Association of total oxidant status, total antioxidant status, and malondialdehyde and catalase levels with psoriasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Circulating biomarkers of oxidative stress in people with acne vulgaris: a systematic review and meta-analysis

The relationship between acne vulgaris and oxidative stress biomarkers lacks a clear consensus. This study aimed to explore the potential correlation between acne vulgaris and circulating oxidative stress biomarkers (superoxide dismutase [SOD], malondialdehyde [MDA], and total antioxidant capacity [TAC]). We searched the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases for articles published before June 26, 2023. The literature search combined free words and the medical subject headings terms related to acne vulgaris, SOD, MDA, and TAC. Data were analyzed using Stata 15 software. Additionally, we conducted a subgroup analysis stratified by the severity of acne vulgaris. A total of 14 trials involving 1191 participants were included. Overall results revealed that acne vulgaris was associated with MDA concentrations (SMD = 1.73; 95% CI 1.05, 2.4; P < 0.001). Subgroup analyses indicated that the severity of acne vulgaris was correlated with levels of circulating biomarkers of oxidative stress. TAC concentrations were significantly lower in patients with moderate acne vulgaris compared to controls (SMD =  - 1.37; 95% CI =  - 2.15, - 0.58, P = 0.001). SOD concentrations were significantly lower (SMD =  - 2.92; 95% CI =  - 5.39, - 0.46, P = 0.02) and MDA concentrations were significantly higher (SMD = 2.26; 95% CI = 0.95, 3.57, P = 0.001) in patients with severe acne vulgaris compared to controls. Our results implied that oxidative stress may exist in acne vulgaris. Furthermore, the severity of acne vulgaris was also correlated with oxidative stress.

Protein adducts with lipid peroxidation products in patients with psoriasis

Psoriasis, one of the most frequent immune-mediated skin diseases, is manifested by numerous psoriatic lessons on the skin caused by excessive proliferation and keratinization of epidermal cells. These disorders of keratinocyte metabolism are caused by a pathological interaction with the cells of the immune system, including lymphocytes, which in psoriasis are also responsible for systemic inflammation. This is accompanied by oxidative stress, which promotes the formation of lipid peroxidation products, including reactive aldehydes and isoprostanes, which are additional pro-inflammatory signaling molecules. Therefore, the presented review is focused on highlighting changes that occur during psoriasis development at the level of lipid peroxidation products, including 4-hydroxynonenal, 4-oxononenal, malondialdehyde, and acrolein, and their influence on protein structures. Furthermore, we will examine inducing agents of cellular functioning, as well as intercellular signaling. These lipid peroxidation products can form adducts with a variety of proteins with different functions in the body, including proteins within skin cells and cells of the immune system. This is especially true in autoimmune diseases such as psoriasis. For example, these changes concern proteins involved in maintaining redox homeostasis or pro-inflammatory signaling. Therefore, the formation of such adducts should attract attention, especially during the design of preventive cosmetics or anti-psoriasis therapies.

Targeting Nrf2 with 3 H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione to moderate OXPHOS-driven oxidative stress attenuates IL-17A-induced psoriasis

Psoriasis, a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by the hyperproliferation of keratinocytes in the epidermis and parakeratosis, significantly impacts quality of life. Interleukin (IL)- 17A dominates the pathogenesis of psoriasis and facilitates reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, which exacerbates local psoriatic lesions. Biologic treatment provides remarkable clinical efficacy, but its high cost and unignorable side effects limit its applications. 3 H-1,2-Dithiole-3-thione (D3T) possesses compelling antioxidative capacities against several diseases through the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) cascade. Hence, we aimed to evaluate the effect and mechanism of D3T in psoriasis. We found that D3T attenuates skin thickening and scaling by inhibiting IL-17A-secreting γδT cells in imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriatic mice. Interleukin-17A markedly enhanced IL-6 and IL-8 expression, lipid peroxidation, the contents of nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide, oxidative phosphorylation and the MAPK/NF-κB pathways in keratinocytes. IL-17A also inhibited the Nrf2-NQO1-HO-1 axis and the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. D3T significantly reversed these parameters in IL-17A-treated keratinocytes. ML-385, a Nrf2 neutralizer, failed to improve D3T-induced anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects in IL-17A-treated keratinocytes. We conclude that targeting Nrf2 with D3T to diminish oxidative and inflammatory damage in keratinocytes may attenuate psoriasis.

Reactive Oxygen Species and Antioxidant System in Selected Skin Disorders

The skin has a solid protective system that includes the stratum corneum as the primary barrier and a complete antioxidant defence system to maintain the skin's normal redox homeostasis. The epidermal and dermal cells are continuously exposed to physiological levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) originating from cellular metabolic activities. Environmental insults, such as ultraviolet (UV) rays and air pollutants, also generate ROS that can contribute to structural damage of the skin. The antioxidant defence system ensures that the ROS level remains within the safe limit. In certain skin disorders, oxidative stress plays an important role, and there is an established interplay between oxidative stress and inflammation in the development of the condition. Lower levels of skin antioxidants indicate that oxidative stress may mediate the pathogenesis of the disorder. Accordingly, the total antioxidant level was also found to be lower in individuals with skin disorders in individuals with normal skin conditions. This review attempts to summarise the skin oxidant sources and antioxidant system. In addition, both skin and total antioxidant status of individuals with psoriasis, acne vulgaris, vitiligo and atopic dermatitis (AD), as well as their associations with the progression of these disorders will be reviewed.

Circulating redox status in sheep naturally infected with Trichophyton verrucosum

Trichophyton verrucosum is a zoophilic dermatophyte that causes skin inflammation. The present study aimed to evaluate the redox status in the blood of sheep clinically infected with T. verrucosum. According to clinical and mycological investigations, 48 juvenile male Balady sheep were selected in their natural habitat and divided into four groups depending on the lesion size: mild (MID), moderate (MOD), severe (SEV) T. verrucosum infection, and healthy control groups. Compared to the controls, plasma superoxide anion increased (P < 0.05) in both MOD and SEV but total peroxides (TPx) gradually increased (P < 0.05) in MID followed by MOD and SEV. Superoxide dismutase and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were higher (P < 0.05) in MID and lower (P < 0.05) in MOD and SEV than in controls, but SEV showed lower TAC than MOD. Malondialdehyde (MDA, a lipid peroxide marker) increased (P < 0.05) in SEV than in controls, but protein carbonyl (PC, a protein peroxidation marker) was augmented (P < 0.05) as lesions progressed from mild to severe. The oxidative stress index (TPx/TAC ratio) progressively increased (P < 0.05) in MOD and SEV. The correlation of PC was positive with TPx and negative with TAC (P < 0.01). In conclusion, sheep infection with T. verrucosum is characterized by increased TPx and decreased TAC in plasma depending on the lesion area. The redox status is shifted towards the oxidizing state, particularly in MOD and SEV cases. This results in a condition of OS, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease.

Oxidative stress and antioxidant markers in patients with alopecia areata: A comparative cross-sectional study

Background

Alopecia areata is a chronic inflammatory skin disease. Oxidative stress may contribute to the pathogenesis of this condition.

Aim

To evaluate the serum oxidative stress markers and antioxidant capacity in patients with alopecia areata.

Methods

This cross-sectional study was performed on 40 patients with alopecia areata and 40 healthy controls. The fasting blood sugar, C-reactive protein, lipid profile, and serum oxidative markers, including advanced glycation end products and advanced oxidation protein products, were measured in this study. Also, antioxidant enzymes, including paraoxonase-1, lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase and serum ferric-reducing antioxidant power, were determined.

Results

The serum levels of advanced glycation end products and advanced oxidation protein products were significantly higher in patients with alopecia areata, compared to the controls (P < 0.001), whereas the levels of ferric-reducing antioxidant power, paraoxonase-1 and lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase were significantly lower in patients with alopecia areata, compared to the controls (P < 0.001). The mean fasting blood sugar level was significantly higher in patients with alopecia areata, compared to the controls. The ferric reducing antioxidant power level was significantly associated with the percentage of hair loss (P = 0.01, r = 0.4) and the serum C-reactive protein level (P = 0.03, r = -0.3) in patients with alopecia areata.

Limitations

Since the current study had a cross-sectional design, no cause-effect relationship was established between alopecia areata and oxidative stress. The sample size of our study was also small.

Conclusion

Based on the present results, the oxidant-antioxidant enzymatic system is impaired in alopecia areata due to the increased oxidative products and decreased antioxidant activity.

Ginsenoside Rg1 ameliorates psoriasis-like skin lesions by suppressing proliferation and NLRP3 inflammasomes in keratinocytes

As a common chronic skin disease, psoriasis is characterized by the involvement of congenital acquired inflammatory immune diseases. In the study, our results indicated the effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on psoriasis-like skin and the potential protection mechanisms that have not yet been investigated. In vivo, psoriasis-like skin mice model was induced by imiquimod (IMQ), then was treated by ginsenoside Rg1 for consecutive 4 weeks to evaluate its effect, respectively. In vitro, M5 cocktail treatment of human immortalized keratinocyte HaCaT-induced psoriasis-like skin cell model, which was exposed to ginsenoside Rg1. The inflammatory cell infiltration, expression level of keratinocyte proliferation marker Ki67, keratinocyte proliferation, inflammatory cytokines, and ROS/NLRP3 pathway-related proteins in vivo and in vitro were examined by hematoxylin and eosin, immunohistochemistry, ELISA, CCK-8, flow cytometry, and western blot. All results demonstrated that ginsenoside Rg1 attenuated the injury of psoriasis-like skin, which inhibited the proliferation of skin keratinocytes and the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and the level of inflammatory factors such as IL-1β and IL-18, and decreased the level of Ki67, NLRP3, and caspase-1 in mice and HaCaT. Furthermore, NLRP3 overexpression attenuates the effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on M5 cocktail-induced proliferation and NLRP3 inflammasomes in HaCaT. These results demonstrated that ginsenoside Rg1 could suppress the ROS/NLRP3 pathway to treat psoriasis-like skin. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: This is the very first study to explore the efficacy of ginsenoside Rg1 against psoriasis-like skin lesions to reveal the underlying mechanism. In this paper, the detection of skin histopathological analysis, CCK-8, flow cytometry, western blot, and ELISA analysis shows that ginsenoside Rg1 has preventive effect on psoriasis caused by imiquimod or M5 cocktail through inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome, which helps in the development of novel nutraceutical/functional food against psoriasis and thus could improve the quality of life in psoriasis patients.

Platelet-Rich Fibrin Decreases the Inflammatory Response of Mesenchymal Cells

Chronic inflammation is a pathological process where cells of the mesenchymal lineage become a major source of inflammatory mediators. Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) has been shown to possess potent anti-inflammatory activity in macrophages, but its impact on mesenchymal cells has not been investigated. The aim of this study was, therefore, to expose mesenchymal cells to inflammatory cytokines together with lysates generated from liquid platelet-poor plasma (PPP), the cell-rich buffy coat layer (BC; concentrated-PRF or C-PRF), and the remaining red clot layer (RC), following centrifugation of blood. Heating PPP generates an albumin gel (Alb-gel) that when mixed back with C-PRF produces Alb-PRF. Membranes prepared from solid PRF were also subjected to lysis. We report here that lysates of PPP, BC, and PRF decreased the cytokine-induced expression of interleukin 6 (IL6) and nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the bone marrow-derived ST2 cells. Consistently, PPP, BC, and PRF greatly decreased the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of p65 in ST2 cells. The inflammatory response caused by Pam3CSK4 was reduced accordingly. Moreover, PPP, BC, and PRF reduced the enhanced expression of inflammatory mediators IL6 and iNOS in 3T3-L1 pre-adipocyte mesenchymal cells, and iNOS and CCL5 in murine calvarial cells. Surprisingly, PRF lysates were not effective in reducing the inflammatory response of human gingival fibroblasts and HSC2 epithelial cells. The data from the present study suggest that both liquid PRF and solid PRF exert potent anti-inflammatory activity in murine mesenchymal cells.

MTH1 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Psoriasis

Inflammatory diseases, including psoriasis, are characterized by changes in redox regulation. The MTH1 prevents the incorporation of oxidized nucleotides during DNA replication. Using MTH1 small-molecule inhibitors, we found induced apoptosis through 8-oxodeoxyguanosine triphosphate accumulation and DNA double-strand breaks after oxidative stress in normal and malignant keratinocytes. In psoriasis, we detected increased MTH1 expression in lesional skin and PBMCs compared with that in the controls. Using the imiquimod psoriasis mouse model, we found that MTH1 inhibition diminished psoriatic histological characteristics and normalized the levels of neutrophils and T cells in the skin and skin-draining lymph nodes. The inhibition abolished the expression of T helper type 17‒associated cytokines in the skin, which was in line with decreased levels of IL-17-producing γδ T cells in lymph nodes. In human keratinocytes, MTH1 inhibition prevented the upregulation of IL-17‒downstream genes, which was independent of ROS-induced apoptosis. In conclusion, our data support MTH1 inhibition using small molecules suitable for topical application as a promising therapeutic approach to psoriasis.

Decreased serum bilirubin levels in children with lead poisoning

Objective

Lead is a toxic heavy metal, which causes irreversible damage in children. Oxidative stress is the underlying mechanism of lead toxicity, and monitoring oxidative stress of lead poisoning children in vivo is important. Our study aimed to investigate blood serum levels of biochemical parameters, including albumin, bilirubin, creatinine, and uric acid, which are regarded as non-enzymatic antioxidants, in children with lead poisoning.

Methods

We studied 355 children with lead poisoning and 355 age- and sex-matched controls. We analyzed clinical characteristics and measured serum levels of total protein, globulin, albumin, bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase, urea, and creatinine.

Results

We found that albumin, bilirubin, urea, and creatinine levels were significantly lower and AST, total protein, and globulin levels were higher in children with lead poisoning than in controls. Direct bilirubin, albumin, total protein, urea, creatinine, and AST levels were associated with lead poisoning after adjustment for other covariates. Spearman analysis showed that direct bilirubin, albumin, and urea levels were independent indicators (i.e., not related to hemoglobin or weight), while creatinine levels showed a moderate correlation with weight.

Conclusion

Lead interferes with the non-enzymatic antioxidant system in children, and lead poisoning results in a decrease in serum bilirubin levels.

Research progress and perspective in metabolism and metabolomics of psoriasis

ABSTRACT

Psoriasis is considered a systemic disease associated with metabolic abnormalities, and it is important to understand the mechanisms by which metabolism affects pathophysiological processes both holistically and systematically. Metabolites are closely related to disease phenotypes, especially in systemic diseases under multifactorial modulation. The emergence of metabolomics has provided information regarding metabolite changes in lesions and circulation and deepened our understanding of the association between metabolic reprogramming and psoriasis. Metabolomics has great potential for the development of effective biomarkers for clinical diagnosis, therapeutic monitoring, prediction of the efficacy of psoriasis management, and further discovery of new metabolism-based therapeutic targets.

Changes in Proteome of Fibroblasts Isolated from Psoriatic Skin Lesions

The dermal fibroblasts are in constant contact with the cells of the immune system and skin epidermis. Therefore, they are essential for the development of lesions in psoriasis. The aim of this study was to assess the changes in the proteomic profile of fibroblasts in the dermis of psoriasis patients, and to discuss the most significant changes and their potential consequences. The proteomic results indicate that fibroblast dysfunction arises from the upregulation of proinflammatory factors and antioxidant proteins, as well as those involved in signal transduction and participating in proteolytic processes. Moreover, downregulated proteins in psoriatic fibroblasts are mainly responsible for the transcription/translation processes, glycolysis/ adenosine triphosphate synthesis and structural molecules. These changes can directly affect intercellular signaling and promote the hyperproliferation of epidermal cells. A better understanding of the metabolic effects of the proteomic changes observed could guide the development of new pharmacotherapies for psoriasis.

Protective effect of adenosine triphosphate against sunitinib-related skin damage in rats

Cutaneous side effects associated with sunitinib use are a major problem in patients receiving cancer treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) against possible skin damage resulting from sunitinib use in rats. Thirty Albino Winstar rats were divided into the following three groups: healthy controls (HCs, n = 10), sunitinib (SUN, n = 10), and sunitinib + ATP (SAT, n = 10). ATP was injected intraperitoneally at a dose of 2 mg/kg. One hour subsequent to the administration of ATP and 0.9% NaCl, the SAT and SUN groups were orally administered a dose of 25 mg/kg sunitinib to the stomach. Macroscopic evaluation of the skin indicated lower levels of skin damage in the SAT group than in the SUN group. As an indicator of oxidative stress, malondialdehyde (MDA), total oxidant status (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI) levels were significantly higher in the SUN group than in the HC group, while total glutathione (tGSH) and total antioxidant status (TAS) levels were significantly lower. However, MDA, TOS, and OSI levels were significantly lower in the SAT group than in the SUN group, while tGSH and TAS levels were significantly higher. Histopathological examination revealed keratin plugs with edema, vasopathology, and inflammatory cell infiltration in the SUN group. The SAT group showed less necrotic epithelium, keratin plugs, edema, and vasopathology than the SUN group. ATP can be effective in preventing skin damage caused by sunitinib use by reducing oxidative stress.

Platelet-Rich Fibrin Can Neutralize Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Cell Death in Gingival Fibroblasts

Hydrogen peroxide is a damage signal at sites of chronic inflammation. The question arises whether platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), platelet-poor plasma (PPP), and the buffy coat can neutralize hydrogen peroxide toxicity and thereby counteract local oxidative stress. In the present study, gingival fibroblasts cells were exposed to hydrogen peroxide with and without lysates obtained from PRF membranes, PPP, heated PPP (75 °C for 10 min), and the buffy coat. Cell viability was examined by trypan blue staining, live-dead staining, and formazan crystal formation. Cell apoptosis was assessed by cleaved caspase-3 Western blot analysis. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was utilized to determine the impact of PRF lysates on the expression of catalase in fibroblasts. It was reported that lysates from PRF, PPP, and the buffy coat—but not heated PPP—abolished the hydrogen peroxide-induced toxicity in gingival fibroblasts. Necrosis was confirmed by a loss of membrane integrity and apoptosis was ruled out by the lack of cleavage of caspase-3. Aminotriazole, an inhibitor of catalase, reduced the cytoprotective activity of PRF lysates yet blocking of glutathione peroxidase by mercaptosuccinate did not show the same effect. PRF lysates had no impact on the expression of catalase in gingival fibroblasts. These findings suggest that PRF, PPP, and the buffy coat can neutralize hydrogen peroxide through the release of heat-sensitive catalase.