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O'Hearn EE, Hwang HS, Holmes SE, Rudnicki DD, Chung DW, Seixas AI, Cohen RL, Ross CA, Trojanowski JQ, Pletnikova O, Troncoso JC, Margolis RL. Neuropathology and Cellular Pathogenesis of Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 12. Mov Disord 2015; 30:1813-1824. [PMID: 26340331 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE SCA12 is a progressive autosomal-dominant disorder, caused by a CAG/CTG repeat expansion in PPP2R2B on chromosome 5q32, and characterized by tremor, gait ataxia, hyperreflexia, dysmetria, abnormal eye movements, anxiety, depression, and sometimes cognitive impairment. Neuroimaging has demonstrated cerebellar and cortical atrophy. We now present the neuropathology of the first autopsied SCA12 brain and utilize cell models to characterize potential mechanisms of SCA12 neurodegeneration. METHODS A fixed SCA12 brain was examined using gross, microscopic, and immunohistochemical methods. The effect of the repeat expansion on PPP2R2B Bβ1 expression was examined in multiple cell types by transient transfection of constructs containing the PPP2R2B Bβ1 promoter region attached to a luciferase reporter. The neurotoxic effect of PPP2R2B overexpression was examined in transfected rat primary neurons. RESULTS Neuropathological investigation revealed enlarged ventricles, marked cerebral cortical atrophy and Purkinje cell loss, less-prominent cerebellar and pontine atrophy, and neuronal intranuclear ubiquitin-positive inclusions, consistent with Marinesco bodies, which did not stain for long polyglutamine tracts, alpha-synuclein, tau, or transactive response DNA-binding protein 43. Reporter assays demonstrated that the region of PPP2R2B containing the repeat functions as a promoter, and that promoter activity increases with longer repeat length and is dependent on cell type, repeat sequence, and sequence flanking the repeat. Overexpression of PPP2R2B in primary cortical neurons disrupted normal morphology. CONCLUSIONS SCA12 involves extensive, but selective, neurodegeneration distinct from Alzheimer's disease, synucleinopathies, tauopathies, and glutamine expansion diseases. SCA12 neuropathology may arise from the neurotoxic effect of repeat-expansion-induced overexpression of PPP2R2B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth E O'Hearn
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Laboratory of Genetic Neurobiology, Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Hyon S Hwang
- Laboratory of Genetic Neurobiology, Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Susan E Holmes
- Laboratory of Genetic Neurobiology, Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Dobrila D Rudnicki
- Laboratory of Genetic Neurobiology, Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel W Chung
- Laboratory of Genetic Neurobiology, Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ana I Seixas
- Laboratory of Genetic Neurobiology, Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Oporto, Portugal
| | - Rachael L Cohen
- Laboratory of Genetic Neurobiology, Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Christopher A Ross
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Laboratory of Genetic Neurobiology, Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Departments of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- Institute on Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Core Center, Udall Parkinson's Research Center, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Olga Pletnikova
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Juan C Troncoso
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Russell L Margolis
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Laboratory of Genetic Neurobiology, Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Polymorphism of estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1) is associated with virological response to entecavir (ETV) in nucleoside-naïve adult patients with chronic hepatitis B. Infection 2012; 41:371-8. [PMID: 23109139 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-012-0320-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Polymorphisms in estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1) are reported to be associated with the susceptibility to persistent HBV infection, HBV liver cirrhosis and HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS To test the hypothesis that polymorphisms in estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1) might influence the virological response to entecavir (ETV) therapy, we examined two polymorphisms (PvuII and XbaI) in 76 nucleoside-naïve chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients. All of the patients (52 HBeAg-positive and 24 HBeAg-negative) were treated with ETV 0.5 mg daily and followed up for a median time of 96 weeks (range 48-96). Polymorphisms were determined using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment-length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. RESULTS Under an additive model, the univariate analysis showed that patients carrying the PvuII T/C genotype might have higher virological responders than those carrying the T/T and C/C genotypes at week 48 (87.7 vs. 57.1 vs. 58.3 %; P = 0.012) and week 96 (96.7 vs. 64.3 vs. 24 87.5 %; P = 0.018), although this difference disappeared with the multiple analysis at week 48 [95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.687-3.841; P = 0.269] and week 96 (95 % CI 0.861-18.016; P = 0.077). Conversely, the univariate analysis suggests statistical significance between the recessive model of PvuII (TT vs. TC/CC) and virological response at week 48 (57.1 vs. 81.1 %; P = 0.033) and week 96 (64.3 vs. 94.7 %; P = 0.017). Multiple regression analysis affirmed the significant and independent association between the recessive model of PvuII and virological response. In other words, patients carrying at least one PvuII C allele (TC/CC) had a better likelihood of achieving virological response compared with those carrying the T/T genotype at week 48 (95 % CI 1.026-14.785, P = 0.046) and week 96 (95 % CI 1.456-57.509; P = 0.018). XbaI polymorphisms were not significantly associated with virological response. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the PvuII polymorphism may play an important role in determining ETV efficacy after 48 and 96 weeks of treatment, at least in this study population.
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Ribeiro-Dasilva MC, Peres Line SR, Leme Godoy dos Santos MC, Arthuri MT, Hou W, Fillingim RB, Rizzatti Barbosa CM. Estrogen receptor-alpha polymorphisms and predisposition to TMJ disorder. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2009; 10:527-33. [PMID: 19411060 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2008.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2008] [Revised: 11/05/2008] [Accepted: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Temporomandibular joint disorders (TMJD) affect women with greater frequency than men, and sex hormones may contribute to this female predominance. Therefore, this study investigated whether estrogen receptor-alpha (XbaI/PvuII) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are associated with TMJD in women. DNA was obtained from 200 women with TMJD (100 with chronic pain and 100 with signs of TMJD but no pain) diagnosed according to the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorder (RDC/TMD) and 100 control women without TMJD. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of polymerase chain reaction products were used to analyze XbaI and PvuII SNPs in DNA fragments. A model directly characterizing specific DNA sequence variants based on the risk haplotypic structure implemented with the EM algorithm was used to analyze the data. The [GC] haplotype of the XbaI locus was significantly more prevalent in both TMJD groups when compared with the control group (P = .0012). Specifically, the [GC] haplotype was more prevalent within the painful TMJD group versus the control group (OR = 3.203, 95% CI = 1.633, 6.284) and in the TMJD no pain versus the control group (OR = 2.51, 95% CI = 1.267, 4.97). In conclusion, the presence of [GC] haplotype in the XbaI locus may increase the susceptibility of women to develop TMJD. PERSPECTIVE This study suggests that a polymorphism in the estrogen receptor may increase the risk of women developing temporomandibular joint disorder. This finding may elucidate the interindividual differences in the contribution of estrogen to TMJD, the genetic influences on TMJD predisposition, and may serve as the basis for future treatment tailoring, which could enhance outcomes for these patients.
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Gennari L, De Paola V, Merlotti D, Martini G, Nuti R. Steroid hormone receptor gene polymorphisms and osteoporosis: a pharmacogenomic review. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2007; 8:537-53. [PMID: 17376011 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.8.5.537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a common skeletal disorder with a strong genetic component. In recent years, significant progress has been made in understanding the genetic basis of osteoporosis. Given the biological significance of signalling through steroid hormone receptors, bone biology and calcium homeostasis, alleles of steroid hormone receptor genes have been postulated to contribute to the well-documented genetic predisposition to osteoporosis; and in different studies, these alleles have been associated with variation in bone mass and fracture risk. Even though results are still conflicting and the molecular mechanisms by which these polymorphisms influence receptor activity remain, in part, to be investigated, an additional important issue is represented by potential pharmacogenomic (the investigation of variations of DNA or RNA characteristics as related to drug response) or pharmacogenetic (the influence of variations of DNA sequence on drug response) implications. In fact, steroid hormone receptors actually mediate the action of several compounds known to positively or negatively affect bone homeostasis, such as vitamin D, estrogen and glucocorticoids. This review analyses major pharmacogenetic studies of polymorphisms in steroid hormone receptor genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Gennari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrine-Metabolic Sciences and Biochemistry, University of Siena, Viale Bracci 1, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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Zhai Y, Zhou G, Deng G, Xie W, Dong X, Zhang X, Yu L, Yang H, Yuan X, Zhang H, Zhi L, Yao Z, Shen Y, Qiang B, He F. Estrogen receptor alpha polymorphisms associated with susceptibility to hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis B virus carriers. Gastroenterology 2006; 130:2001-9. [PMID: 16762623 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2006.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2005] [Accepted: 02/15/2006] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Overexpression of estrogen receptors (ESRs) is implicated in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in both animal models and humans. We examined whether the ESR1 polymorphisms were related to HCC risk among chronic hepatitis B virus carriers. METHODS Six ESR1 polymorphisms, which are (TA)n repeat in the promoter, T29C at codon 10 in exon 1, PvuII and XbaI site in intron 1, C136474G at codon 325 in exon 4, and A252966G in intron 5, were genotyped in 248 patients with HCC and 239 controls. The associations with the susceptibility to HCC were estimated by logistic regression. Allele-specific transcription difference of ESR1 messenger RNA was performed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS We observed a statistically significant increased susceptibility to HCC associated with the homozygous alleles with a high number of TA repeats (assigned as H/H genotype; odds ratio [OR], 2.66; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.44-4.94; P = .0018), T29C C/C genotype (OR, 2.31; 95% CI, 1.25-4.26; P = .0076), and PvuII C/C genotype (OR, 2.19; 95% CI, 1.27-3.78; P = .0048) compared with the homozygous alleles with a low number of TA repeats (assigned as L/L genotype), T29C T/T, and PvuII T/T genotype, respectively. In accordance, the relative messenger RNA levels of the at-risk C allele of T29C were consistently higher than those of the T allele in heterozygous cells. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the genetic polymorphism in ESR1 may play a role in mediating susceptibility to HCC in Chinese hepatitis B virus carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhai
- Department of Genomics & Proteomics, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
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Deng G, Zhou G, Zhai Y, Li S, Li X, Li Y, Zhang R, Yao Z, Shen Y, Qiang B, Wang Y, He F. Association of estrogen receptor alpha polymorphisms with susceptibility to chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Hepatology 2004; 40:318-26. [PMID: 15368436 DOI: 10.1002/hep.20318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated that estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1) participates in the pathogenesis of persistent hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. To examine whether polymorphisms at the ESR1 gene locus are associated with persistent HBV infection, we resequenced ESR1 genomic region for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 27 unrelated Chinese. Two haplotype-tagged SNPs (htSNP), T29C and A252966G, were selected for genotyping in 1,277 persistent HBV-infected cases, 748 spontaneously recovered controls, and 293 nuclear families using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis. We observed that the subjects bearing ESR1 29T/T genotype had an increased susceptibility to persistent HBV infection compared to those bearing at least one 29C allele (odds ratio 1.41; 95% CI, 1.17-1.71, P < .001). Consistent with the results of population-based association study, a significantly greater than expected transmission of the 29T allele (56.4%) from heterozygous parents to offspring with persistent HBV infection was observed (chi2 = 4.60, P = .033) using the transmission-disequilibrium test (TDT) in 293 nuclear families. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) mapping analysis indicated that the T29C polymorphism contained within a LD block located from promoter region to intron 3 of ESR1, suggesting that the strong association detected with T29C in ESR1 originated from ESR1 itself. In conclusion, our results suggest that the genetic variation at the ESR1 locus influences susceptibility to persistent HBV infection in a Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohong Deng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Southwest Hospital, Chongqing, China
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