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Cunningham SM, Sweeney JT, MacGregor J, Barton BA, Rush JE. Clinical Features of English Bulldogs with Presumed Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy: 31 Cases (2001–2013). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2018; 54:95-102. [DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-6550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is an important cause of sudden death in people and boxer dogs that has recently been described in English bulldogs. The objective of this retrospective study was to describe the clinical characteristics of English bulldogs with presumed ARVC. The medical records were searched for English bulldogs examined between 2001 and 2013 with a clinical diagnosis of ARVC. The average age of the 31 dogs identified was 9.2 ± 1.6 yr (range 7–13 yr). Males were overrepresented by a factor of 2.9 to 1. At initial presentation, 5 dogs had subclinical arrhythmia, 10 dogs had clinical signs attributable to arrhythmia, and 16 dogs had congestive heart failure. Eighteen dogs (58%) had ventricular tachycardia and five (16%) also had supraventricular arrhythmias. Four dogs experienced sudden death, 2 dogs died from congestive heart failure, 11 dogs were euthanized for cardiac causes, and 2 dogs died or were euthanized for noncardiac causes. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed a median survival time of 8.3 mo. This is the first study to describe the clinical characteristics of a population of English bulldogs with presumed ARVC. Further studies are needed to better characterize the clinical features of the disease in this breed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M. Cunningham
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences, Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts (S.M.C., J.E.R.); MedVet Columbus, Worthington, Ohio (J.T.S.); New England Veterinary Cardiology, Portland, Maine (J.M.); and Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts (B.A.B.)
| | - Joseph T. Sweeney
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences, Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts (S.M.C., J.E.R.); MedVet Columbus, Worthington, Ohio (J.T.S.); New England Veterinary Cardiology, Portland, Maine (J.M.); and Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts (B.A.B.)
| | - John MacGregor
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences, Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts (S.M.C., J.E.R.); MedVet Columbus, Worthington, Ohio (J.T.S.); New England Veterinary Cardiology, Portland, Maine (J.M.); and Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts (B.A.B.)
| | - Bruce A. Barton
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences, Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts (S.M.C., J.E.R.); MedVet Columbus, Worthington, Ohio (J.T.S.); New England Veterinary Cardiology, Portland, Maine (J.M.); and Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts (B.A.B.)
| | - John E. Rush
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences, Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts (S.M.C., J.E.R.); MedVet Columbus, Worthington, Ohio (J.T.S.); New England Veterinary Cardiology, Portland, Maine (J.M.); and Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts (B.A.B.)
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Peters S. Electrocardiographic differences in desmosomal and non-desmosomal arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol 2016; 203:1005-6. [PMID: 26625331 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.11.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Peters
- St. Elisabeth Hospital gGmbH Salzgitter, Liebenhaller Str. 20, 38259 Salzgitter, Germany.
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Paylor B, Fernandes J, McManus B, Rossi F. Tissue-resident Sca1+ PDGFRα+ mesenchymal progenitors are the cellular source of fibrofatty infiltration in arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy. F1000Res 2013; 2:141. [PMID: 24358871 PMCID: PMC3790611 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.2-141.v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (AC) is a disease of the heart involving myocardial dystrophy leading to fibrofatty scarring of the myocardium and is associated with an increased risk of both ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. It often affects the right ventricle but may also involve the left. Although there has been significant progress in understanding the role of underlying desmosomal genetic defects in AC, there is still a lack of data regarding the cellular processes involved in its progression. The development of cardiac fibrofatty scarring is known to be a principal pathological process associated with ventricular arrhythmias, and it is vital that we elucidate the role of various cell populations involved in the disease if targeted therapeutics are to be developed. The known role of mesenchymal progenitor cells in the reparative process of both the heart and skeletal muscle has provided inspiration for the identification of the cellular basis of fibrofatty infiltration in AC. Here we hypothesize that reparative processes triggered by myocardial degeneration lead to the differentiation of tissue-resident Sca1+ PDGFRα+ mesenchymal progenitors into adipocytes and fibroblasts, which compose the fibrofatty lesions characteristic of AC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Paylor
- Biomedical Research Center, University of British Columbia, Vancouver , V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Justin Fernandes
- Biomedical Research Center, University of British Columbia, Vancouver , V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Bruce McManus
- James Hogg Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Fabio Rossi
- Biomedical Research Center, University of British Columbia, Vancouver , V6T 1Z3, Canada
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Rickelt S, Pieperhoff S. Mutations with pathogenic potential in proteins located in or at the composite junctions of the intercalated disk connecting mammalian cardiomyocytes: a reference thesaurus for arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathies and for Naxos and Carvajal diseases. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 348:325-33. [PMID: 22450909 PMCID: PMC3349860 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1365-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, an avalanche of findings and reports has correlated arrhythmogenic ventricular cardiomyopathies (ARVC) and Naxos and Carvajal diseases with certain mutations in protein constituents of the special junctions connecting the polar regions (intercalated disks) of mature mammalian cardiomyocytes. These molecules, apparently together with some specific cytoskeletal proteins, are components of (or interact with) composite junctions. Composite junctions contain the amalgamated fusion products of the molecules that, in other cell types and tissues, occur in distinct separate junctions, i.e. desmosomes and adherens junctions. As the pertinent literature is still in an expanding phase and is obviously becoming important for various groups of researchers in basic cell and molecular biology, developmental biology, histology, physiology, cardiology, pathology and genetics, the relevant references so far recognized have been collected and are presented here in the following order: desmocollin-2 (Dsc2, DSC2), desmoglein-2 (Dsg2, DSG2), desmoplakin (DP, DSP), plakoglobin (PG, JUP), plakophilin-2 (Pkp2, PKP2) and some non-desmosomal proteins such as transmembrane protein 43 (TMEM43), ryanodine receptor 2 (RYR2), desmin, lamins A and C, striatin, titin and transforming growth factor-β3 (TGFβ3), followed by a collection of animal models and of reviews, commentaries, collections and comparative studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Rickelt
- Helmholtz Group for Cell Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, Building TP4, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Progen Biotechnik, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Pieperhoff
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, EH164TJ Edinburgh, Scotland UK
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Abstract
Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathies are a heterogeneous group of pathological conditions that give rise to myocardial dysfunction with an increased risk for atrial or ventricular arrhythmias. Inherited defects in cardiomyocyte proteins in the sarcomeric contractile apparatus, the cytoskeleton and desmosomal cell-cell contact junctions are becoming recognized increasingly as major causes of sudden cardiac death in the general population. Animal models have been developed for the systematic dissection of the genetic pathways involved in the pathogenesis of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathies. This review presents an overview of current animal models for arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) associated with cardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D McCauley
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Merner ND, Hodgkinson KA, Haywood AF, Connors S, French VM, Drenckhahn JD, Kupprion C, Ramadanova K, Thierfelder L, McKenna W, Gallagher B, Morris-Larkin L, Bassett AS, Parfrey PS, Young TL. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy type 5 is a fully penetrant, lethal arrhythmic disorder caused by a missense mutation in the TMEM43 gene. Am J Hum Genet 2008; 82:809-21. [PMID: 18313022 PMCID: PMC2427209 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2007] [Revised: 12/11/2007] [Accepted: 01/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal-dominant arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia (ARVC/D) causes sudden cardiac death and is characterized by clinical and genetic heterogeneity. Fifteen unrelated ARVC families with a disease-associated haplotype on chromosome 3p (ARVD5) were ascertained from a genetically isolated population. Identification of key recombination events reduced the disease region to a 2.36 Mb interval containing 20 annotated genes. Bidirectional resequencing showed one rare variant in transmembrane protein 43 (TMEM43 1073C-->T, S358L), was carried on all recombinant ARVD5 ancestral haplotypes from affected subjects and not found in population controls. The mutation occurs in a highly conserved transmembrane domain of TMEM43 and is predicted to be deleterious. Clinical outcomes in 257 affected and 151 unaffected subjects were compared, and penetrance was determined. We concluded that ARVC at locus ARVD5 is a lethal, fully penetrant, sex-influenced morbid disorder. Median life expectancy was 41 years in affected males compared to 71 years in affected females (relative risk 6.8, 95% CI 1.3-10.9). Heart failure was a late manifestation in survivors. Although little is known about the function of the TMEM43 gene, it contains a response element for PPAR gamma (an adipogenic transcription factor), which may explain the fibrofatty replacement of the myocardium, a characteristic pathological finding in ARVC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy D. Merner
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Kathy A. Hodgkinson
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Annika F.M. Haywood
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Sean Connors
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Vanessa M. French
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Jörg-Detlef Drenckhahn
- Max-Delbrück Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Max-Delbruck-Zentrum, Kostenstelle 1109, Robert-Roessle-Str 10, Berlin 13122, Germany
| | - Christine Kupprion
- Max-Delbrück Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Max-Delbruck-Zentrum, Kostenstelle 1109, Robert-Roessle-Str 10, Berlin 13122, Germany
| | - Kalina Ramadanova
- Max-Delbrück Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Max-Delbruck-Zentrum, Kostenstelle 1109, Robert-Roessle-Str 10, Berlin 13122, Germany
| | - Ludwig Thierfelder
- Max-Delbrück Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Max-Delbruck-Zentrum, Kostenstelle 1109, Robert-Roessle-Str 10, Berlin 13122, Germany
| | - William McKenna
- The Heart Hospital, 16-18 Westmoreland Street, London W1G 8PH, UK
| | - Barry Gallagher
- Department of Pathology, James Paton Memorial Regional Health Centre, Gander, Newfoundland and Labrador A1V 1P7, Canada
| | - Lynn Morris-Larkin
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Anne S. Bassett
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Clinical Genetics Research Program, University of Toronto, 1001 Queen Street West, Unit 4, Toronto, Ontario M6J 1H4, Canada
| | - Patrick S. Parfrey
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Terry-Lynn Young
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador A1B 3V6, Canada
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Horie M, Ishida K, Nishio Y, Nagaoka I, Matsui K. Genetic Background of Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia/Cardiomyopathy: Time to Start Asian Registry! J Arrhythm 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1880-4276(08)80028-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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George CH, Jundi H, Thomas NL, Fry DL, Lai FA. Ryanodine receptors and ventricular arrhythmias: emerging trends in mutations, mechanisms and therapies. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2006; 42:34-50. [PMID: 17081562 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2006.08.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2006] [Accepted: 08/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
It has been six years since the first reported link between mutations in the cardiac ryanodine receptor Ca(2+) release channel (RyR2) and catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT), a malignant stress-induced arrhythmia. In this time, rapid advances have been made in identifying new mutations, and in understanding how these mutations disrupt normal channel function to cause VT that frequently degenerates into ventricular fibrillation (VF) and sudden death. Functional characterisation of these RyR2 Ca(2+) channelopathies suggests that mutations alter the ability of RyR2 to sense its intracellular environment, and that channel modulation via covalent modification, Ca(2+)- and Mg(2+)-dependent regulation and structural feedback mechanisms are catastrophically disturbed. This review reconciles the current status of RyR2 mutation-linked etiopathology, the significance of mutational clustering within the RyR2 polypeptide and the mechanisms underlying channel dysfunction. We will also review new data that explores the link between abnormal Ca(2+) release and the resultant cardiac electrical instability in VT and VF, and how these recent developments impact on novel anti-arrhythmic therapies. Finally, we evaluate the concept that mechanistic differences between CPVT and other arrhythmogenic disorders may preclude a common therapeutic strategy to normalise RyR2 function in cardiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher H George
- Department of Cardiology, Wales Heart Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
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Parker HG, Meurs KM, Ostrander EA. Finding cardiovascular disease genes in the dog. J Vet Cardiol 2006; 8:115-27. [PMID: 19083345 PMCID: PMC3559124 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2006.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2006] [Revised: 04/10/2006] [Accepted: 04/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in canine genomics are changing the landscape of veterinary biology, and by default, veterinary medicine. No longer are clinicians locked into traditional methods of diagnoses and therapy. Rather, major advances in canine genetics and genomics from the past five years are now changing the way the veterinarian of the 21st century practices medicine. First, the availability of a dense genome map gives canine genetics a much-needed foothold in comparative medicine, allowing advances made in human and mouse genetics to be applied to companion animals. Second, the recently released 7.5x whole genome sequence of the dog is facilitating the identification of hereditary disease genes. Finally, development of genetic tools for rapid screening of families and populations at risk for inherited disease means that the cost of identifying and testing for disease loci will significantly decrease in coming years. Out of these advances will come major changes in companion animal diagnostics and therapy. Clinicians will be able to offer their clients genetic testing and counseling for a myriad of disorders. In this review we summarize recent findings in canine genomics and discuss their application to the study of canine cardiac health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi G. Parker
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, MSC 8000, Building 50, Room 5334, Bethesda MD 20892-8000, Phone: 301-594-5284; FAX: 301-480-0472
| | - Kathryn M. Meurs
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman WA 99164-7010, Phone: 509-335-0711 Fax: 509-335-0880
| | - Elaine A. Ostrander
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, MSC 8000, Building 50, Room 5334, Bethesda MD 20892-8000, Phone: 301-594-5284; FAX: 301-480-0472
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Yang Z, Bowles NE, Scherer SE, Taylor MD, Kearney DL, Ge S, Nadvoretskiy VV, DeFreitas G, Carabello B, Brandon LI, Godsel LM, Green KJ, Saffitz JE, Li H, Danieli GA, Calkins H, Marcus F, Towbin JA. Desmosomal dysfunction due to mutations in desmoplakin causes arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy. Circ Res 2006; 99:646-55. [PMID: 16917092 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000241482.19382.c6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy (ARVD/C) is characterized by progressive degeneration of the right ventricular myocardium, ventricular arrhythmias, fibrous-fatty replacement, and increased risk of sudden death. Mutations in 6 genes, including 4 encoding desmosomal proteins (Junctional plakoglobin (JUP), Desmoplakin (DSP), Plakophilin 2, and Desmoglein 2), have been identified in patients with ARVD/C. Mutation analysis of 66 probands identified 4 variants in DSP; V30M, Q90R, W233X, and R2834H. To establish a cause and effect relationship between those DSP missense mutations and ARVD/C, we performed in vitro and in vivo analyses of the mutated proteins. Unlike wild-type (WT) DSP, the N-terminal mutants (V30M and Q90R) failed to localize to the cell membrane in desomosome-forming cell line and failed to bind to and coimmunoprecipitate JUP. Multiple attempts to generate N-terminal DSP (V30M and Q90R) cardiac-specific transgenes have failed: analysis of embryos revealed evidence of profound ventricular dilation, which likely resulted in embryonic lethality. We were able to develop transgenic (Tg) mice with cardiac-restricted overexpression of the C-terminal mutant (R2834H) or WT DSP. Whereas mice overexpressing WT DSP had no detectable histologic, morphological, or functional cardiac changes, the R2834H-Tg mice had increased cardiomyocyte apoptosis, cardiac fibrosis, and lipid accumulation, along with ventricular enlargement and cardiac dysfunction in both ventricles. These mice also displayed interruption of DSP-desmin interaction at intercalated discs (IDs) and marked ultra-structural changes of IDs. These data suggest DSP expression in cardiomyocytes is crucial for maintaining cardiac tissue integrity, and DSP abnormalities result in ARVD/C by cardiomyocyte death, changes in lipid metabolism, and defects in cardiac development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Yang
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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