1
|
Karabelas AJ. On the total albumin losses during haemocatharsis. J Artif Organs 2024; 27:91-99. [PMID: 38238597 PMCID: PMC11126488 DOI: 10.1007/s10047-023-01430-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Excessive albumin losses during HC (haemocatharsis) are considered a potential cause of hypoalbuminemia-a key risk factor for mortality. This review on total albumin losses considers albumin "leaking" into the dialysate and losses due to protein/membrane interactions (i.e. adsorption, "secondary membrane formation" and denaturation). The former are fairly easy to determine, usually varying at the level of ~ 2 g to ~ 7 g albumin loss per session. Such values, commonly accepted as representative of the total albumin losses, are often quoted as limits/standards of permissible albumin loss per session. On albumin mass lost due to adsorption/deposition, which is the result of complicated interactions and rather difficult to determine, scant in vivo data exist and there is great uncertainty and confusion regarding their magnitude; this is possibly responsible for neglecting their contribution to the total losses at present. Yet, many relevant in vitro studies suggest that losses of albumin due to protein/membrane interactions are likely comparable to (or even greater than) those due to leaking, particularly in the currently favoured high-convection HDF (haemodiafiltration) treatment. Therefore, it is emphasised that top research priority should be given to resolve these issues, primarily by developing appropriate/facile in vivo test-methods and related analytical techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios J Karabelas
- Chemical Process and Energy Resources Institute, Centre for Research and Technology-Hellas, 6th Km Charilaou - Thermi Road, Thermi - Thessaloniki, GR 57001, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Effect of Membrane Surface Area on Solute Removal Performance of Dialyzers with Fouling. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12070684. [PMID: 35877887 PMCID: PMC9320527 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12070684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In a clinical situation, since membrane fouling often causes the reduction of solute removal performance of the dialyzer, it is necessary to evaluate the performance of the dialyzer, considering the effects of fouling even in aqueous in vitro experiments that are useful for the better design of dialyzers. We replicated the membrane fouling by immobilizing albumin on the membrane in a dialyzer using glutaraldehyde as a stabilizer. The modules of various membrane surface areas with and without replication of the fouling were used for performance evaluation of solute (creatinine, vitamin B12, and inulin) removal in dialysis experiments in vitro. Clearances for these solutes in the modules with fouling were lower than those without fouling. Furthermore, the smaller the surface area, the larger the fouling effect was observed in all solutes. Calculated pressure distribution in a module by using a mathematical model showed that the solute removal performance might be greatly affected by the rate of internal filtration that enhances the solute removal, especially for larger solutes. The increase in the rate of internal filtration should contribute to improving the solute removal performance of the dialyzer, with a higher effect in modules with a larger membrane surface area.
Collapse
|
3
|
Mass Transfer Characteristics of Haemofiltration Modules-Experiments and Modeling. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12010062. [PMID: 35054588 PMCID: PMC8780501 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Reliable mathematical models are important tools for design/optimization of haemo-filtration modules. For a specific module, such a model requires knowledge of fluid- mechanical and mass transfer parameters, which have to be determined through experimental data representative of the usual countercurrent operation. Attempting to determine all these parameters, through measured/external flow-rates and pressures, combined with the inherent inaccuracies of pressure measurements, creates an ill-posed problem (as recently shown). The novel systematic methodology followed herein, demonstrated for Newtonian fluids, involves specially designed experiments, allowing first the independent reliable determination of fluid-mechanical parameters. In this paper, the method is further developed, to determine the complete mass transfer module-characteristics; i.e., the mass transfer problem is modelled/solved, employing the already fully-described flow field. Furthermore, the model is validated using new/detailed experimental data on concentration profiles of a typical solute (urea) in counter-current flow. A single intrinsic-parameter value (i.e., the unknown effective solute-diffusivity in the membrane) satisfactorily fits all data. Significant insights are also obtained regarding the relative contributions of convective and diffusive mass-transfer. This study completes the method for reliable module simulation in Newtonian-liquid flow and provides the basis for extension to plasma/blood haemofiltration, where account should be also taken of oncotic-pressure and membrane-fouling effects.
Collapse
|
4
|
Ito T, Ota T, Kono R, Miyaoka Y, Ishibashi H, Komori M, Yasukawa A, Kanno Y, Miki N. Pump-Free Microfluidic Hemofiltration Device. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12080992. [PMID: 34442614 PMCID: PMC8401791 DOI: 10.3390/mi12080992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hemofiltration removes water and small molecules from the blood via nanoporous filtering membranes. This paper discusses a pump-free hemofiltration device driven by the pressure difference between the artery and the vein. In the design of the filtering device, oncotic pressure needs to be taken into consideration. Transmembrane pressure (TMP) determines the amount and direction of hemofiltration, which is calculated by subtracting the oncotic pressure from the blood pressure. Blood pressure decreases as the channels progress from the inlet to the outlet, while oncotic pressure increases slightly since no protein is removed from the blood to the filtrate in hemofiltration. When TMP is negative, the filtrate returns to the blood, i.e., backfiltration takes place. A small region of the device with negative TMP would thus result in a small amount of or even zero filtrates. First, we investigated this phenomenon using in vitro experiments. We then designed a hemofiltration system taking backfiltration into consideration. We divided the device into two parts. In the first part, the device has channels for the blood and filtrate with a nanoporous membrane. In the second part, the device does not have channels for filtration. This design ensures TMP is always positive in the first part and prevents backfiltration. The concept was verified using in vitro experiments and ex vivo experiments in beagle dogs. Given the simplicity of the device without pumps or electrical components, the proposed pump-free hemofiltration device may prove useful for either implantable or wearable hemofiltration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Ito
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Kanagawa, Japan; (T.I.); (T.O.); (R.K.)
| | - Takashi Ota
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Kanagawa, Japan; (T.I.); (T.O.); (R.K.)
| | - Rei Kono
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Kanagawa, Japan; (T.I.); (T.O.); (R.K.)
| | - Yoshitaka Miyaoka
- Department of Nephrology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan; (Y.M.); (Y.K.)
| | - Hidetoshi Ishibashi
- Pre-Clinical Research Center, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8492, Japan;
| | - Masaki Komori
- Japanese Small Animal Hemodialysis Association, 63-2-7 Nihonbashi-Hongokucho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0021, Japan;
| | - Akio Yasukawa
- Kamishakujii Animal Hospital, 1-4-13 Sekimachi-Higashi, Nerima-ku, Tokyo 177-0052, Japan;
| | - Yoshihiko Kanno
- Department of Nephrology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan; (Y.M.); (Y.K.)
| | - Norihisa Miki
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Kanagawa, Japan; (T.I.); (T.O.); (R.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-455-661-430
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kostoglou M, Moschona A, Karabelas AJ, Sioutopoulos DC. Implementation and validation of an innovative method for fluid mechanical characterization of haemo-catharsis modules. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
6
|
Dang BV, Taylor RA, Charlton AJ, Le-Clech P, Barber TJ. Toward Portable Artificial Kidneys: The Role of Advanced Microfluidics and Membrane Technologies in Implantable Systems. IEEE Rev Biomed Eng 2020; 13:261-279. [DOI: 10.1109/rbme.2019.2933339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
7
|
Maggay IV, Yeh TH, Venault A, Hsu CH, Dizon GV, Chang Y. Tuning the molecular design of random copolymers for enhancing the biofouling mitigation of membrane materials. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
8
|
Hsu CH, Venault A, Huang YT, Wu BW, Chou CJ, Ishihara K, Chang Y. Toward Antibiofouling PVDF Membranes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:6782-6792. [PMID: 31042867 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Membranes for biologically and biomedically related applications must be bioinert, that is, resist biofouling by proteins, human cells, bacteria, algae, etc. Hydrophobic materials such as polysulfone, polypropylene, or poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) are often chosen as matrix materials but their hydrophobicity make them prone to biofouling, which in turn limits their application in biological/biomedical fields. Here, we designed PVDF-based membranes by precipitation from the vapor phase and zwitterionized them in situ to reduce their propensity to biofouling. To achieve this goal, we used a copolymer containing phosphorylcholine groups. An in-depth physicochemical characterization revealed not only the controlled presence of the copolymer in the membrane but also that bicontinuous membranes could be formed. Membrane hydrophilicity was greatly improved, resulting in the mitigation of a variety of biofoulants: the attachment of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Streptococcus mutans, and platelets was reduced by 99.9, 99.9, and 98.9%, respectively. Besides, despite incubation in a plasma platelet-poor medium, rich in plasma proteins, a flux recovery ratio of 75% could be measured while it was only 40% with a hydrophilic commercial membrane of similar structure and physical properties. Similarly, the zwitterionic membrane severely mitigated biofouling by microalgae during their harvesting. All in all, the material/process combination presented in this work leads to antibiofouling porous membranes with a large span of potential biomedically and biologically related applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Kazuhiko Ishihara
- Department of Bioengineering , The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dizon GV, Venault A. Direct in-situ modification of PVDF membranes with a zwitterionic copolymer to form bi-continuous and fouling resistant membranes. J Memb Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2017.12.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
10
|
Tange Y, Takesawa S, Yoshitake S. Asymmetric triacetate membrane keeps high water flux during ultrafiltration: in vitro study. J Artif Organs 2017; 20:399-402. [PMID: 28685358 DOI: 10.1007/s10047-017-0971-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Membrane fouling is a primary challenge encountered during the administration of hemodialysis (HD) and hemodiafiltration (HDF). A high-flux membrane is suitable for dialyzer reuse, since it is used repeatedly. Water flux is a benchmark used to assess the effectiveness of the dialysis membrane during treatment and it is usually evaluated to determine whether membrane fouling has occurred. Polysulfone (PS) membrane has good biocompatibility and solute permeability; however, polyethersulfone (PES) is often used as a hemodiafilter membrane because of better hydrophilicity compared to PS. We evaluated water flux across hemodiafilters using newly developed asymmetric triacetate (ATA) and PES as conventional membranes in vitro. Water flux of across ATA and PES membranes significantly decreased 30 min after the start of the experiments and thereafter showed stabilization. Water flux across the ATA membrane consistently showed significantly higher values of greater than 100 mL/m2/h/mmHg, compared to lower values observed across the PES membrane. These results suggest that the ATA membrane has a potential use not only for HDF, but also for long-time therapies of HD and HDF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Tange
- Department of Medical Engineering, Kyushu University of Health and Welfare, Nobeoka, Miyazaki, Japan.
| | - Shingo Takesawa
- Department of Medical Engineering, Kyushu University of Health and Welfare, Nobeoka, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Shigenori Yoshitake
- Department of Medical Engineering, Kyushu University of Health and Welfare, Nobeoka, Miyazaki, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sakiyama R, Yamamoto K, Ishimori I, Yoshida S, Akiba T, Mineshima M. Performance evaluation of developed polysulfone membrane hemodiafilters, ABH-F and ABH-P, in post- and pre-dilution hemodiafiltration. J Artif Organs 2015; 18:330-7. [PMID: 26058830 DOI: 10.1007/s10047-015-0844-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
ABH-F and ABH-P have been developed for hemodiafiltration (HDF) therapy. In this study, we evaluated the solute removal characteristics of the hemodiafilters in a bovine blood in vitro study. The hemodiafilters were examined for 120 min at various filtration flow rates (Q F) (31.2-250 mL/min) under a constant blood flow rate of 250 mL/min and constant dialysate flow rates of 500/250 mL/min in pre-dilution HDF (pre-HDF) and post-dilution HDF (post-HDF). Creatinine clearance in pre-HDF was approximately 85% of that in post-HDF because it was removed by molecular diffusion dominantly. The initial clearances of β2-microglobulin and α1-microglobulin increased with Q F and these values slightly and steeply decreased with time due to membrane fouling. Under a same Q F of 62.5 mL/min, higher clearance values in post-HDF were obtained compared with those in pre-HDF. All clearance values of ABH-P were higher than those of ABH-F under the same Q F. It seems that the ABH-P has a larger pore size of membrane than that in ABH-F. The creatinine and α1-microglobulin clearance values were obtained as highest at post-Q F62.5, the β2-microglobulin clearance values and transmembrane pressure were obtained as highest at pre-Q F250. Large solute clearances such as α1-microglobulin and albumin decreased with time in all HDF experiments. Time decay of large solute clearance values was observed in the HDF modality that had a higher clearance of the solute at 5 min later after the start of experiment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Sakiyama
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1, Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan.
| | - Kenichiro Yamamoto
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1, Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Isamu Ishimori
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1, Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yoshida
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1, Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Takashi Akiba
- Department of Blood Purification, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michio Mineshima
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1, Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
|
13
|
Sakiyama R, Ishimori I, Akiba T, Mineshima M. Effect of blood flow rate on internal filtration in a high-flux dialyzer with polysulfone membrane. J Artif Organs 2012; 15:266-71. [PMID: 22535419 DOI: 10.1007/s10047-012-0643-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Internal filtration/backfiltration (IF/BF) of a dialyzer depends on several parameters. This study evaluated the effect of the blood flow rate (Q (B)) on the internal filtration flow rate (Q (IF)) measured using Doppler ultrasonography for a high-flux dialyzer with a polysulfone membrane, APS-15E. In an in vitro study, bovine blood was circulated through the dialyzer, at a Q (B) of 100-350 mL/min. The clearances (CL) of creatinine, β(2)-microglobulin, and α(1)-microglobulin were then investigated. Q (IF) increased with the Q (B) value. A good correlation was obtained between Q (IF) and the pressure difference between the pressures at the inlet of the blood compartment and the pressure at the outlet of the dialysate compartment. The creatinine CL values strongly depended on Q (B) because molecular diffusion was dominant. The β(2)-microglobulin CL also depended on Q (B), because its removal rate seemed to be affected by both diffusive and convective transport caused by the IF/BF. An extremely low CL value was obtained for α(1)-microglobulin because of its low diffusivity and membrane fouling induced by proteins plugging the membrane. In conclusion, the IF/BF in the dialyzer strongly depends on Q (B). Furthermore, the dependence of the solute clearance on Q (B) decreased with increasing molecular size of the solute because of the decrease in diffusivity through the membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Sakiyama
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Internal and surface structure characterization of cellulose triacetate hollow-fiber dialysis membranes. J Memb Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2010.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
15
|
Internal filtration in dialyzers with different membrane permeabilities. J Artif Organs 2010; 13:113-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s10047-010-0506-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
16
|
Tomisawa N, Yamashita AC. Amount of adsorbed albumin loss by dialysis membranes with protein adsorption. J Artif Organs 2009; 12:194-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10047-009-0469-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Accepted: 06/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
17
|
A peritoneal-based automated wearable artificial kidney. Clin Exp Nephrol 2008; 12:171-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s10157-008-0050-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2007] [Accepted: 02/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
18
|
Abstract
Hemodiafiltration (HDF) is an extracorporeal renal-replacement technique using a highly permeable membrane, in which diffusion and convection are conveniently combined to enhance solute removal in a wide spectrum of molecular weights. In this modality, ultrafiltration exceeds the desired fluid loss in the patient, and replacement fluid must be administered to achieve the target fluid balance. Over the years, various HDF variants have emerged, including acetate-free biofiltration, high-volume HDF, internal HDF, paired-filtration dialysis, middilution HDF, double high-flux HDF, push-pull HDF, and online HDF. Recent technology has allowed online production of large volumes of microbiologically ultrapure fluid for reinfusion, greatly simplifying the practice of HDF. Several advantages of HDF over purely diffusive hemodialysis techniques have been described in the literature, including a greater clearance of urea, phosphate, beta(2)-microglobulin and other larger solutes, reduction in dialysis hypotension, and improved anemia management. Although randomized controlled trials have failed to show a survival benefit of HDF, recent data from large observational studies suggest a positive effect of HDF on survival. This article provides a brief review of the history of HDF, the various HDF techniques, and summary of their clinical effects.
Collapse
|
19
|
|