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Shin C, Kim R, Yoo D, Oh E, Moon J, Kim M, Lee JY, Kim JM, Koh SB, Kim M, Jeon B. A Practical Guide for Clinical Approach to Patients With Huntington's Disease in Korea. J Mov Disord 2024; 17:138-149. [PMID: 38467449 PMCID: PMC11082599 DOI: 10.14802/jmd.24040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chaewon Shin
- Department of Neurology, Chungnam National University Sejong Hospital, Sejong, Korea
- Department of Neurology, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Ryul Kim
- Department of Neurology, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dallah Yoo
- Department of Neurology, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eungseok Oh
- Department of Neurology, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Neurology, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jangsup Moon
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minkyeong Kim
- Department of Neurology, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Korea
| | - Jee-Young Lee
- Department of Neurology, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Min Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Seong-Beom Koh
- Department of Neurology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Manho Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Beomseok Jeon
- Department of Neurology, BJ Center for Comprehensive Parkinson Care and Rare Movement Disorders, Chung-Ang University Health Care System, Hyundae Hospital, Namyangju, Korea
| | - on behalf of the Korean Huntington’s Disease Society
- Department of Neurology, Chungnam National University Sejong Hospital, Sejong, Korea
- Department of Neurology, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Neurology, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Neurology, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Neurology, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Neurology, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Korea
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Neurology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Neurology, BJ Center for Comprehensive Parkinson Care and Rare Movement Disorders, Chung-Ang University Health Care System, Hyundae Hospital, Namyangju, Korea
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Kim R, Seong MW, Oh B, Shin HS, Lee JS, Park S, Jang M, Jeon B, Kim HJ, Lee JY. Analysis of HTT CAG repeat expansion among healthy individuals and patients with chorea in Korea. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2024; 118:105930. [PMID: 37992538 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2023.105930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the epidemiology of Huntington's disease (HD) in Korea differs notably from that in Western countries, the genetic disparities between these regions remain unclear. OBJECTIVE To investigate the characteristics and clinical significance of cytosine-adenine-guanine (CAG) repeat size associated with HD in the Korean population. METHODS We analyzed the CAG repeat lengths of the HTT gene in 941 healthy individuals (1,882 alleles) and 954 patients with chorea (1,908 alleles) from two referral hospitals in Korea. We presented normative CAG repeat length data for the Korean population and computed the reduced penetrance (36-39 CAG) and intermediate allele (27-35 CAG) frequencies in the two groups. Furthermore, we investigated the relationship between intermediate alleles and chorea development using logistic regression models in individuals aged ≥55 years. RESULTS The mean (±standard deviation) CAG repeat length in healthy individuals was 17.5 ± 2.0, with a reduced penetrance allele frequency of 0.05 % (1/1882) and intermediate allele frequency of 0.69 % (13/1882). We identified 213 patients with genetically confirmed HD whose CAG repeat length ranged from 39 to 140, with a mean of 45.2 ± 7.9 in the longer allele. Compared with normal CAG repeat alleles, intermediate CAG repeat alleles were significantly related to a higher risk of developing chorea (age of onset range, 63-84 years) in individuals aged ≥55 years. CONCLUSIONS This study provides insights into the specific characteristics of CAG repeat lengths in the HTT gene in the Korean population. The reduced penetrance and intermediate allele frequencies in the Korean general population seem to be lower than those reported in Western populations. The presence of intermediate alleles may increase the risk of chorea in the Korean elderly population, which requires further large-scale investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryul Kim
- Department of Neurology, Inha University Hospital, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Moon-Woo Seong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Bumjo Oh
- Department of Familial Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ho Seop Shin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jee-Soo Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sangmin Park
- Department of Neurology, Daejeon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University College of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Mihee Jang
- Department of Neurology, JMH Seoul Neurologic Clinic, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Beomseok Jeon
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Han-Joon Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Jee-Young Lee
- Department of Neurology, Seoul Metropolitan Government - Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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3
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From older to younger generations: Intergenerational transmission of health-related roles in families with Huntington's disease. J Aging Stud 2022; 61:101027. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaging.2022.101027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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4
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Huntington's Chorea-a Rare Neurodegenerative Autosomal Dominant Disease: Insight into Molecular Genetics, Prognosis and Diagnosis. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 193:2634-2648. [PMID: 34235640 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03523-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease is a neurodegenerative autosomal disease results due to expansion of polymorphic CAG repeats in the huntingtin gene. Phosphorylation of the translation initiation factor 4E-BP results in the alteration of the translation control leading to unwanted protein synthesis and neuronal function. Consequences of mutant huntington (mhtt) gene transcription are not well known. Variability of age of onset is an important factor of Huntington's disease separating adult and juvenile types. The factors which are taken into account are-genetic modifiers, maternal protection i.e excessive paternal transmission, superior ageing genes and environmental threshold. A major focus has been given to the molecular pathogenesis which includes-motor disturbance, cognitive disturbance and neuropsychiatric disturbance. The diagnosis part has also been taken care of. This includes genetic testing and both primary and secondary symptoms. The present review also focuses on the genetics and pathology of Huntington's disease.
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5
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Oliveira CR, Mendes Á, Sequeiros J, Sousa L. Management of information within Portuguese families with Huntington disease: a transgenerational process for putting the puzzle together. Eur J Hum Genet 2020; 28:1210-1217. [PMID: 32341469 PMCID: PMC7608350 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-020-0630-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington disease (HD) is a rare progressive neurological disease, with no cure, inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion, significantly impacting family relations, health and well-being. So far, no studies have reported how Portuguese families deal with information about HD, from a transgenerational perspective. This qualitative study aims to fill in that gap, and focuses on how families acquire knowledge about HD and management of information within the family and in their social relationships. The study adopted semi-structured interviews with 10 participants from HD families. Interviews were transcribed and analysed thematically. Findings suggested that management of information in the family started with the search for a diagnosis in an affected family member. Diagnosis led to a process of "making sense of HD in the family", which activated a transgenerational process to understand HD in the family context, marked by improved awareness and different ways family members manage it (closedness and openness). These results should be relevant for health-care professionals, bringing further insight into the process of acquiring knowledge about HD, and highlighting the relevance of continued efforts for enhanced pre- and post-test counselling and ongoing support to the HD families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Roma Oliveira
- Department of Education and Psychology, CINTESIS (Centre for Health Technology and Services Research), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
- UnIGENe, IBMC - Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Álvaro Mendes
- UnIGENe and CGPP - Centre for Predictive and Preventive Genetics, IBMC - Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge Sequeiros
- UnIGENe and CGPP - Centre for Predictive and Preventive Genetics, IBMC - Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Univ. Porto, Portugal; and ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Liliana Sousa
- Department of Education and Psychology, CINTESIS (Centre for Health Technology and Services Research), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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Tibben A, Dondorp WJ, de Wert GM, de Die-Smulders CE, Losekoot M, Bijlsma EK. Risk Assessment for Huntington's Disease for (Future) Offspring Requires Offering Preconceptional CAG Analysis to Both Partners. J Huntingtons Dis 2020; 8:71-78. [PMID: 30689590 DOI: 10.3233/jhd-180314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Amongst the main reasons people at risk for Huntington's disease (HD) have for undergoing predictive genetic testing are planning a family and prevention of passing on an expanded CAG-repeat to future offspring. After having received an unfavourable test result, a couple may consider prenatal testing in the foetus or preimplantation genetic diagnostic testing (PGD) in embryos. Testing of the foetus or embryos is possible by means of direct testing of the expanded repeat. Optimal reliability in testing the foetus or embryos requires the establishment of the origin of the repeats of both parents in the foetus. For PGD the analysis is combined with or sometimes solely based on identification of the at-risk haplotype in the embryo. This policy implies that in the context of direct testing, the healthy partner's CAG repeat lengths in the HD gene are also tested, but with the expectation that the repeat lengths of the partner are within the normal range, with the proviso that the partner's pedigree is free of clinically confirmed HD. However, recent studies have shown that the expanded repeat has been observed more often in the general population than previously estimated. Moreover, we have unexpectedly observed an expanded repeat in the non-HD partner in four cases which had far-reaching consequences. Hence, we propose that in the context of reproductive genetic counselling, prior to a planned pregnancy, and irrespective of the outcome of the predictive test in the HD-partner, the non-HD partner should also be given the option of being tested on the expanded allele. International recommendations for predictive testing for HD should be adjusted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aad Tibben
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wybo J Dondorp
- Department of Health, Ethics and Society, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Guido M de Wert
- Department of Health, Ethics and Society, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Moniek Losekoot
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Emilia K Bijlsma
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Santos D, Coelho T, Alves-Ferreira M, Sequeiros J, Mendonça D, Alonso I, Sousa A, Lemos C. Large normal alleles of ATXN2
decrease age at onset in transthyretin familial amyloid polyneuropathy Val30Met patients. Ann Neurol 2019; 85:251-258. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.25409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Santos
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde; Universidade do Porto
- UnIGENe, IBMC, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology; Universidade do Porto
- ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar; Universidade do Porto
| | - Teresa Coelho
- UCA, Unidade Corino de Andrade; Centro Hospitalar do Porto (CHP)
| | - Miguel Alves-Ferreira
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde; Universidade do Porto
- UnIGENe, IBMC, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology; Universidade do Porto
- ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar; Universidade do Porto
| | - Jorge Sequeiros
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde; Universidade do Porto
- UnIGENe, IBMC, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology; Universidade do Porto
- ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar; Universidade do Porto
| | - Denisa Mendonça
- ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar; Universidade do Porto
- ISPUP, Instituto de Saúde Pública; Universidade do Porto; Porto Portugal
| | - Isabel Alonso
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde; Universidade do Porto
- UnIGENe, IBMC, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology; Universidade do Porto
- ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar; Universidade do Porto
| | - Alda Sousa
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde; Universidade do Porto
- UnIGENe, IBMC, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology; Universidade do Porto
- ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar; Universidade do Porto
| | - Carolina Lemos
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde; Universidade do Porto
- UnIGENe, IBMC, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology; Universidade do Porto
- ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar; Universidade do Porto
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8
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Zabnenkova V, Schagina OA, Galeeva NM, Kopishinskaya SV, Polyakov AV. HTT Gene Premutation Allele Frequencies in the Russian Federation. RUSS J GENET+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795418060169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Barboza LA, Ghisi NC. Evaluating the current state of the art of Huntington disease research: a scientometric analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 51:e6299. [PMID: 29340519 PMCID: PMC5769753 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20176299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Huntington disease (HD) is an incurable neurodegenerative disorder caused by a dominant mutation on the 4th chromosome. We aim to present a scientometric analysis of the extant scientific undertakings devoted to better understanding HD. Therefore, a quantitative study was performed to examine the current state-of-the-art approaches that foster researchers’ understandings of the current knowledge, research trends, and research gaps regarding this disorder. We performed literature searches of articles that were published up to September 2016 in the “ISI Web of Science™” (http://apps.webofknowledge.com/). The keyword used was “Huntington disease”. Of the initial 14,036 articles that were obtained, 7732 were eligible for inclusion in the study according to their relevance. Data were classified according to language, country of publication, year, and area of concentration. The country leader regarding the number of studies published on HD is the United States, accounting for nearly 30% of all publications, followed by England and Germany, who have published 10 and 7% of all publications, respectively. Regarding the language in which the articles were written, 98% of publications were in English. The first publication to be found on HD was published in 1974. A surge of publications on HD can be seen from 1996 onward. In relation to the various knowledge areas that emerged, most publications were in the fields of neuroscience and neurology, likely because HD is a neurodegenerative disorder. Publications written in areas such as psychiatry, genetics, and molecular biology also predominated.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Barboza
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Dois Vizinhos, PR, Brasil
| | - N C Ghisi
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Dois Vizinhos, PR, Brasil
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10
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Downing NR, Lourens S, De Soriano I, Long JD, Paulsen JS. Phenotype Characterization of HD Intermediate Alleles in PREDICT-HD. J Huntingtons Dis 2017; 5:357-368. [PMID: 27983559 DOI: 10.3233/jhd-160185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Huntington disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by a CAG repeat expansion on chromosome 4. Pathology is associated with CAG repeat length. Prior studies examining people in the intermediate allele (IA) range found subtle differences in motor, cognitive, and behavioral domains compared to controls. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine baseline and longitudinal differences in motor, cognitive, behavioral, functional, and imaging outcomes between persons with CAG repeats in three ranges: normal (≤26), intermediate (27-35), and reduced penetrance (36-39). METHODS We examined longitudinal data from 389 participants in three allele groups: 280 normal controls (NC), 21 intermediate allele [IA], and 88 reduced penetrance [RP]. We used linear mixed models to identify differences in baseline and longitudinal outcomes between groups. Three models were tested: 1) no baseline or longitudinal differences; 2) baseline differences but no longitudinal differences; and 3) baseline and longitudinal differences. RESULTS Model 1 was the best fitting model for most outcome variables. Models 2 and 3 were best fitting for some of the variables. We found baseline and longitudinal trends of declining performance across increasing CAG repeat length groups, but no significant differences between the NC and IA groups. CONCLUSION We did not find evidence to support differences in the IA group compared to the NC group. These findings are limited by a small IA sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Spencer Lourens
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Isabella De Soriano
- Department of Psychiatry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Long
- Department of Psychiatry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jane S Paulsen
- Department of Psychiatry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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11
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Risk factors for the onset and progression of Huntington disease. Neurotoxicology 2017; 61:79-99. [PMID: 28111121 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder characterized by chorea, behavioural and psychiatric manifestations, and dementia, caused by a CAG triplet repeat expansion in the huntingtin gene. Systematic review of the literature was conducted to determine the risk factors for the onset and progression of HD. Multiple databases were searched, using terms specific to Huntington disease and to studies of aetiology, risk, prevention and genetics, limited to studies on human subjects published in English or French between 1950 and 2010. Two reviewers independently screened the abstracts and identified potentially relevant articles for full-text review using predetermined inclusion criteria. Three major categories of risk factors for onset of HD were identified: CAG repeat length in the huntingtin gene, CAG instability, and genetic modifiers. Of these, CAG repeat length in the huntingtin gene is the most important risk factor. For the progression of HD: genetic, demographic, past medical/clinical and environmental risk factors have been studied. Of these factors, genetic factors appear to play the most important role in the progression of HD. Among the potential risk factors, CAG repeat length in the mutant allele was found to be a relatively consistent and significant risk factor for the progression of HD, especially in motor, cognitive, and other neurological symptom deterioration. In addition, there were many consistent results in the literature indicating that a higher number of CAG repeats was associated with shorter survival, faster institutionalization, and earlier percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy.
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12
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Baias M, Smith PES, Shen K, Joachimiak LA, Żerko S, Koźmiński W, Frydman J, Frydman L. Structure and Dynamics of the Huntingtin Exon-1 N-Terminus: A Solution NMR Perspective. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:1168-1176. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b10893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Baias
- Department
of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Pieter E. S. Smith
- Department
of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Koning Shen
- Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | | | - Szymon Żerko
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wiktor Koźmiński
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Judith Frydman
- Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Lucio Frydman
- Department
of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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13
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Kay C, Hayden MR, Leavitt BR. Epidemiology of Huntington disease. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2017; 144:31-46. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801893-4.00003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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14
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Castilhos RM, Augustin MC, Santos JA, Perandones C, Saraiva-Pereira ML, Jardim LB. Genetic aspects of Huntington's disease in Latin America. A systematic review. Clin Genet 2015; 89:295-303. [PMID: 26178794 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to present a systematic review on Huntington's disease (HD) in Latin America (LA). PubMed and LILACS were searched up to March 2015, reporting confirmed HD cases in LA. Case series, cross-sectional, case-control, and prospective studies were included. From 534 communications, 47 were eligible. Population-based studies were not found; minimal prevalence of 0.5-4/100,000 was estimated for Venezuela and Mexico. Geographical isolates were well characterized in Venezuela and in Peru. CAG repeats at HTT gene varied between 7-33 and 37-112 in normal and expanded alleles, respectively. Intermediate alleles were found in 4-10% of controls. Ages at onset and the expanded CAG repeats correlated with r from - 0.55 to -0.91. While haplotype patterns of Venezuelan and Brazilian chromosomes were similar to those observed in Europeans, haplotypes from Peruvian HD patients did not match the same pattern. The limited number of papers found suggests that HD is poorly diagnosed in LA. Minimal prevalence seemed to be halfway between those of Caucasians and Asians. Range of CAG repeats was similar to those of Europeans. Haplotype studies indicate that majority of HD patients might be of Caucasian descent; an Asian origin for some Peruvian patients was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Castilhos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Genética Médica Populacional (INAGEMP), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - M C Augustin
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - J A Santos
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - C Perandones
- Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Program, Hospital de Clínicas, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M L Saraiva-Pereira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Departmento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Laboratório de Identificação Humana, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - L B Jardim
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Genética Médica Populacional (INAGEMP), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Laboratório de Identificação Humana, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Centro de Pesquisa Clínica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Departamento de Medicina Interna, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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15
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Bates GP, Dorsey R, Gusella JF, Hayden MR, Kay C, Leavitt BR, Nance M, Ross CA, Scahill RI, Wetzel R, Wild EJ, Tabrizi SJ. Huntington disease. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2015; 1:15005. [PMID: 27188817 DOI: 10.1038/nrdp.2015.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 911] [Impact Index Per Article: 101.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Huntington disease is devastating to patients and their families - with autosomal dominant inheritance, onset typically in the prime of adult life, progressive course, and a combination of motor, cognitive and behavioural features. The disease is caused by an expanded CAG trinucleotide repeat (of variable length) in HTT, the gene that encodes the protein huntingtin. In mutation carriers, huntingtin is produced with abnormally long polyglutamine sequences that confer toxic gains of function and predispose the protein to fragmentation, resulting in neuronal dysfunction and death. In this Primer, we review the epidemiology of Huntington disease, noting that prevalence is higher than previously thought, geographically variable and increasing. We describe the relationship between CAG repeat length and clinical phenotype, as well as the concept of genetic modifiers of the disease. We discuss normal huntingtin protein function, evidence for differential toxicity of mutant huntingtin variants, theories of huntingtin aggregation and the many different mechanisms of Huntington disease pathogenesis. We describe the genetic and clinical diagnosis of the condition, its clinical assessment and the multidisciplinary management of symptoms, given the absence of effective disease-modifying therapies. We review past and present clinical trials and therapeutic strategies under investigation, including impending trials of targeted huntingtin-lowering drugs and the progress in development of biomarkers that will support the next generation of trials. For an illustrated summary of this Primer, visit: http://go.nature.com/hPMENh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian P Bates
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ray Dorsey
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - James F Gusella
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael R Hayden
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Department of Medical Genetics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Chris Kay
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Department of Medical Genetics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Blair R Leavitt
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Department of Medical Genetics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Martha Nance
- Struthers Parkinson's Center, Golden Valley, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; and Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Christopher A Ross
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Departments of Neurology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rachael I Scahill
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Ronald Wetzel
- Department of Structural Biology and Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Edward J Wild
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Sarah J Tabrizi
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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Ramos EM, Gillis T, Mysore JS, Lee J, Gögele M, D'Elia Y, Pichler I, Sequeiros J, Pramstaller PP, Gusella JF, MacDonald ME, Alonso I. Haplotype analysis of the 4p16.3 region in Portuguese families with Huntington's disease. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2015; 168B:135-43. [PMID: 25656686 PMCID: PMC5006842 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by involuntary choreic movements, cognitive impairment, and behavioral changes, caused by the expansion of an unstable CAG repeat in HTT. We characterized the genetic diversity of the HD mutation by performing an extensive haplotype analysis of ∼1Mb region flanking HTT in over 300 HD families of Portuguese origin. We observed that haplotype A, marked by HTT delta2642, was enriched in HD chromosomes and carried the two largest expansions reported in the Portuguese population. However, the most frequent HD haplotype B carried one of the largest (+12 CAGs) expansions, which resulted in an allele class change to full penetrance. Despite having a normal CAG distribution skewed to the higher end of the range, these two core haplotypes had similar expanded CAG repeat sizes compared to the other major core haplotypes (C and D) and there was no statistical difference in transmitted repeat instability across haplotypes. We observed a diversity of HTT region haplotypes in both normal and expanded chromosomes, representative of more than one ancestral chromosome underlying HD in Portugal, where multiple independent events on distinct chromosome 4 haplotypes have given rise to expansion into the pathogenic range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Marisa Ramos
- Center for Human Genetic ResearchMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA,UnIGENeIBMC–Institute for Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of PortoPortoPortugal
| | - Tammy Gillis
- Center for Human Genetic ResearchMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Jayalakshmi S. Mysore
- Center for Human Genetic ResearchMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Jong‐Min Lee
- Center for Human Genetic ResearchMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Martin Gögele
- Center for BiomedicineEuropean Academy of Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC)BolzanoItaly
| | - Yuri D'Elia
- Center for BiomedicineEuropean Academy of Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC)BolzanoItaly
| | - Irene Pichler
- Center for BiomedicineEuropean Academy of Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC)BolzanoItaly
| | - Jorge Sequeiros
- UnIGENeIBMC–Institute for Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of PortoPortoPortugal,CGPPIBMC–Institute for Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of PortoPortoPortugal,ICBAS–Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel SalazarUniversity of PortoPortoPortugal
| | - Peter P. Pramstaller
- Center for BiomedicineEuropean Academy of Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC)BolzanoItaly,Department of NeurologyCentral HospitalBolzanoItaly,Department of NeurologyUniversity of LübeckLübeckGermany
| | - James F. Gusella
- Center for Human Genetic ResearchMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Marcy E. MacDonald
- Center for Human Genetic ResearchMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Isabel Alonso
- UnIGENeIBMC–Institute for Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of PortoPortoPortugal,CGPPIBMC–Institute for Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of PortoPortoPortugal,ICBAS–Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel SalazarUniversity of PortoPortoPortugal
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Moily NS, Kota LN, Anjanappa RM, Venugopal S, Vaidyanathan R, Pal P, Purushottam M, Jain S, Kandasamy M. Trinucleotide repeats and haplotypes at the huntingtin locus in an Indian sample overlaps with European haplogroup a. PLOS CURRENTS 2014; 6:ecurrents.hd.a3ad1a381ab1eed117675145318c9a80. [PMID: 25642374 PMCID: PMC4205232 DOI: 10.1371/currents.hd.a3ad1a381ab1eed117675145318c9a80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD), an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative syndrome, has a world-wide distribution. An estimated 2.5-10/100,000 people of European ancestry are affected with HD, while the Asian populations have lower prevalence (0.6-3.8/100,000). The epidemiology of HD is not well described in India, and the distribution of the pathogenic CAG expansion, and the associated haplotype, in this population needs to be better understood. This study demonstrates a distribution of CAG repeats, at the HTT locus, comparable to the European population in both normal and HD affected chromosomes. Further, we provide an evidence for similarity of the HD halpotype in Indian sample to the European HD haplogroup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagaraj S Moily
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India; The University of Melbourne, Melbourne,Australia
| | - Lakshmi Narayanan Kota
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Ram Murthy Anjanappa
- Human Molecular Genetics, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India
| | - Sowmya Venugopal
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Radhika Vaidyanathan
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Pramod Pal
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Meera Purushottam
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Sanjeev Jain
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Mahesh Kandasamy
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
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18
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Semaka A, Hayden M. Evidence-based genetic counselling implications for Huntington disease intermediate allele predictive test results. Clin Genet 2014; 85:303-11. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.12324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Semaka
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics; University of British Columbia; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - M.R. Hayden
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics; University of British Columbia; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
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Haplotype analysis of the CAG and CCG repeats in 21 Brazilian families with Huntington's disease. J Hum Genet 2012; 57:796-803. [PMID: 23051704 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2012.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We studied the allelic profile of CAG and CCG repeats in 61 Brazilian individuals in 21 independent families affected by Huntington's disease (HD). Thirteen individuals had two normal alleles for HD, two had one mutable normal allele and no HD phenotype, and forty-six patients carried at least one expanded CAG repeat allele. Forty-five of these individuals had one expanded allele and one individual had one mutable normal allele (27 CAG repeats) and one expanded allele (48 CAG repeats). Eleven of these forty-five subjects had a mutant allele with reduced penetrance, and thirty-four patients had a mutant allele with complete penetrance. Inter- and intragenerational investigations of CAG repeats were also performed. We found a negative correlation between the number of CAG repeats and the age of disease onset (r=-0.84; P<0.001) and no correlation between the number of CCG repeats and the age of disease onset (r=0.06). We found 40 different haplotypes and the analysis showed that (CCG)(10) was linked to a CAG normal allele in 19 haplotypes and to expanded alleles in two haplotypes. We found that (CCG)(7) was linked to expanded CAG repeats in 40 haplotypes (95.24%) and (CCG)(10) was linked to expanded CAG repeats in only two haplotypes (4.76%). Therefore, (CCG)(7) was the most common allele in HD chromosomes in this Brazilian sample. It was also observed that there was a significant association of (CCG)(7) with the expanded CAG alleles (χ(2)=6.97, P=0.0084). Worldwide, the most common CCG alleles have 7 or 10 repeats. In Western Europe, (CCG)(7) is the most frequent allele, similarly to our findings.
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20
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MacLeod R, Tibben A, Frontali M, Evers-Kiebooms G, Jones A, Martinez-Descales A, Roos RA. Recommendations for the predictive genetic test in Huntington's disease. Clin Genet 2012; 83:221-31. [PMID: 22642570 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2012.01900.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R MacLeod
- Genetic Medicine, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.
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21
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Peters-Libeu C, Miller J, Rutenber E, Newhouse Y, Krishnan P, Cheung K, Hatters D, Brooks E, Widjaja K, Tran T, Mitra S, Arrasate M, Mosquera LA, Taylor D, Weisgraber KH, Finkbeiner S. Disease-associated polyglutamine stretches in monomeric huntingtin adopt a compact structure. J Mol Biol 2012; 421:587-600. [PMID: 22306738 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2012.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal polyglutamine (polyQ) tracts are the only common feature in nine proteins that each cause a dominant neurodegenerative disorder. In Huntington's disease, tracts longer than 36 glutamines in the protein huntingtin (htt) cause degeneration. In situ, monoclonal antibody 3B5H10 binds to different htt fragments in neurons in proportion to their toxicity. Here, we determined the structure of 3B5H10 Fab to 1.9 Å resolution by X-ray crystallography. Modeling demonstrates that the paratope forms a groove suitable for binding two β-rich polyQ strands. Using small-angle X-ray scattering, we confirmed that the polyQ epitope recognized by 3B5H10 is a compact two-stranded hairpin within monomeric htt and is abundant in htt fragments unbound to antibody. Thus, disease-associated polyQ stretches preferentially adopt compact conformations. Since 3B5H10 binding predicts degeneration, this compact polyQ structure may be neurotoxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Peters-Libeu
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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22
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CHEN RM, HOU MT, CHANG NW, CHEN YT, TSAI JEFFREYJP. CUMULATIVE SPECTRAL REPEAT FINDER (CSRF): A SPECTRAL APPROACH FOR IDENTIFYING THE LENGTH OF REPEATS IN DNA SEQUENCES. INT J ARTIF INTELL T 2011. [DOI: 10.1142/s0218213011000073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Repetitive sequences of DNA are meaningful and of great importance to human functions. Previous researchers have proposed various methods to discover repetitive sequences in DNA sequence. However, the unknown lengths for repetitive sequences are usually predicted randomly or determined by rules of thumb rather than using a systematical criterion. We propose a new algorithm based on the cumulative Fourier spectral contents of DNA sequence to identify the candidate lengths of repetitive sequences or repeats in DNA sequences. After the candidate lengths of repeats are known, one can identify the repeats and their copy numbers using an exact method. Both of the simulated and real datasets are used to illustrate the performance of the proposed algorithm. The results are also compared to two well-known methods such as Spectral Repeat Finder (SRF) and Gibbs sampler. Furthermore, we demonstrate the use of CSRF in some well-known repeats-finding methods such as SRF, Gibbs sampler, MEME.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. M. CHEN
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National University of Tainan, Tainan, Taiwan 70005, Taiwan
| | - M. T. HOU
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National University of Tainan, Tainan, Taiwan 70005, Taiwan
| | - N. W. CHANG
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National University of Tainan, Tainan, Taiwan 70005, Taiwan
| | - Y. T. CHEN
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National University of Tainan, Tainan, Taiwan 70005, Taiwan
| | - JEFFREY J. P. TSAI
- Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
- Department of Bioinformatics, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan 41354, Taiwan
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23
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Ma M, Yang Y, Shang H, Su D, Zhang H, Ma Y, Liu Y, Tao D, Zhang S. Evidence for a predisposing background for CAG expansion leading to HTT mutation in a Chinese population. J Neurol Sci 2011; 298:57-60. [PMID: 20864123 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2010.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Revised: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the predisposing background for the instability of CAG expansions of the HTT gene in a Chinese population. METHODS Genotyping and haplotyping of CAG and CCG repeats of the HTT gene were carried out in 32 unrelated HD patients and 95 non-HD control individuals of Han origin, using capillary electrophoresis and DNA sequencing. The frequencies of different CCG repeats were compared between mutant and wild-type HTT genes. In controls, the comparison of the mean CAG repeat size was performed among different CCG repeats. RESULTS A total of five alleles of CCG repeats were distinguished, in which four were present in HD chromosomes. In the CCG alleles, (CCG)10 showed a higher frequency in mutant HTT genes relative to wild-type ones, and the highest mean CAG repeat size was observed in the (CCG)10 background. Additionally, a haplotype of (CAG)32-(CCG)10 was found in the control group. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that HTT mutation is likely of multiple origins in the Chinese population. Among the origins, more new HTT mutations may arise from the (CCG)10 than from other CCG alleles, which suggests that the (CCG)10 allele may represent a predisposing background for CAG expansion in Chinese populations. Therefore, in comparison with Europeans, the significantly lower prevalence of Huntington's disease in Chinese individuals may not be due to the absence of the predisposing background for CAG expansion but instead may partly result from the lower frequency of the predisposing haplotype for CAG instability in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyi Ma
- Department of Medical Genetics, West China Hospital and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Gaopeng street, Keyuan Road 4, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
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Sequeiros J, Ramos EM, Cerqueira J, Costa MC, Sousa A, Pinto-Basto J, Alonso I. Large normal and reduced penetrance alleles in Huntington disease: instability in families and frequency at the laboratory, at the clinic and in the population. Clin Genet 2010; 78:381-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2010.01388.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Warby SC, Montpetit A, Hayden AR, Carroll JB, Butland SL, Visscher H, Collins JA, Semaka A, Hudson TJ, Hayden MR. CAG expansion in the Huntington disease gene is associated with a specific and targetable predisposing haplogroup. Am J Hum Genet 2009; 84:351-66. [PMID: 19249009 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2008] [Revised: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington disease (HD) is an autosomal-dominant disorder that results from >or=36 CAG repeats in the HD gene (HTT). Approximately 10% of patients inherit a chromosome that underwent CAG expansion from an unaffected parent with <36 CAG repeats. This study is a comprehensive analysis of genetic diversity in HTT and reveals that HD patients of European origin (n = 65) have a significant enrichment (95%) of a specific set of 22 tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that constitute a single haplogroup. The disease association of many SNPs is much stronger than any previously reported polymorphism and was confirmed in a replication cohort (n = 203). Importantly, the same haplogroup is also significantly enriched (83%) in individuals with 27-35 CAG repeats (intermediate alleles, n = 66), who are unaffected by the disease, but have increased CAG tract sizes relative to the general population (n = 116). These data support a stepwise model for CAG expansion into the affected range (>or=36 CAG) and identifies specific haplogroup variants in the general population associated with this instability. The specific variants at risk for CAG expansion are not present in the general population in China, Japan, and Nigeria where the prevalence of HD is much lower. The current data argue that cis-elements have a major predisposing influence on CAG instability in HTT. The strong association between specific SNP alleles and CAG expansion also provides an opportunity of personalized therapeutics in HD where the clinical development of only a small number of allele-specific targets may be sufficient to treat up to 88% of the HD patient population.
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