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Xu J, Aoki H, Kasugai S, Otsuka M. Enhancement of mineralization on porous titanium surface by filling with nano-hydroxyapatite particles fabricated with a vacuum spray method. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 111:110772. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Khan MUA, Al-Thebaiti MA, Hashmi MU, Aftab S, Abd Razak SI, Abu Hassan S, Abdul Kadir MR, Amin R. Synthesis of Silver-Coated Bioactive Nanocomposite Scaffolds Based on Grafted Beta-Glucan/Hydroxyapatite via Freeze-Drying Method: Anti-Microbial and Biocompatibility Evaluation for Bone Tissue Engineering. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E971. [PMID: 32098139 PMCID: PMC7078890 DOI: 10.3390/ma13040971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Advancement and development in bone tissue engineering, particularly that of composite scaffolds, are of great importance for bone tissue engineering. We have synthesized polymeric matrix using biopolymer (β-glucan), acrylic acid, and nano-hydroxyapatite through free radical polymerization method. Bioactive nanocomposite scaffolds (BNSs) were fabricated using the freeze-drying method and Ag was coated by the dip-coating method. The scaffolds have been characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) to investigate their functional groups, surface morphology, and phase analysis, respectively. The pore size and porosity of all BNS samples were found to be dependent on silver concentration. Mechanical testing of all BNS samples have substantial compressive strength in dry form that is closer to cancellous bone. The samples of BNS showed substantial antibacterial effect against DH5 alpha E. coli. The biological studies conducted using the MC3T3-E1 cell line via neutral red dye assay on the scaffolds have found to be biocompatible and non-cytotoxic. These bioactive scaffolds can bring numerous applications for bone tissue repairs and regenerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Umar Aslam Khan
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU), 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China;
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81300, Malaysia;
| | - Mesfer A. Al-Thebaiti
- Department of Biology, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafar Al-batin 39524, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Muhammad Uzair Hashmi
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Atta ur Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, H-12, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan;
| | - Saira Aftab
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan;
| | - Saiful Izwan Abd Razak
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU), 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China;
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Skudai, Skudai 81310, Malaysia;
| | - Shukur Abu Hassan
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Skudai, Skudai 81310, Malaysia;
| | - Mohammed Rafiq Abdul Kadir
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81300, Malaysia;
| | - Rashid Amin
- Department of Biology, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafar Al-batin 39524, Saudi Arabia;
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Janani G, Kumar M, Chouhan D, Moses JC, Gangrade A, Bhattacharjee S, Mandal BB. Insight into Silk-Based Biomaterials: From Physicochemical Attributes to Recent Biomedical Applications. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 2:5460-5491. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Effects of Combined Magnetic Fields Treatment and Nano-Hydroxyapatite Coating on Porous Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Bone Graft in Rabbit Spinal Fusion Model. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2018; 43:E625-E633. [PMID: 29738366 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000002463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN An animal experimental study was designed to investigate the efficacy of combined magnetic fields (CMF) treatment and nano-hydroxyapatite (HA) coating in the biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) graft in posterolateral lumbar fusion. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of CMF treatment and nano-HA/BCP and their combination effect in posterolateral lumbar fusion. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Enhancement of artificial bone graft bioeffects could improve spinal fusion outcomes. The bone graft integration is vital in spinal fusion, nano-HA coating, and CMF treatment were reported as effective methods to improve bone graft integration. METHODS A bilateral transverse process fusion model was performed on 32 rabbits. The CMF treatment was performed for 30 minutes per day postoperation. The fusion rate, new bone formation, artificial bone graft-autologous bone fusion interface in x-ray and scanning electron microscopy, biomechanics property of fusion rate, histological fusion condition, artificial bone residual rate, and immunohistochemistry assessment of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) and Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) expression were observed at 9th week after surgery. RESULTS CMF treatment and nano-HA coating increased the fusion rate, adjusted optical density index, intensity of binding of artificial and autologous bone, bone growth rate, and bending stiffness. CMF treatment also significantly increased BMP-2 and TGF-β1 expression in fusion region while nano-HA coating significantly decreased artificial bone residual rate. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that porous nano-HA/BCP graft could significantly improve spine fusion outcome with excellent bioactivity, biocompatibility and degradability and CMF treatment could significantly improve spine fusion outcome by improving bioactivity and biocompatibility of artificial bone graft in rabbit. Combination of CMF treatment with nano-HA/BCP graft could significantly increase posterolateral lumbar fusion rate in rabbit, which would be a potential strategy for spine fusion preclinical study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A.
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Thuaksuban N, Monmaturapoj N, Luntheng T. Effects of polycaprolactone-biphasic calcium phosphate scaffolds on enhancing growth and differentiation of osteoblasts. Biomed Mater Eng 2018; 29:159-176. [DOI: 10.3233/bme-171720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nuttawut Thuaksuban
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Naruporn Monmaturapoj
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center, Thailand Science Park, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Thunmaruk Luntheng
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla, Thailand
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Bhattacharjee P, Kundu B, Naskar D, Kim HW, Maiti TK, Bhattacharya D, Kundu SC. Silk scaffolds in bone tissue engineering: An overview. Acta Biomater 2017; 63:1-17. [PMID: 28941652 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bone tissue plays multiple roles in our day-to-day functionality. The frequency of accidental bone damage and disorder is increasing worldwide. Moreover, as the world population continues to grow, the percentage of the elderly population continues to grow, which results in an increased number of bone degenerative diseases. This increased elderly population pushes the need for artificial bone implants that specifically employ biocompatible materials. A vast body of literature is available on the use of silk in bone tissue engineering. The current work presents an overview of this literature from materials and fabrication perspective. As silk is an easy-to-process biopolymer; this allows silk-based biomaterials to be molded into diverse forms and architectures, which further affects the degradability. This makes silk-based scaffolds suitable for treating a variety of bone reconstruction and regeneration objectives. Silk surfaces offer active sites that aid the mineralization and/or bonding of bioactive molecules that facilitate bone regeneration. Silk has also been blended with a variety of polymers and minerals to enhance its advantageous properties or introduce new ones. Several successful works, both in vitro and in vivo, have been reported using silk-based scaffolds to regenerate bone tissues or other parts of the skeletal system such as cartilage and ligament. A growing trend is observed toward the use of mineralized and nanofibrous scaffolds along with the development of technology that allows to control scaffold architecture, its biodegradability and the sustained releasing property of scaffolds. Further development of silk-based scaffolds for bone tissue engineering, taking them up to and beyond the stage of human trials, is hoped to be achieved in the near future through a cross-disciplinary coalition of tissue engineers, material scientists and manufacturing engineers. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The state-of-art of silk biomaterials in bone tissue engineering, covering their wide applications as cell scaffolding matrices to micro-nano carriers for delivering bone growth factors and therapeutic molecules to diseased or damaged sites to facilitate bone regeneration, is emphasized here. The review rationalizes that the choice of silk protein as a biomaterial is not only because of its natural polymeric nature, mechanical robustness, flexibility and wide range of cell compatibility but also because of its ability to template the growth of hydroxyapatite, the chief inorganic component of bone mineral matrix, resulting in improved osteointegration. The discussion extends to the role of inorganic ions such as Si and Ca as matrix components in combination with silk to influence bone regrowth. The effect of ions or growth factor-loaded vehicle incorporation into regenerative matrix, nanotopography is also considered.
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Preparation and Characterizations of Dispersible Fluorinated Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles with Weak Antibacterial Activity. ASAIO J 2016; 62:197-202. [PMID: 26720738 DOI: 10.1097/mat.0000000000000322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To develop a nanoscaled coating material for medical devices possessing weak antibacterial activity, dispersible and crystalline fluorinated hydroxyapatite (F-HAp) nanoparticles were prepared using antisintering agent to avoid calcination-induced sintering. The product was identical to fluorapatite, as determined by X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The primary particles generally showed rod-shaped morphology with a length of 367 ± 67 nm and a width of 223 ± 21 nm measured by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The dispersed average particle size (313 ± 51 nm) in ethanol analyzed by dynamic light scattering was almost the same as that obtained from the SEM images. In the evaluation of solubility in acidic aqueous solution, F-HAp and original hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanoparticles started to dissolve at around pH 3.4 and 4.2, respectively. Thus, the stability of F-HAp in a living body increased compared with original HAp. The antibacterial activity of F-HAp nanoparticles was higher than that of fluoride in sodium fluoride alone or the original HAp nanoparticles. However, it was estimated that the effect of F-HAp was much lower compared with that of silver, one of the popular antibacterial materials. Thus, the dispersed F-HAp nanoparticles possessing weak antimicrobial activity can be useful without severe damage to the living tissue.
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Ha SW, Jang HL, Nam KT, Beck GR. Nano-hydroxyapatite modulates osteoblast lineage commitment by stimulation of DNA methylation and regulation of gene expression. Biomaterials 2015; 65:32-42. [PMID: 26141836 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite (HA) is the primary structural component of the skeleton and dentition. Under biological conditions, HA does not occur spontaneously and therefore must be actively synthesized by mineralizing cells such as osteoblasts. The mechanism(s) by which HA is actively synthesized by cells and deposited to create a mineralized matrix are not fully understood and the consequences of mineralization on cell function are even less well understood. HA can be chemically synthesized (HAp) and is therefore currently being investigated as a promising therapeutic biomaterial for use as a functional scaffold and implant coating for skeletal repair and dental applications. Here we investigated the biological effects of nano-HAp (10 × 100 nm) on the lineage commitment and differentiation of bone forming osteoblasts. Exposure of early stage differentiating osteoblasts resulted in dramatic and sustained changes in gene expression, both increased and decreased, whereas later stage osteoblasts were much less responsive. Analysis of the promoter region one of the most responsive genes, alkaline phosphatase, identified the stimulation of DNA methylation following cell exposure to nano-HAp. Collectively, the results reveal the novel epigenetic regulation of cell function by nano-HAp which has significant implication on lineage determination as well as identifying a novel potential therapeutic use of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Woo Ha
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology Metabolism and Lipids, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Hae Lin Jang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Tae Nam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Republic of Korea
| | - George R Beck
- The Atlanta Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, United States; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology Metabolism and Lipids, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; The Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
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Synthesis and Antibacterial Evaluation of Calcinated Ag-Doped Nano-Hydroxyapatite with Dispersibility. Int J Artif Organs 2015; 38:251-8. [DOI: 10.5301/ijao.5000408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Dispersible hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanoparticles are very useful for applying a monolayer to implantable medical devices using the nano-coating technique. To improve tolerance to infection on implanted medical devices, silver-doped HAp (Ag-HAp) nanoparticles with dispersiblity and crystallinity were synthesized, avoiding calcination-induced sintering, and evaluated for antibacterial activity. Methods The Ca10-xAgx(PO4)6(OH)2 with x = 0 and 0.2 were prepared by wet chemical processing at 100°C. Before calcination at 700°C for 2 h, two kinds of anti-sintering agents, namely a Ca(NO3)2 (Ca salt) and a poly-acrylic acid/Ca salt mixture (PAA-Ca), were used. Escherichia coli was used to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the nanopowder. Results When PAA-Ca was used as an anti-sintering agent in calcination to prepare the dispersible nanoparticles, strong metallic Ag peaks were observed at 38.1° and 44.3° ( 20 ) in the X-ray diffraction (XRD) profile. However, the Ag peak was barely observed when Ca salt was used alone as the anti-sintering agent. Thus, using Ca salt alone was more effective for preparation of dispersible Ag-HAp than PAA-Ca. The particle average size of Ag-HAp with 0.5 mol% of Ag content was found to be 325 ± 70 nm when the formation of large particle-aggregations was prevented, as determined by dynamic light scattering instrument. The antibacterial activity of the Ag-HAp nanoparticles possessing 0.5 mol% against E. coli was greater than 90.0%. Conclusions Dispersible and crystalline nano Ag-HAp can be obtained by using Ca salt alone as an anti-sintering agent. The nanoparticles showed antibacterial activity.
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Sharma S, Verma A, Teja BV, Pandey G, Mittapelly N, Trivedi R, Mishra PR. An insight into functionalized calcium based inorganic nanomaterials in biomedicine: Trends and transitions. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 133:120-39. [PMID: 26094145 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Over the recent years the use of biocompatible and biodegradable nanoparticles in biomedicine has become a significant priority. Calcium based ceramic nanoparticles like calcium phosphate (CaP) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) are therefore considered as attractive carriers as they are naturally present in human body with nanosize range. Their application in tissue engineering and localized controlled delivery of bioactives for bones and teeth is well established now, but recently their use has increased significantly as carrier of bioactives through other routes also. These delivery systems have become most potential alternatives to other commonly used delivery system because of their cost effectiveness, biodegradability, chemical stability, controlled and stimuli responsive behaviour. This review comprehensively covers their characteristic features, method of preparation and applications but the thrust is to focus their recent development, functionalization and use in systemic delivery. On the same platform mineralization of other nanoparticulate delivery system which has widened their application drug delivery will be discussed. The emphasis has been given on their pH dependent properties which make them excellent carriers for tumour targeting and intracellular delivery. Finally this review also attempts to discuss their drawback which limits their clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Sharma
- Division of Pharmaceutics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, B 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India
| | - Ashwni Verma
- Division of Pharmaceutics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, B 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India
| | - B Venkatesh Teja
- Division of Pharmaceutics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, B 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India
| | - Gitu Pandey
- Division of Pharmaceutics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, B 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India
| | - Naresh Mittapelly
- Division of Pharmaceutics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, B 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India
| | - Ritu Trivedi
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, B 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India
| | - P R Mishra
- Division of Pharmaceutics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, B 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India.
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Taguchi T, Okada M, Kogai Y, Masuda M, Shimomura Y, Inoue M, Ito T, Hamahata T, Funatogawa K, Kirikae T, Furuzono T. Prevention of catheter infection using a biodegradable tissue adhesive composed of human serum albumin and disuccinimidyl tartrate. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/0883911514528409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A new material was prepared to reduce catheter infection composed of a flocked silicone sheet (AmTiO2NP-F) with TiO2 nanoparticle–immobilized poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers modified with surface amino groups. This system was used in conjunction with a tissue adhesive composed of disuccinimidyl tartrate and human serum albumin. At a fixed disuccinimidyl tartrate content of 0.2 mmol in human serum albumin solution, AmTiO2NP-F bonded well with collagen-based casing (a model material for skin), with bond strength increasing to a maximum of 38 w/v% human serum albumin. The adhesive bonded AmTiO2NP-F to subcutaneous tissue in mice, and infiltration of the tissue into the AmTiO2NP-F further increased the bond strength for long-term insertions. The material was degraded within 7 days of implantation, and tissue reaction was mild, while infection was completely prevented. These results indicate that the combined use of AmTiO2NP-F and disuccinimidyl tartrate-A for implanted catheters can significantly alleviate the associated risk of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsushi Taguchi
- Biomaterials Unit, Nano-Life Field, International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Japan
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masahiro Okada
- Department of Bioengineering, Advanced Medical Engineering Center, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Japan
| | - Yasumichi Kogai
- Department of Bioengineering, Advanced Medical Engineering Center, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Japan
| | - Miwa Masuda
- Department of Bioengineering, Advanced Medical Engineering Center, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Japan
| | - Yumi Shimomura
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motoki Inoue
- Biomaterials Unit, Nano-Life Field, International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Temmei Ito
- Biomaterials Unit, Nano-Life Field, International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Japan
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takashi Hamahata
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiji Funatogawa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, Tokyo, Japan
- Tochigi Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science, Utsunomiya, Japan
| | - Teruo Kirikae
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Furuzono
- Department of Bioengineering, Advanced Medical Engineering Center, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Japan
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Furuzono T, Iwamoto T, Azuma Y, Okada M, Sawa Y. Preparation of carboxylated Ag nanoparticles as a coating material for medical devices and control of antibacterial activity. J Artif Organs 2013; 16:451-7. [PMID: 23793975 DOI: 10.1007/s10047-013-0715-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Carboxyl group-donated silver (Ag) nanoparticles for coating on medical devices were prepared by a two-phase reduction system in situ. AgNO3 was the Ag ion source, tetraoctylammonium bromide [N(C8H17)4Br] the phase-transfer agent, sodium tetrahydroborate (NaBH4) the reducing agent and 10-carboxy-1-decanthiol (C11H22O2S, CDT) the capping agent. The characterizations of the Ag nanoparticles were conducted by diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA) and transmission electron microscope. With CDT capped on Ag nanoparticles, we found that the band around 3,100 cm(-1) was attributed to COO-H stretching vibration, two adsorptions at 2,928 and 2,856 cm(-1) to C-H symmetric/anti-symmetric stretching vibration, and at 1,718 cm(-1) to C=O stretching vibration in the FT-IR spectra. The organic components of the carboxylated Ag nanoparticles were 5.8-25.9 wt%, determined by TG/DTA. The particle sizes of the carboxylated Ag nanoparticles were well controlled by the addition of the capping agent, CDT, into the reaction system. The antimicrobial activity of the Ag nanoparticles covered with different contents of CDT against E. coli was evaluated. Smaller-size Ag nanoparticles showed higher antibacterial activity, which depended on a surface area that attached easily to a microorganism cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Furuzono
- Department of Biomaterial Engineering, School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kinki University, 930 Nishimitani, Kinokawa, Wakayama, 649-6493, Japan,
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Okada M, Furuzono T. Hydroxylapatite nanoparticles: fabrication methods and medical applications. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2012; 13:064103. [PMID: 27877527 PMCID: PMC5099760 DOI: 10.1088/1468-6996/13/6/064103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxylapatite (or hydroxyapatite, HAp) exhibits excellent biocompatibility with various kinds of cells and tissues, making it an ideal candidate for tissue engineering, orthopedic and dental applications. Nanosized materials offer improved performances compared with conventional materials due to their large surface-to-volume ratios. This review summarizes existing knowledge and recent progress in fabrication methods of nanosized (or nanostructured) HAp particles, as well as their recent applications in medical and dental fields. In section 1, we provide a brief overview of HAp and nanoparticles. In section 2, fabrication methods of HAp nanoparticles are described based on the particle formation mechanisms. Recent applications of HAp nanoparticles are summarized in section 3. The future perspectives in this active research area are given in section 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Okada
- Department of Biomaterials, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuha-Hanazono, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1121, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Furuzono
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kinki University, 930 Nishi-Mitani, Kinokawa, Wakayama, 649-6493, Japan
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Yanagida H, Okada M, Masuda M, Narama I, Nakano S, Kitao S, Takakuda K, Furuzono T. Preparation and in vitro/in vivo evaluations of dimpled poly(l-lactic acid) fibers mixed/coated with hydroxyapatite nanocrystals. J Artif Organs 2011; 14:331-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s10047-011-0594-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Effect of Mordant Type on Thermal Stability and Fastness Properties of Silk Fabric Dyed with Natural Dye "Sambucus Nigra". ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1108/rjta-15-02-2011-b007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kadono H, Furuzono T, Masuda M, Okada M, Ueki M, Takamizawa K, Tanaka R, Miyatake K, Koyama Y, Takakuda K. In vivo evaluation of hydroxyapatite nanocoating on polyester artificial vascular grafts and possibility as soft-tissue compatible material. ASAIO J 2010; 56:61-6. [PMID: 20051831 DOI: 10.1097/mat.0b013e3181c945ae] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanocoating on polyester vascular grafts was investigated in animal experiments. The HAp nanocrystals were covalently bonded separately between hydroxyl groups on a nanocrystal and alkoxysilyl groups in gamma-methacryloxypropyl triethoxysilane graft polymerized on a polyester substrate. Twelve HAp-coated polyester grafts and 10 control grafts of 20, 30, or 50 mm in length were implanted in canine common carotid arteries. Serious complications or occlusions were not observed in any of the dogs after implantation. A histologic evaluation was conducted by staining with hematoxylin and eosin (HE), the von Willebrand factor (vWf), and alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) around the inner lumen of the grafts. The number of inflammation cells and giant cells in the HAp-coated group was significantly lower than that in the group receiving noncoated grafts (p < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kadono
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Institute of Biomaterial and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Tanaka T, Hirose M, Kotobuki N, Tadokoro M, Ohgushi H, Fukuchi T, Sato J, Seto K. Bone augmentation by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells cultured in three-dimensional biodegradable polymer scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res A 2010; 91:428-35. [PMID: 18985782 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Poly-lactic-glycolic acid (PLGA) is a biocompatible as well as biodegradable polymer and used in various medical applications. In this study, we evaluated efficiency of the specially designed three-dimensional porous PLGA as a scaffold for bone augmentation. First, cell attachment/proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization of Fisher 344 rat marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) cultured on the PLGA scaffold were analyzed. Viable MSCs were impregnated into pore areas of the scaffold and a moderate increase of DNA contents was seen. High alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin content, and calcium content of MSCs in PLGA scaffolds under osteogenic differentiation conditions were seen after 14 or 21 days of culture. Subsequently, we implanted the PLGA/MSCs composites on rat calvaria bone for 30 days. Newly formed bone was seen in only the composite PLGA/MSCs implantation group, which had been precultured under osteogenic condition. We also demonstrated that the newly formed bone originated from the donor composites. These results demonstrate that the three-dimensional PLGA scaffold can support osteogenic differentiation of MSCs, and the scaffold combined with osteogenic MSCs can be used for in vivo bone tissue augmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshimitsu Tanaka
- Research Institute for Cell Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 3-11-46 Nakoji, Amagasaki, Hyogo, Japan
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Cell adhesion and tissue response to hydroxyapatite nanocrystal-coated poly(l-lactic acid) fabric. J Biosci Bioeng 2009; 108:235-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2009.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2008] [Revised: 03/24/2009] [Accepted: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Liu Y, Lu Y, Tian X, Cui G, Zhao Y, Yang Q, Yu S, Xing G, Zhang B. Segmental bone regeneration using an rhBMP-2-loaded gelatin/nanohydroxyapatite/fibrin scaffold in a rabbit model. Biomaterials 2009; 30:6276-85. [PMID: 19683811 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2009] [Accepted: 08/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to develop a hybrid scaffold with a porous structure and similar composition as natural bone for the controlled release of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) to enhance bone regeneration. We fabricated a gelatin/nanohydroxypatite (nHAP) scaffold by glutaraldehyde chemical cross-linking a gelatin aqueous solution with nHAP granules at a 5:1 ratio (v/w). Then, fibrin glue (FG) mixed with recombinant human BMP-2 (rhBMP-2) was infused into the gelatin/nHAP scaffold and lyophilized to develop an rhBMP-2-loaded gelatin/nHAP/FG scaffold. On scanning electron microscopy, the composite had a 3-D porous structure. The rhBMP-2 release kinetics from the hybrid scaffold was sustained and slow, and release of rhBMP-2 was complete at 40 days. Immunohistochemistry, azo-coupling and alizarin S-red staining were used to study in vitro differentiation of human bone-marrow mesenchymal cells (hBMSCs). Strong positive staining results confirmed that rhBMP-2 released from the scaffold could improve osteocalcin (OCN) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression and calcium deposition formation. RT-PCR results showed significantly high mRNA expression of ALP and OCN in hBM-MSCs cultured on the gelatin/nHAP/FG scaffold with rhBMP-2. DNA assay demonstrated that the scaffold was noncytotoxic and could promote hBMSC proliferation from the components of the hybrid scaffold, not released rhBMP-2. The hybrid scaffolds were then used to repair critical-size segmental bone defects of rabbit radius. Gross specimen, X-ray, bone histomorphology and bone mineral density assay demonstrated that the rhBMP-2-loaded gelatin/nHAP/FG scaffold had good osteogenic capability and could repair the segmental bone defect completely in 12 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Hospital, No. 406 Jiefang South Road, Hexi District, Tianjin 300211, China
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Furuzono T, Ueki M, Kitamura H, Oka K, Imai E. Histological reaction of sintered nanohydroxyapatite-coated cuff and its fibroblast-like cell hybrid for an indwelling catheter. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2009; 89:77-85. [PMID: 18767065 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.31189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Rapid tissue-ingrowth of a sintered hydroxyapatite(HAp)-coated and cell-hybrid subcutaneous cuff equipped with an indwelling catheter was developed. The rod-like HAp nanoparticles were coated by covalent bonding on the surface of the silk fibroin (SF) fibers for about 100 microm of the length. The fibers were transplanted three-dimensionally on a cuff substrate made of silicone elastomer with an adhesive. The fibroblast-like cells, explanted and proliferated from skin tissue containing the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue of Japanese white rabbits, were incubated on the three-dimensional cuff for three days. Three types of cuff--polyester, HAp-coated, and cell-hybrid cuffs--were percutaneously implanted into the backs of the same animals for 3 and 7 days. The subcutaneous tissues around the cuffs were stained with hematoxylin-eosin. Immunohistochemical staining to identify macrophages and alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) was also done and examined by light microscopy. The alpha-SMA-positive area was very limited in the polyester cuff group even after 7 days, although many macrophages infiltrated into the fibers. In the cell-hybrid cuff group, on the other hand, an alpha-SMA-positive area was formed extensively after 3 and 7 days, causing severe inflammation. In the HAp-coated cuff group, an alpha-SMA-positive area was formed among the fibers with little inflammation. The extent order of the alpha-SMA-positive area was cell-hybrid cuff >> HAp-coated cuff >> polyester cuff, while the degree of inflammatory cells order was cell-hybrid cuff >> polyester cuff >> HAp-coated cuff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Furuzono
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Advanced Medical Engineering Center, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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Yu H, Wooley PH, Yang SY. Biocompatibility of Poly-epsilon-caprolactone-hydroxyapatite composite on mouse bone marrow-derived osteoblasts and endothelial cells. J Orthop Surg Res 2009; 4:5. [PMID: 19243637 PMCID: PMC2654429 DOI: 10.1186/1749-799x-4-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2008] [Accepted: 02/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tissue-engineered bone may be developed by seeding the cells capable of both osteogenesis and vascularization on biocompatible composite scaffolds. The current study investigated the performance of mice bone marrow-derived osteogenic cells and endothelial cells as seeded on hydroxyapatite (HA) and poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) composite scaffolds. Methods Mononuclear cells were induced to osteoblasts and endothelial cells respectively, which were defined by the expression of osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and deposits of calcium-containing crystal for osteoblasts, or by the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) and von Willebrand factor (vWF), and the formation of a capillary network in Matrigel™ for endothelial cells. Both types of cell were seeded respectively on PCL-HA scaffolds at HA to PCL weight ratio of 1:1, 1:4, or 0:1 and were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy, ALP activity (of osteoblasts) and nitric oxide production (of endothelial cells) plus the assessment of cell viability. Results The results indicated that HA led to a positive stimulation of osteoblasts viability and ALP activity, while HA showed less influence on endothelial cells viability. An elevated nitric oxide production of endothelial cells was observed in HA-containing group. Conclusion Supplement of HA into PCL improved biocompatible for bone marrow-derived osteoblasts and endothelial cells. The PCL-HA composite integrating with two types of cells may provide a useful system for tissue-engineered bone grafts with vascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
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Okada M, Masuda M, Tanaka R, Miyatake K, Kuroda D, Furuzono T. Preparation of hydroxyapatite-nanocrystal-coated stainless steel, and its cell interaction. J Biomed Mater Res A 2008; 86:589-96. [PMID: 17994561 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.31668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Calcined nanocrystals of hydroxyapatite (HAp) having spherical or rod-shaped morphologies were coated through covalent linkage on a type 316L stainless steel substrate, which was chemically modified by the graft polymerization of gamma-methacryloxypropyl triethoxysilane (MPTS) at 70-110 degrees C. The grafting of poly(MPTS) on the substrate was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR FT-IR). In order to coat the substrate with the HAp crystals through covalent linkage, the reactionbetween the alkoxysilyl groupsin the poly (MPTS) grafted on the substrate and the OH groups on the HAp crystals was conducted at 80 degrees C. The poly(MPTS)-grafted substrate was strongly coated with the HAp nanocrystals, although the HAp crystals adsorbed physically on the original substrate without poly(MPTS) grafting were removed by ultrasonic treatment. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) adhered in larger numbers on the HAp-coated stainless steel substrate as compared with the original substrate after 24 h of initial incubation. The number of HUVEC adhered on the rod-shaped HAp-coated substrate was not significantly different from that on the spherical HAp-coated substrate under the present conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Okada
- Department of Bioengineering, Advanced Medical Engineering Center, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
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Tanaka T, Hirose M, Kotobuki N, Ohgushi H, Furuzono T, Sato J. Nano-scaled hydroxyapatite/silk fibroin sheets support osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal cells. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2006.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Taddei P, Arosio C, Monti P, Tsukada M, Arai T, Freddi G. Chemical and physical properties of sulfated silk fabrics. Biomacromolecules 2007; 8:1200-8. [PMID: 17338562 DOI: 10.1021/bm061017y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Silk fabrics were treated with chlorosulphonic acid in pyridine for different times. The amount of sulfur bound to silk increased during the first 2 h of reaction and then reached a plateau. The amino acidic pattern of sulfated silk remained essentially unchanged for short reaction times (< or =2 h). Longer reaction times resulted in drastic changes in the concentration of Asp, Glu, and Tyr. Surface morphology and texture of silk fabrics changed upon sulfation. Warp and weft yarns became progressively thinner, and deposits of foreign material appeared on the fiber surface. Changes were more evident at longer reaction times (> or =2 h). Spectroscopic analyses performed by FT-IR and FT-Raman showed the appearance of new bands attributable to various vibrations of sulfated groups. The IR bands at 1049 and 1014 cm-1, due to organic sulfate salts, were particularly intense. Bands assigned to alkyl sulfates and sulfonamides appeared in the 1300-1180 cm-1 range. Organic covalent sulfates displayed a weak but distinct IR band at 1385 cm-1. Both IR and Raman spectra revealed that silk fibroin mainly bound sulfates through the hydroxyl groups of Ser and Tyr, while involvement of amines could not be proved. Changes observed in the amide I and II range indicated an increase of the degree of molecular disorder of sulfated silk. Accordingly, the I850/I830 intensity ratio between the two Tyr bands at 850-830 cm-1 increased from 1.41 to 1.52, indicating a more exposed state of Tyr residues in sulfated silk. TGA, DSC, and TG analyses showed that sulfated silk attained a higher thermal stability. A thermal transition attributable to sulfated silk fibroin fractions appeared at about 260 degrees C in the DSC thermograms.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Taddei
- Centro di Studio sulla Spettroscopia Raman, Dipartimento di Biochimica G. Moruzzi, Università di Bologna, via Belmeloro 8/2, Bologna 40126, Italy
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Furuzono T, Masuda M, Okada M, Yasuda S, Kadono H, Tanaka R, Miyatake K. Increase in Cell Adhesiveness on a Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Fabric by Sintered Hydroxyapatite Nanocrystal Coating in the Development of an Artificial Blood Vessel. ASAIO J 2006; 52:315-20. [PMID: 16760722 DOI: 10.1097/01.mat.0000214860.08820.f9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nano-scaled sintered hydroxyapatite (HAp) crystals were covalently linked onto a poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fabric substrate chemically modified by graft polymerization with gamma-methacryloxypropyl triethoxysilane (MPTS) for development of an artificial blood vessel. The weight gain of graft polymerization with poly(MPTS) on PET in benzyl alcohol containing H2O2 as an initiator increased as increasing the reaction time and finally reached a plateau value of about 3.5 wt%. The surface characterization of surface modification with poly(MPTS)-grafting was conducted by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. HAp nanocrystals of approximately 50 nm in diameter, monodispersed in pure ethanol, were coupled with alkoxysilyl groups of the poly(MPTS)-grafted PET substrate. The HAp nanocrystals were uniformly and strongly coated on the surface of the PET fabrics, although HAp particles adsorbed physically on the original PET without poly(MPTS) grafting were almost removed by ultrasonic wave treatment. More human umbilical vein endothelial cells adhered to the HAp/PET composite fabric compared with original PET after only 4 hours of initial incubation, and the same was observed on the collagen-coated PET. The coating of sintered HAp nanocrystals imparted bioactivity to the polyester substrate, which is a widely used biomedical polymer, without a coating of adhesion proteins derived from animals, such as collagen or gelatin. A prototype of an artificial blood vessel was finally fabricated by use of HAp/PET composite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Furuzono
- Department of Bioengineering, Advanced Medical Engineering Center, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan
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Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate cell adhesion and proliferation on the hydroxyapatite (HAp)-coated silk fibroin (SF) fabric. Nano-scaled sintered HAp particles were covalently coated on SF chemically modified by graft polymerization. After the fabrication of the HAp/SF composite,
mesenchymal cells (MCs) derived from EGFP-expressing transgenic rat bone marrow were seeded on the composite and cultured for 10 days. Fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the cells adhered and actively proliferated on the composites comparable to those on tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS) dishes. The results suggest that the composites are suitable for
mesenchymal cell culture scaffolds and useful materials for regenerative medicine.
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Ito Y, Hasuda H, Kamitakahara M, Ohtsuki C, Tanihara M, Kang IK, Kwon OH. A composite of hydroxyapatite with electrospun biodegradable nanofibers as a tissue engineering material. J Biosci Bioeng 2005; 100:43-9. [PMID: 16233849 DOI: 10.1263/jbb.100.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2005] [Accepted: 03/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Biodegradable and biocompatible poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV), a copolymer of microbial polyester, was fabricated as a nanofibrous film by electrospinning and composited with hydroxyapatite (HAp) by soaking in simulated body fluid. Compared with a PHBV cast (flat) film, the electrospun PHBV nanofibrous film was hydrophobic. However, after HAp deposition, both of the surfaces were extremely hydrophilic. The degradation rate of HAp/PHBV nanofibrous films in the presence of polyhydroxybutyrate depolymerase was very fast. Nanofiber formation increased the specific surface area and HAp enhanced the invasion of enzyme into the film by increasing surface hydrophilicity. The surface of the nanofibrous film showed enhanced cell adhesion over that of the flat film, although cell adhesion was not significantly affected by the combination with HAp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Ito
- Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology, KSP East 309, 3-2-1 Sakado, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki 213-0012, Japan.
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