 1.95. In our series, 41% were diabetic, 11% had COPD. All patients underwent preoperative CT scans. The mean defect was 140.18 cm². Average mesh area was 1344 cm². Average blood loss was 245 mL. Defects were bridged in 19% cases despite bilateral component separation. Readmission rate at 1 month was 3%, for wound complications. We recorded 9 surgical site infections, 17 surgical site occurrences, 10 of which needed procedural interventions. We recorded no recurrences at a mean follow-up duration of 20.2 months.

CONCLUSIONS

Our early results with TAR are encouraging. We have demonstrated that the repair allows anatomical reconstruction with a large sublay mesh while inflicting minimal morbidity. TAR can be a valuable tool in complex ventral hernia repair.

Comparison of component separation technique, partition technique, and extended anterolateral thigh flap in complex abdominal wall closure

PURPOSE

This study tries to compare three methods in complex abdominal wall reconstruction.

METHODS

A retrospective review was conducted at a single medical center between December 2008 and May 2019. Forty-seven patients who received abdominal fascia repair were enrolled. The patients were divided into three groups: A [component separation technique (CST)], B (partition technique), and C [extended anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap]. All relevant patient information was collected. Statistical analysis including one-way analysis of variance, Chi-square test, and the receiver operating characteristic curve were used.

RESULTS

There were no significant differences between the group results related to gender, age, BMI, follow-up, diabetes mellitus, tobacco, or short-, and long-term complications. However, there were significant differences in fascia defect size between groups (group A: 7.6 cm vs. group B: 10.76 cm vs. group C: 13.64 cm). The averaged operative time in group C (339.25 mins) was significantly longer than that in group A (145.40 mins) and B (152.37 mins). The hospitalization in group C (24.1 days) was significantly longer than that in group A (8.2 days) and B (10.3 days). The complication thresholds of group A and group B are 9.45 cm and 11.75 cm, respectively.

CONCLUSION

This study suggests that extended ALT flap provides the largest fascia defect closure, followed orderly by partition technique and CST, but requires longer operative time and hospitalization. There are no significant differences in postoperative complications between three groups. A prospective study with indications based on these findings is suggested.

Outcomes of Open Complex Ventral Hernia Repairs With Retromuscular Placement of Poly-4-Hydroxybutyrate Bioabsorbable Mesh

Purpose. Optimal technique and mesh selection still debated for complex ventral hernias. Limited data exists on bioabsorbable meshes in high-risk patients. We evaluated our experience. Methods. Retrospective review was conducted following institutional review board approval for ventral hernia repairs using a single bioabsorbable mesh between February 2014 and November 2017. Patient and hernia details characterized. Outcomes evaluated. Results. 20 ventral hernia repairs identified, 10 males, 10 females. Mean body mass index was 35 ± 7.4 kg/m², and mean age 47 ± 13 years. Comorbid conditions were diabetes 35% and hypertension 40%. Fifty-five percent had American Society of Anesthesiologist scores of 3. Hernia Characteristics: Ventral Hernia Working Group Grade 3 hernias were 80%, and remainder grade 2. Forty percent of hernias were Centers for Disease Control class III, and remainder were class I and II. The mean defect size was 533 cm² ± 500. Repair for prior open abdomens was 45%, recurrent hernias 20%, incisional 15%, incarcerated 10%, incisional with parastomal 5%, and primary ventral 5%. Concomitant bowel procedures in 8, (40%). All cases had retromuscular mesh placement (transversus abdominus release 65%, Rives-Stoppa 35%). Surgical site occurrences were 20% (surgical site infection 10%, seroma 10%). Overall hospital stay 5 ± 3 days. Ileus occurred in 20%. One postoperative death due to fatal arrhythmia. There were no recurrences with mean follow-up 21.1 months. Conclusions. Complex hernia repairs using bioabsorbable mesh were conducted in a small cohort of high-risk patients. These data demonstrate good outcomes with limited morbidity and mortality. There were no recurrences.

Minimally invasive component separation technique for large ventral hernia: which is the best choice? A systematic literature review

BACKGROUND

Aim of the present systematic review is to compare the postoperative outcomes after minimally invasive anterior and posterior component separation technique (CST), in terms of postoperative morbidity and recurrence rates.

METHODS

Nine-hundred and fifty-nine articles were identified through Pubmed database. Of these, 444 were eliminated because were duplicates between the searches. Of the remaining 515 articles, 414 were excluded after screening title and abstract. One hundred and one articles were fully analysed, and 73 articles were further excluded, finally including 28 articles. Based on the surgical technique, three groups were created: Group A, endoscopic anterior CST and closure of the abdominal midline by laparotomy; Group B, endoscopic anterior CST and closure of the abdominal midline laparoscopically or robotically; Group C, laparoscopic or robotic posterior CST with transversus abdominal muscle release (TAR).

RESULTS

In group A, B and C, 196, 120 and 236 patients were included, respectively. Surgical and medical complication rates for the three groups were 31.2% and 13.7% in group A, 15.8% and 4.1% in group B, and 17.8% and 25.4% in group C, while recurrence rate was 10.7%, 6.6% and 0.4%, respectively. Statistically significant differences were observed in terms of surgical postoperative complication rate between group A versus B (p = 0.0022) and between group A versus C (p = 0.0015) and of recurrence rate between group A versus C (p = < 0.0001) and B versus C (p = 0.0009).

CONCLUSIONS

Anterior CST with midline closure by laparotomy showed the worst results in terms of postoperative surgical complications and recurrence in comparison to the pure minimally anterior and posterior CST. Posterior CST-TAR showed lowest hospital stay and recurrence rate, although the follow-up is short. However, due to the poor quality of most of the studies, further prospective studies and randomized control trials, with wider sample size and longer follow-up are required to demonstrate which is the best surgical option.

The use of self-gripping mesh with anterior component separation technique in incisional hernia repair: A case series

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We present three cases of incisional hernia repair using onlay self-gripping mesh.

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The mesh was placed following the anterior component separation technique.

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Self-gripping mesh enhances tissue adhesion and requires minimal suture fixation.

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The advantages are more sufficient reinforcement and technical simplicity.

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The disadvantages are risk of decreased blood flow, infection, fistula, and pain.

Introduction

Incisional hernia (IH) is a common postoperative complication that affects 10% of the patients who undergo abdominal surgery. The component separation (CS) technique is suitable for large and/or complex hernias; however, CS alone may not eliminate recurrence and is associated with an increased incidence of wound complications. Self-gripping mesh enhances tissue adhesion and contributes to a reduced risk of migration, chronic pain, and other complications. Here, we present three cases of IH that were successfully repaired by anterior CS (ACS) using onlay self-gripping meshes.

Case presentation

All three patients underwent surgery using the following technique: Briefly, a skin flap was created with release of the external oblique muscle and preservation of the perforating vessels. The linea alba was closed with absorbable interrupted sutures. A self-gripping mesh was trimmed and placed with a 4–5 cm overlap bilaterally from the closed linea alba using an onlay technique. For all patients, the postoperative courses were uneventful and there were no complications at the 3-month follow-up.

Discussion

The advantages of our technique include more sufficient abdominal reinforcement, technical simplicity, and minimal time required for mesh placement. The disadvantages are the potential risk of decreased blood flow of the skin flaps, wound infection, intestinal fistula, persisting or chronic pain, and difficulty with subsequent abdominal surgery.

Conclusion

The use of self-gripping mesh with ACS can be performed without increasing the operative time or causing short-term surgical complications. This technique may be recommended for large IH because of its simplicity and secure abdominal reinforcement provided.

Systematic review of transversus abdominis release in complex abdominal wall reconstruction

BACKGROUND

Transversus abdominis release (TAR), as a type of posterior component separation, is a new myofascial release technique in complex ventral hernia repair. TAR preserves rectus muscle innervation, creates an immense retromuscular plane and allows bilaminar ingrowth of the mesh. The place of the TAR within the range of established anterior component separation techniques (CST) is unclear. Aim of this systematic literature review is to estimate the position of the TAR in the scope of ventral hernia repair techniques.

METHODS

MEDLINE, Embase, Pubmed and the Cochrane controlled trials register and Science citation index were searched using the following terms: 'posterior component separation', 'transversus abdominis release', 'ventral hernia repair', 'complex abdominal wall reconstruction'. To prevent duplication bias, only studies with a unique cohort of patients who underwent transversus abdominis release for complex abdominal wall reconstruction were eligible. Postoperative complications and recurrences had to be registered adequately. The rate of surgical site occurrences and recurrences of the TAR were compared with those after anterior CST, published earlier in two meta-analyses.

RESULTS

Five articles met our strict inclusion criteria, describing 646 TAR patients. Methodological quality per study was good. Mean hernia surface was 509 cm² and 88% of the hernias were located in the midline. Preoperative risk stratification was distributed in low risk (10%), co-morbid (55%), potentially contaminated (32%) and infected (3%). Pooled calculations demonstrated a mean SSO rate of 15% after TAR (20-35% after anterior CST) and a mean 2-year hernia recurrence rate of 4% (13% after anterior CST). Mean hernia surface was 300 cm² in anterior component separation studies.

CONCLUSION

This review demonstrates that the transversus abdominis release is a good alternative for anterior CST in terms of SSO and recurrence, especially in very large midline ventral hernias.