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Kim Y, Kang YG, Choe JY, Lee D, Shin C, Hong SW, Lee DK. RNA Interference-Mediated Gene Silencing by Branched Tripodal RNAs Does Not Require Dicer Processing. Nucleic Acid Ther 2018; 28:44-49. [PMID: 29195056 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2017.0681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific gene silencing through RNA interference (RNAi) holds great promise as the next-generation therapeutic development platform. Previously, we have shown that branched, tripodal interfering RNA (tiRNA) structures could simultaneously trigger RNAi-mediated gene silencing of three target genes with 38 nt-long guide strands associated with Argonaute 2. Herein, we show that the branched RNA structure can trigger effective gene silencing in Dicer knockout cell line, demonstrating that the Dicer-mediated processing is not required for tiRNA activity. The finding of this study confirms the flexibility of the structure of RNAi triggers as well as the length of the guide strand in RNAi-mediated gene silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanghee Kim
- 1 Global Research Laboratory for RNAi Medicine, Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Gyu Kang
- 1 Global Research Laboratory for RNAi Medicine, Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Yong Choe
- 1 Global Research Laboratory for RNAi Medicine, Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dooyoung Lee
- 2 Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanseok Shin
- 2 Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Woo Hong
- 3 OliX Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Ki Lee
- 1 Global Research Laboratory for RNAi Medicine, Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon, Republic of Korea
- 3 OliX Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , Suwon, Republic of Korea
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Development of Cell-Penetrating Asymmetric Interfering RNA Targeting Connective Tissue Growth Factor. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:2305-2313. [PMID: 27427487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.06.626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is a multifunctional matricellular protein, playing a role as a central mediator in tissue remodeling and fibrosis. A number of reports have shown the pivotal roles of CTGF in the progression of fibrosis, suggesting CTGF as a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of fibrotic disorders including hypertrophic scars and keloids. In this study, we present the development of an interfering RNA molecule that efficiently inhibits the expression of CTGF via RNA interference mechanism both in vitro and in vivo. Chemical modifications were introduced to the asymmetric interfering RNA (asiRNA) backbone structure. The resulting RNA molecule, termed cell-penetrating asiRNA (cp-asiRNA), entered into cells and triggered RNA interference-mediated gene silencing without delivery vehicles. The gene-silencing activity of cp-asiRNA targeting CTGF (cp-asiCTGF) was examined both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the administration of cp-asiCTGF in the rat skin excision wound model efficiently reduced the induction of CTGF and collagens during the wound-healing process. These results suggest that the cp-asiCTGF molecule could be developed into antifibrotic therapeutics such as antiscar drugs.
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Lu T, Yang W, Wang Z, Hu Z, Zeng X, Yang C, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Li F, Liu Z, Wang D, Ye Z. Knockdown of glucose-regulated protein 78/binding immunoglobulin heavy chain protein expression by asymmetric small interfering RNA induces apoptosis in prostate cancer cells and attenuates migratory capability. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:249-56. [PMID: 25338653 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose-regulated protein 78 [GRP78, also termed binding immunoglobulin heavy chain protein (Bip)] may be involved in cancer progression and metastasis. However, to date there has been minimal investigation into its potential role in human prostate cancer cells. Recent studies have demonstrated that asymmetric small interfering RNA (asiRNA)-mediated gene silencing is more effective and longer-lasting than conventional symmetric siRNA. Thus, the current study aimed to investigate the effects of GRP78-specific asiRNA on human prostate cancer cells. A series of asiRNAs was synthesized and their efficiency in silencing GRP78 expression in PC-3 human prostate cancer cells was evaluated. The effects of knockdown using asiRNAs were compared to those of knockdown using symmetric siRNAs. The effect of GRP78 silencing on PC-3 cell apoptosis and migration, and the possible mechanisms governing these biological processes were examined. Compared with the symmetric siRNA, transfection with the 15 base pair asiRNA (asiGRP78-3) resulted in greater downregulation of GRP78 expression. GRP78 depletion in PC-3 cells resulted in increased apoptosis and decreased migration of these cells. Experiments investigating the underlying mechanisms of these effects revealed that knockdown of GRP78 attenuated protein kinase B activation and decreased the expression of pro-caspase 9, pro-caspase 3 and vimentin. In conclusion, knockdown of GRP78/Bip expression with asymmetric siRNA led to increased prostate cancer cell apoptosis and reduced cellular migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Lu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Weimin Yang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Zhihua Wang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Zhiquan Hu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Xing Zeng
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Chunguang Yang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Ye Wang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Fan Li
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Zhuo Liu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Dongbiao Wang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Zhangqun Ye
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
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Effect of the guide strand 3′-end structure on the gene-silencing potency of asymmetric siRNA. Biochem J 2014; 461:427-34. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20140407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the effect of the guide strand 3′-end structure on the gene-silencing potency of asymmetric siRNAs and demonstrates the molecular basis of the enhanced potency of the asymmetric siRNA with a 21 nt guide strand composed solely of RNA.
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Chang C, Hong SW, Dua P, Kim S, Lee DK. The design, preparation, and evaluation of asymmetric small interfering RNA for specific gene silencing in mammalian cells. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 942:135-52. [PMID: 23027049 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-119-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a highly efficient endogenous gene silencing mechanism mediated by short double-stranded RNAs termed small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). The current standard siRNA structure, which is used by most researchers to trigger sequence-specific target gene silencing, consists of a double strand region of 19 bp with 2 nt 3'-overhangs at both ends. However, in addition to the desired target gene silencing, this conventional siRNA structure also exhibits several unintended effects that constitute obstacles to the use of siRNA in gene function studies and therapeutics development. Here, we provide protocols for designing and preparing an alternative structure for RNAi trigger, termed asymmetric shorter-duplex RNA (asiRNA). The asiRNA structure has a duplex region shorter than 19 bp and has an asymmetric 3'-overhang structure. Importantly, the asiRNA structure not only triggers efficient target gene silencing comparable to that of the 19 bp standard siRNA structure but also significantly reduces nonspecific effects triggered by 19 bp siRNAs such as sense-strand-mediated off-target silencing and the saturation of RNAi machinery. Procedures are described for verifying that asiRNA activates gene silencing through an Ago2-dependent pathway and for assessing the miRNA pathway competition potency and specific and nonspecific silencing abilities of asiRNAs. We propose that asiRNA, an improved RNAi trigger that can overcome the nonspecific effects evoked by standard siRNA structures, can be developed as a precise and effective tool for both functional genomics and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanil Chang
- Global Research Laboratory for RNAi Medicine, Department of Chemistry, BK21 School of Chemical Materials Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
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Oh YM, Song YJ, Lee SB, Jeong Y, Kim B, Kim GW, Kim KE, Lee JM, Cho MY, Choi J, Nam DH, Song PH, Cheong KH, Kim KA. A new anti-c-Met antibody selected by a mechanism-based dual-screening method: therapeutic potential in cancer. Mol Cells 2012; 34:523-9. [PMID: 23180291 PMCID: PMC3887825 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-012-0194-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
c-Met, the high affinity receptor for hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), is one of the most frequently activated tyrosine kinases in many human cancers and a target for cancer therapy. However, inhibitory targeting of c-Met with antibodies has proven difficult, because most antibodies have intrinsic agonist activity. Therefore, the strategy for reducing the agonism is critical for successful development of cancer therapies based on anti-c-Met antibodies. Here we developed a mechanism-based assay method for rapid screening of anti-c-Met antibodies, involving the determination of Akt phosphorylation and c-Met degradation for agonism and efficacy, respectively. Using the method, we identified an antibody, F46, that binds to human c-Met with high affinity (Kd = 2.56 nM) and specificity, and induces the degradation of c-Met in multiple cancer cells (including MKN45, a gastric cancer cell line) with minimal activation of c-Met signaling. F46 induced c-Met internalization in both HGF-dependent and HGF-independent cells, suggesting that the degradation of c-Met results from antibody-mediated receptor internalization. Furthermore, F46 competed with HGF for binding to c-Met, resulting in the inhibition of both HGF-mediated invasion and angiogenesis. Consistently, F46 inhibited the proliferation of MKN45 cells, in which c-Met is constitutively activated in an HGF-independent manner. Xenograft analysis revealed that F46 markedly inhibits the growth of subcutaneously implanted gastric and lung tumors. These results indicate that F46, identified by a novel mechanism-based assay, induces c-Met degradation with minimal agonism, implicating a potential role of F46 in therapy of human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Mi Oh
- Therapeutic Antibody Group, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Yongin 446-712,
Korea
| | - Yun-Jeong Song
- Therapeutic Antibody Group, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Yongin 446-712,
Korea
| | - Saet Byoul Lee
- Therapeutic Antibody Group, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Yongin 446-712,
Korea
| | - Yunju Jeong
- Therapeutic Antibody Group, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Yongin 446-712,
Korea
| | - Bogyou Kim
- Therapeutic Antibody Group, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Yongin 446-712,
Korea
| | - Geun Woong Kim
- Therapeutic Antibody Group, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Yongin 446-712,
Korea
| | - Kyung Eun Kim
- Therapeutic Antibody Group, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Yongin 446-712,
Korea
| | - Ji Min Lee
- Therapeutic Antibody Group, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Yongin 446-712,
Korea
| | - Mi-Young Cho
- Therapeutic Antibody Group, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Yongin 446-712,
Korea
| | - Jaehyun Choi
- Therapeutic Antibody Group, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Yongin 446-712,
Korea
| | | | - Paul H Song
- Therapeutic Antibody Group, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Yongin 446-712,
Korea
| | - Kwang Ho Cheong
- Therapeutic Antibody Group, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Yongin 446-712,
Korea
| | - Kyung-Ah Kim
- Therapeutic Antibody Group, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Yongin 446-712,
Korea
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YIN YAN, CHEN XU, ZHANG CHANGDONG, LIU PEIFENG, DUAN YOURONG, FAN YANRONG, WU ZHIWEI, FU GENGFENG, WANG JIANJUN, XU GENXING. Asymmetric siRNA targeting the bcl-2 gene inhibits the proliferation of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Int J Oncol 2012; 42:253-60. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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