The role of ultrasound in rheumatic skin and nail lesions: a multi-specialist approach

Long-pulsed nd: YAG laser treatment of nail psoriasis: clinical and ultrasonographic assessment

Nail psoriasis is a chronic, inflammatory condition which is difficult to treat, linked with greater psoriasis severity, and may be associated with anxiety and significant functional impairment of the quality of life. The 1064 nm Nd: YAG laser was reported to yield satisfactory results in the treatment of nail psoriasis.The aim of the study was to assess the clinical and ultrasonographic efficacy of long-pulsed 1064 nm Nd: YAG laser in the treatment of fingernail psoriasis and compare its effect to control fingernails.This intra-patient randomized controlled trial analyzed 86 fingernails collected from 13 patients suffering from cutaneous and nail psoriasis. The nails were randomized into two groups. Group A was treated with Nd: YAG laser once monthly for three sessions while group B served as control. Assessment took place at baseline, 1 and 3 months after the last treatment session. For scoring, the 32-points target NAPSI scoring systems was used. Additionally, two blinded dermatologists' score of improvement, patients' pain assessment by visual analogue score and ultrasonographic assessment were all performed.At the end of follow up, the medians of tNAPSI score, plate definition, matrix thickness, bed thickness and bed vascularity decreased significantly in the Nd: YAG laser treated group in comparison to baseline (p = 0.001, 0.006, 0.039, < 0.001 and 0.010, respectively). While, there was a non-significant reduction in median tNAPSI score in the control group at last follow up, however, ultrasonography recorded a significant reduction in the medians of plate definition, bed thickness and vascularity (p = 0.002, 0.011 and 0.033, respectively) from the baseline. Comparison of the Nd: YAG laser and the control groups showed no significant difference from baseline regarding the medians of tNAPSI, tNAPSI percentile improvement, pits count, blinded evaluation of photographs and ultrasonographic assessments.In conclusion, Nd: YAG laser showed clinical and ultrasonographic improvement in fingernail psoriasis. Ultrasonography is a useful noninvasive tool in diagnosing and monitoring the clinical and even the subclinical changes in nail psoriasis. Nail psoriasis although difficult to treat, may show spontaneous improvement.

Ultrasound of Nails: Why, How, When

Nail disorders are frequently a challenge to diagnose correctly only based on clinical findings. Moreover, biopsies may leave scars due to damage to the nail matrix. Currently, high-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) with probes >15 MHz is the first-choice imaging technique to study the nail. Compared with other imaging tests such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, HFUS has the advantage of high-resolution imaging of the nail apparatus without exposure to radiation, contrast media, and the risk of claustrophobia of these other expensive imaging methods. Notably, the axial spatial resolution of HFUS is higher than computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging; therefore, it can better discriminate the anatomical alterations. Our objective is to review the main applications of HFUS of the nail through literature analysis and illustration of cases of the most frequent pathologies found in our experience, exemplifying why, how, and when HFUS could help diagnose nail diseases.

Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Nail Involvement in Patients With Axial Spondyloarthritis

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to evaluate the nail units of patients with axial spondyloarthritis (ax-SpA) using ultrasound and to identify any subclinical changes. We also aimed to examine the relationship between clinical enthesitis scores and nail involvement in patients with ax-SpA.

METHODS

The study included 40 patients with ax-Spa, 40 patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA), and 40 healthy controls. The thickness of the nail plates, morphological changes, the thickness of the proximal nail units, the thickness of the nail beds, and power Doppler signal intensities were evaluated and compared. Maastricht Ankylosing Spondylitis Enthesitis Score and Spondyloarthritis Research Consortium of Canada Enthesitis Index were also evaluated in patients with ax-SpA.

RESULTS

There was no significant difference between the thickness of the nail plates of the three groups (P > .05). The first nail bed thickness of ax-SpA cases was significantly higher than the control group (P = .046), and the fourth and fifth nail proximal unit thicknesses of the control group were significantly lower than the ax-SpA and PsA groups (P = .023, P = .017). We also found that the Wortsman scores of the cases with PsA were significantly higher than the ax-SpA and control groups (P = .0001).

CONCLUSION

The thickness of the proximal nail unit adjacent to the insertion of the digital extensor tendon, which is considered as the enthesis area, is similar to the patients with PsA in patients with ax-SpA, especially in the fourth and fifth fingers compared to the control group. On the other hand, almost no structural changes in nail plates were observed in patients with ax-SpA group.

Enthesopathy in patients with nail psoriasis - a cross-sectional evaluation of clinical, onychoscopic and ultrasonographic features

Background Nail involvement in psoriasis is common and may be an indicator not only of disease severity, but also of the presence of psoriatic arthritis. However, the relationship of nail psoriasis with enthesitis remains under-explored. Aims This study was conducted to evaluate the clinical, onychoscopic (nail dermatoscopic) and ultrasonographic features in patients with nail psoriasis. Materials and Methods All nails of twenty adult patients with nail psoriasis were examined clinically and onychoscopically. Patients were evaluated for psoriatic arthritis (Classification Criteria for Psoriatic Arthritis), the severity of cutaneous disease (Psoriasis Area Severity Index) and nail disease (Nail Psoriasis Severity Index). Ultrasonography of the clinically involved digits was performed for evidence of distal interphalangeal joint enthesitis. Results Out of 20 patients, 18 patients had cutaneous psoriasis and 2 had isolated nail involvement. Among the 18 patients with skin psoriasis, 4 had associated psoriatic arthritis. The most commonly observed clinical and onychoscopic features were pitting (31.2% and 42.2%), onycholysis (36% and 36.5%) and subungual hyperkeratosis (30.2% and 30.5%), respectively. Ultrasonographic evidence of distal interphalangeal joint enthesitis was seen in 57% (175/307) of the digits with clinical nail involvement. Enthesitis was more common in patients with psoriatic arthritis (77% vs 50.6%). Nail thickening, crumbling and onychorrhexis (all features of nail matrix involvement) were significantly associated with enthesitis (P < 0.005). Limitation The major limitation was the small sample size and lack of controls. Only the clinically involved digits were evaluated for enthesitis. Conclusion Enthesitis was frequently detected on ultrasonography in patients with nail psoriasis, even in clinically asymptomatic individuals. Nail features of thickening, crumbling and onychorrhexis may predict underlying enthesitis and the potential development of arthritis. A comprehensive evaluation could help identify patients with psoriasis at risk for arthritis, helping improve long-term outcomes.

Assessment and Monitoring of Nail Psoriasis with Ultra-High Frequency Ultrasound: Preliminary Results

Psoriatic onychopathy is one of the clinical presentations of psoriasis and a well-known risk factor for the development of psoriatic arthritis. High-frequency ultrasounds (HFUS > 20 MHz) have recently been used to evaluate the nail apparatus of healthy and psoriatic subjects. The aim of our study was to detect by means of ultra-high-frequency ultrasound (UHFUS 70-100 MHz) alterations of the nail bed and matrix in patients with psoriatic onychopathy and to monitor these parameters during the treatment with monoclonal antibody (mAb). We enrolled 10 patients with psoriatic onychopathy and naive to previous biologic therapies. Patients were evaluated at baseline, after 1 month and after 3 months from the beginning of mAb therapy by a complete clinical assessment and US evaluation. A UHFUS examination with a 70 MHz probe was performed on the thumbnail (I), the index fingernail (II) and the nail with greater clinical impairment (W). The following measurements were analyzed: nail plate thickness (A), nail bed thickness (B), nail insertion length (C), nail matrix length (D) and nail matrix thickness (E). Among the various parameters analyzed, some measures showed a statistically significant decrease with p-value < 0.05 (t0 WA = 0.52 mm vs. t2 WA = 0.42 mm; t0 WB = 2.8 mm vs. t2 WB = 2.4 mm; t0 WE = 0.76 mm vs. t2 WE = 0.64 mm; t0 IIA = 0.49 mm vs. t2 IIA = 0.39 mm). In conclusion, UHFUS could represent a viable imaging technique for the real-time evaluation and monitoring of psoriatic onychopathy, thus supporting the clinical parameters and revealing any subclinical signs of early drug response.

The value of dermoscopy and high‐frequency ultrasound in staging morphea

Morphea is an autoimmune disease characterized by skin sclerosis. According to the disease progression, morphea can be divided into inflammatory, sclerotic, and atrophic stages. Dermoscopy and high-frequency ultrasound (HF-US) have been applied in the noninvasive evaluation of many inflammatory diseases, but studies on the skin imaging features of the different stages of morphea are limited. To analyze the dermoscopic and HF-US features of the different stages of morphea and explore their auxiliary value in staging the disease, we followed 34 patients with histopathology-confirmed morphea between April 2018 and July 2021 who underwent dermoscopy and 50 and 20 MHz HF-US. Fisher's exact test was used to assess the differences in dermoscopic and HF-US features among patients with different stages of morphea. Seven patients were classified as the inflammatory stage, 20 as the sclerotic stage, and seven as the atrophic stage by histopathology. The most common dermoscopic features of inflammatory lesions were red structureless areas (100%) and linear curved vessels (85.7%). White clouds and shiny white streaks could be seen in 100% and 90% of sclerotic lesions, respectively. Among atrophic lesions, pigmentary structures (100%) and red structureless areas (85.7%) were the main features. In the HF-US examination, inflammatory lesions showed hypoechogenicity around the appendages (85.7%), a hypoechogenic dermis (71.4%), and an unclear boundary between the dermis and the subcutaneous fat (71.4%). Among lesions of the sclerotic stage, the main HF-US characteristics included a hyperechogenic dermis (85.0%), acoustic attenuation of the dermis (70.0%), and an unclear boundary between the dermis and the subcutaneous fat (85.0%). All atrophic lesions showed a hyperechogenic dermis, and 28.6% showed an unclear boundary between the dermis and the subcutaneous fat. Dermoscopy and HF-US can reveal the characteristic features of the different stages of morphea and show good correspondence with the histopathology. Dermoscopy and HF-US can provide important information for the staging of morphea.

Usefulness of Ultrasound Examination in the Assessment of the Nail Apparatus in Psoriasis

The assessment of psoriatic nail changes in everyday practice is based exclusively on clinical symptoms that do not reflect the entire disease process in the nail apparatus. The use of imaging methods, especially widely available and inexpensive ultrasonography, creates the possibility of additional revealing and assessing grayscale of morphological changes of the ventral nail plate, nail bed, and matrix, as well as the attachment of the finger extensor tendon to the distal phalanx. What is more, it enables the assessment of inflammation severity in the power Doppler technique. A qualitative classification of nail plate morphological changes corresponding to the severity of psoriatic nail changes has been developed so far and attempts are being made to develop a quantitative method to assess not only the presence of changes but also the severity of inflammation. Nail ultrasonography is not commonly performed, although published studies indicate the possible use of this technique in the assessment of psoriatic changes in nail structures. It can be particularly useful in subclinical changes imaging, preceding clinical manifestation of psoriatic nail changes, enthesopathy: subclinical and in the course of psoriatic arthritis, as well as in the assessment of treatment efficacy. This review article aims to summaries the research on ultrasonography of the nail apparatus which has been carried out so far, taking into account its applicability in clinical practice.

The EFSUMB Guidelines and Recommendations for Musculoskeletal Ultrasound - Part I: Extraarticular Pathologies

The first part of the guidelines and recommendations for musculoskeletal ultrasound, produced under the auspices of the European Federation of Societies for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology (EFSUMB), provides information about the use of musculoskeletal ultrasound for assessing extraarticular structures (muscles, tendons, entheses, ligaments, bones, bursae, fasciae, nerves, skin, subcutaneous tissues, and nails) and their pathologies. Clinical applications, practical points, limitations, and artifacts are described and discussed for every structure. After an extensive literature review, the recommendations have been developed according to the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine and GRADE criteria and the consensus level was established through a Delphi process. The document is intended to guide clinical users in their daily practice.

Apremilast improves quality of life and ultrasonography parameters in patients with nail psoriasis: A prospective cohort study

Specific studies on apremilast for nail psoriasis are lacking. Our objective was to evaluate the nail-specific patient-reported outcomes, clinical efficacy, ultrasound (US) parameters, and safety of apremilast for nail psoriasis. We conducted a prospective cohort study including adult patients with plaque and nail psoriasis with a fingernail Nail Psoriasis Severity Index (NAPSI) score of 12 or more. Patients were treated with apremilast 30 mg b.i.d. for 52 weeks. Forty-five patients were included. At week 52, the Nail Assessment in Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis (NAPPA) Patient Benefit Index global weighted score was 2 or more in 52% of patients and NAPPA Quality of Life and fingernail NAPSI improved by 57% and 53%, respectively. US parameters improved from week 16 onwards. Target nail NAPSI improvements were higher for nail matrix scores (60%) than for nail bed scores (38%, p < 0.001). Baseline target nail bed NAPSI was associated with not achieving a target nail 50% reduction in NAPSI score at week 52 in the bivariate analysis (p = 0.024). Safety was consistent with the known apremilast profile. Results from apremilast therapy for 52 weeks in patients with psoriasis and predominant nail disease show significant improvements in nail-specific quality of life, clinical signs, and structural restoration on US, suggesting that apremilast may be considered in the treatment of nail psoriasis.

Ultrasound Evaluation of the Effectiveness of the Use of Acitretin in the Treatment of Nail Psoriasis

The study aimed to evaluate the effect of retinoid treatment on the morphological changes in the nail apparatus in patients with nail psoriasis. Material and methods: 41 patients aged 32 to 64 with nail psoriasis, without clinical signs of psoriatic arthritis, started on acitretin 0.6 to 0.8 mg kg b.w./d, for six months and 28 people in the control group were included in the study. Both groups had ultrasound examination of fingernails and digital extensor tendon in the distal interphalangeal joints. In psoriatic patients, US examination was conducted before starting the treatment and after six months. A total of 685 nails were examined. Results: After six months of treatment, there was a reduction in the thickness of the nail bed and nail matrix (p = 0.046 and p = 0.031, respectively). The thickness of the nail plates decreased, although it was statistically insignificant (p = 0.059) and it was higher than in the control group (p = 0.034). The reduced severity of clinical nail changes after six months of retinoid treatment did not correlate with the reduction in extensor tendon thickness in any group of patients. Conclusions: In patients with nail psoriasis, acitretin treatment resulted in a rapid decrease in the thickness of the nail bed and matrix, but it did not affect the thickness of the nail plate after six months. There was no effect of acitretin on the digital extensor tendon thickness or the increased blood supply to the tendon area. The results of the study may indicate the usefulness of ultrasound nail examinations in patients with nail psoriasis not only to assess the advancement of morphological changes and response to treatment, but also to choose the potential treatment.

A standardized sonographic analysis of nails in psoriatic arthritis and healthy controls: Feasibility, reliability, diagnostic performance, and demographic and clinical associations

OBJECTIVES

Subunits of the nail can be evaluated by nail ultrasonography (NUSG). The purposes of this study are to document NUSG properties (both nail-based and participant-based evaluations) in patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and healthy controls and to explore the final scorings.

METHODS

After the literature review and a pilot study, a consensus was reached to evaluate 12 nails and 5 parameters by NUSG: nail plate impairment (NPI), nail plate thickness (NPT), nail bed thickness (NBT), nail thickness (NT), and Doppler activity (DA); further, scorings for each parameter (NPIs, NPTs, NBTs, NTs, and DAs) were calculated. Group comparisons and diagnostic performances (with ROC curve analysis) were applied to both parameters and scorings. Final scorings to predict PsA diagnosis among the NUSG scorings were reached by regression analysis. Feasibility, reliability, and clinical associations of the scores were also performed.

RESULTS

Sixty-four patients with PsA and 26 controls (3240 baseline images) were assessed. The most affected nails, PsA/control comparisons, and the ROC analysis varied among the nails, within the higher values of PsA; therefore, 12 nails remained in the scorings. Participant-based scorings showed better content and diagnostic performances than the nail-based. Diagnostic performances, feasibility, reliability, and regression analysis of the scorings documented that NPIs, NTs, and DAs were the best. Some demographics, employee status, hemoglobin, and disease activity of the participants were associated with them.

CONCLUSIONS

The NUSG Index (NUSGI) including NPIs, NTs, and DAs is a feasible, reliable, and discriminative method to predict PsA diagnosis, with its rich content. Clinicaltrials.gov-ID: NCT04718428.

Concepts, Role, and Advances on Nail Imaging

This review discusses, from a practical point of view, the most common imaging techniques and their applications in nail pathologies with some technical considerations. There are several imaging techniques for studying the nail, and all of them require proper devices and trained operators. The highest axial resolution and a more extensive range of applications are provided by ultrasound, which currently is the first-choice imaging technique for evaluating nail conditions. A correlation of state-of-the-art clinical and imaging figures supports the review of this topic.

Ultrasound characterization of the nail bed in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

OBJECTIVE

To characterize the ultrasound findings of the nail plate and nail bed in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and its association with nail dystrophy.

METHODS

Thirty-two SLE patients, 36 patients with osteoarthritis (OA) and 20 healthy individuals were studied. High-frequency linear ultrasound was performed in nails of the second to fifth fingers in all participants. Disease activity (SLEDAI-2K index), accrued organ damage (SLICC/ACR index), autoantibody profile, and Raynaud's phenomenon were also assessed in SLE patients.

RESULTS

Nail bed thickness in SLE patients was higher than in healthy individuals (1.25 ± 0.31 mm vs 1.17 ± 0.29 mm; P = 0.01) but lower than in OA (1.39 ± 0.37 mm; P < 0.001), while nail plate thickness was similar among groups. Nail dystrophy was found more frequently in SLE and OA than in healthy individuals. SLE patients with nail dystrophy were older than their counterparts with no dystrophy (39.4 ± 10.4 years vs 27.8 ± 5.6 years; P = 0.004), although nail dystrophy showed no association with SLICC/ACR, SLEDAI-2K, nail bed vascularity, or autoantibodies.

CONCLUSIONS

Nail bed in SLE patients is thicker than in healthy individuals but thinner than in OA patients. Nail dystrophy in SLE is associated with advanced age, but not with accrued organ damage, disease activity, Raynaud's phenomenon, or DIP synovitis assessed by ultrasound.

Distal interphalangeal joint extensor tendon enthesopathy in patients with nail psoriasis

The aim of the study was an ultrasound assessment of distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint enthesopathy in patients with nail psoriasis. Altogether, 72 patients with nail psoriasis (41 with psoriasis and 31 with psoriatic arthritis) and 30 people in the control group participated in the study. In total, 1014 nails were examined. The thickness of DIP digital extensor tendons in the groups of patients with psoriasis (Ps) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) was correlated with the nail bed thickness (r = 0.316, p = 0.027 vs. r = 0.402, p = 0.031, respectively) and with the thickness of the nail matrix in patients with psoriasis (r = 0.421, p = 0.012). The linear regression model showed the tendon thickness in Ps patients to be affected by the nail bed thickness, duration of psoriasis and the thickness of the nail matrix, whereas in PsA patients it was found to be significantly affected by duration of psoriasis and of arthritis, the nail bed thickness, CRP concentration and the swollen joint count. Our findings may indicate the role of the nail-tendon apparatus changes in the PsA development and they emphasise the justifiability of US examinations in patients with psoriasis direct assessment of morphological changes in nails as potential predictors of PsA development.

Why, how, and when to use color Doppler ultrasound for improving precision in the diagnosis, assessment of severity and activity in morphea

Morphea also called localized scleroderma is a complex entity that requires objective methods for supporting the diagnosis, severity, and activity. To date, clinical scorings may show a very good inter-rater agreement but cannot provide anatomical information on subclinical involvement. Biological markers can be used for detecting inflammation but may not be useful for grading tissue damage. Color Doppler ultrasound can support diagnosis and the assessment of severity and activity in morphea which has been validated using histology as the gold standard. Ultrasound is the first-choice imaging technique for studying cutaneous diseases and can show subclinical involvement, including the affection of deeper layers non-invasively and safely. It requires proper ultrasound devices, imaging-trained physicians for performing the examinations, the performance of a standardized protocol during the examinations, and an organized schedule that allows enough time for evaluating the patients. Under the latter conditions, ultrasonography can be a powerful and reliable tool for supporting the management of morphea.

Effect of Methotrexate in the Treatment of Distal Interphalangeal Joint Extensor Tendon Enthesopathy in Patients with Nail Psoriasis

To assess the effect of methotrexate on the development of distal interphalangeal joint extensor tendon enthesopathy in psoriasis, thirty-two people aged 34 to 57 years with nail psoriasis and distal interphalangeal joint extensor tendon enthesopathy (19 patients with Ps (psoriasis) and 13 with PsA (psoriatic arthritis) were started on methotrexate at 15 to 25 mg/week and the treatment was continued for 6 months). A total of 319 nails were examined. After six months of treatment, the thicknesses of the nail plate, nail bed and nail matrix were found to decrease in both groups of patients. Methotrexate treatment resulted in a decrease in the joint extensor tendon thickness only in patients with Ps (0.94 ± 0.05 vs. 0.96 ± 0.04, p < 0.001), where the tendon thickness after treatment correlated with the matrix thickness (r = 0.337, p = 0.018) and with the bed thickness (r = 0.299, p = 0.039). Methotrexate treatment resulted in a decrease in the extensor tendon thickness only in patients with Ps but not in PsA. The findings of this study may suggest the effectiveness of systemic treatment of nail psoriasis in patients without arthritis and the use of US nail examinations in Ps and PsA patients in morphological change assessment and response to treatment.

Ultrasound Assessment of Changes in Nails in Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis

Aim of the Study

The aim of the study was to conduct an ultrasound (US) assessment of changes in fingernails in psoriatic patients with nail involvement.

Material

A total of 69 patients with psoriatic changes in nails participated in the study, including 38 patients with psoriasis (Ps) and 31 with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and 30 people in the control group. A total of 988 nails were examined.

Results

The thickness of the nail plate, nail bed, and matrix as shown in an ultrasound examination increased with the mNAPSI index (r=0.328, p=0.021; r=0.219, p=0.036; and r=0.422, p=0.011, respectively). The thickness of nail plate, bed, and matrix in patients with onycholysis and hyperkeratosis-type changes (concomitant or present separately) was significantly greater than when only pitting-type changes occurred (p=0.007, p=0.035, and p=0.023, respectively). An examination of nails with only pitting-type changes showed an increase in the matrix thickness compared to the control group (p=0.018). The focal hyperechoic involvement of the dorsal plate (80%) was the change most often observed in an US examination in Ps patients, whereas loosening of the borders of the ventral plate was most often observed in PsA patients. The thickness of nail bed in PsA patients increased with the duration of arthritis (r=0.399, p=0.022) and was correlated with the number of swollen digits (r=0.278, p=0.041).

Conclusions

The findings of this study may indicate an association of an inflammation in the nail bed with PsA development. Apart from a direct assessment of the described morphological changes of nails, a US examination could prove useful in an assessment of intensity of a local inflammation as a prognostic factor for PsA development.

Ultrasound as a useful tool to integrate the clinical assessment of nail involvement in psoriatic arthritis

Developing the skills to adequately assess nail lesions in psoriasis is mandatory for correct interpretation of the pathological features and to provide correct management of psoriatic patients. Although clinical assessment is part of an accurate diagnosis of nail psoriasis, recent advances in the field of imaging are generating growing interest among clinicians exploring its potential role for the assessment of nail psoriasis. We would like to address the attention to ultrasound (US), which is having an impact in different clinical scenarios such as diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment monitoring of nail involvement in psoriatic disease

Nail unit ultrasound: a complete guide of the nail diseases

INTRODUCTION

The nails have a functional and esthetic importance for patients. Almost always, the nail disorders are diagnosed on the basis of clinical findings, but imaging methods may be required for a better assessment. These imaging methods, such as ultrasound and magnetic resonance, may help to establish an accurate diagnosis. Magnetic resonance imaging is not widely available and sometimes may be very expensive; that is why, ultrasound is an excellent imaging modality. Our objective is to expose the nail unit anatomy, the nail unit anatomy in ultrasound, and some of the frequent pathologies found in our daily practice.

METHODS

A review of the literature was done to review the anatomy, technical aspects, and different findings in normal and abnormal nail unit ultrasound.

RESULTS

Ultrasound offers an appropriate alternative for the evaluation of the nail unit, allows a real-time evaluation of each one of the components of the nail unit with an optimal visualization of these structures, and allows the evaluation of the thickness of the components, the vascularity, and blood flow by Doppler application. In addition, the nail unit disorder, such as infectious diseases, inflammatory and rheumatologic conditions, nail tumors, among others, may be assessed, not only in the diagnosis but also in the follow-up. Pre-surgical evaluation, surgical follow-up, and some procedures, such as biopsies, may be done by this technique.

CONCLUSIONS

Ultrasound is an excellent technique for evaluation of normal anatomy, diagnosis, and follow-up of patients with nail unit diseases. This is an alternative for other imaging methods and may be used for an accurate diagnosis approach.

[How to diagnose and treat psoriasis of the nails]

Psoriasis is an inherited chronic hyper proliferative autoimmune disease. Nail involvement is common and is found in 61% of cases of cutaneous psoriasis, with lifetime incidence of 90%; 80 to 90% in patients with psoriatic arthritis. Classical manifestations on the nail apparatus are correlated with the origin site of the disease. The proximal matrix produces pitting, trachyonychia and Beau's lines, transverse grooves. The distal matrix (lunula) may appear spotted or erythematous in color. Inflammation of the mid or distal matrix causes leuconychia due to nail incorporation of parakeratotic cells. Nail bed and hyponychium can show onycholysis, oil drops (salmon patches) subungual hyperkeratosis and at the distal nail bed splinter hemorrhages. Induction or severe exacerbation of psoriasis may be due to drugs, such as β-blockers, lithium, antimalarial agents, anti-TNF and interferon.

Ultrasound nail imaging on patients with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis compared with rheumatoid arthritis and control subjects

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this study was too show findings at finger nails level revealed by high-frequency gray-scale ultrasound (US) and power Doppler in patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA),and cutaneous psoriasis compared with rheumatoid arthritis and control subjects.

METHODS

We studied 35 patients with PsA, 20 with cutaneous psoriasis, and control groups (28 control subjects and 27 patients with rheumatoid arthritis). All nails of both hands were observed (1097 nails, 3 excluded because of trauma). In every patient, we classified the morphologic abnormalities disclosed in ventral and dorsal nail plates. We also measured the distance between ventral plate and the bone margin of the distal phalanx at the right index finger.

RESULTS

All patients and control subjects presented abnormalities in the US imaging. Those with psoriatic arthritis and cutaneous psoriasis showed a higher number of compromised nails. When classifying those abnormalities using the typology of Wortsman et al, patients with psoriatic arthritis showed loosening of the borders of the ventral plate (type II), whereas patients with cutaneous psoriasis showed focal hyperechoic involvement of the ventral plate without involvement of the dorsal plate (type I). Patients of the control group could not be classified, although 31 of 55 showed thinning of the ventral plate without hyperechoic deposits. Nineteen of 35 patients with psoriatic arthritis, and 10 of 20 patients with cutaneous psoriasis did not show any nail clinical alterations. Nevertheless, the US detected type II alterations in the first group and type I in the second group. Patients with psoriatic arthropathy had power Doppler increases in distal interphalangeal joints and nail beds in a statistically significant form (P = 0.0001).When measuring the distance between the ventral plate and the bone margin of the distal phalanx, there was homogeneity among samples in patients and control subjects. A receiver operating characteristic curve analysis determined that a cut point of 2 mm clearly defined these 2 groups. There was a significant difference (P < 0.0001) between the mean distance ventral plate-osseous margin of the distal phalanx in psoriatic arthritis patients (P = 0.001) and patients with cutaneous psoriasis (P = 0.005) versus rheumatoid arthritis patients (P = 0.548).

CONCLUSIONS

As a predominant finding in our study, we observed abnormalities of the ventral plate in patients with PsA (type II) and abnormalities (type I) in patients with cutaneous psoriasis. We found a significant difference between the mean distance ventral plate-osseous margin of the distal phalanx in patients with PsA and patients with cutaneous psoriasis versus control subjects. Ultrasound imaging could be a feasible and sensitive tool to describe, measure, and follow morphologic characteristics and changes of the nail in psoriatic and/ or psoriatic arthritis patients with or without clinical nail lesions.

High-resolution ultrasonography in assessment of nail-related disorders

OBJECTIVE

Disorders of the nail can pose a diagnostic challenge, and non-invasive imaging is frequently required to clarify diagnosis and delineate anatomy pre-operatively. We explored the use of high-resolution ultrasonography in the assessment of patients with nail disorders attending orthopaedic hand clinics.

METHODS

A search of a university teaching hospital musculoskeletal radiology database identified 36 patients (mean age 54.2 years) where ultrasonography was used to assess nail-related disorders between April 2003 and January 2007. Clinical, surgical and histological findings were correlated in these cases with ultrasound reports.

RESULTS

Ultrasound findings correlated with the provisional diagnosis in 20 (61%) of 33 patients and provided a diagnosis in 3 patients where a provisional diagnosis was unavailable. In 7 of the 13 cases where the clinical diagnosis differed from ultrasound findings, a lump originally diagnosed as cystic in origin was shown to be solid on ultrasound. Different nail pathologies showed different characteristics on ultrasonography, including differences in vascularity, echogenicity, changes in nail structure/shape and extension into the nail bed, matrix, fold or evidence of bony erosion. The ultrasound findings correlated with histological analysis and intra-operative assessment in 10 of 15 patients who underwent operative treatment.

CONCLUSION

Ultrasound provides important information on the anatomy of the nail apparatus and can differentiate solid and cystic lesions. It can be used as a diagnostic tool and can therefore help in pre-operative planning of nail-related disorders. In our series ultrasound supported or improved upon the clinical diagnosis in 31 (86%) out of the 36 patients presenting with nail-related disorders.

Scleroderma mimics

Scleroderma is a rare systemic autoimmune disease with multiple organ manifestations, including skin fibrosis. The groups of disorders classified as scleroderma mimics share the common thread of skin thickening but are otherwise quite incongruous in terms of underlying disease process and other organ involvement. This article reviews the clinical presentation, etiology, and treatment options available for scleroderma mimics, including morphea, scleredema, diabetic cheiroarthropathy, scleromyxedema, nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, and eosinophilic fasciitis. Through greater understanding of these diseases and the associated extradermal implications, we hope to facilitate recognition of scleroderma and its mimics.

Common applications of dermatologic sonography

In recent years, there has been growing use of sonography in the dermatologic field. Thus, this review analyzes the most common dermatologic applications of sonography with some technical considerations for performing this type of examination. Moreover, the sonographic findings in common benign and malignant skin tumors, inflammatory dermatologic diseases, and ungual and cosmetic conditions, among others, are considered. Thus, this noninvasive technique may be a potent adjunctive tool in the diagnosis and management of dermatologic conditions in daily practice, delivering critical information otherwise unavailable to the clinical naked eye.