Serum level of fetuin-A in systemic lupus erythematosus patients: association with atherosclerosis and disease activity

Diverse Cytokines Secreted by Adipocyte in Linking Cardio-Metabolic Disorder and SLE

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multi-factorial autoimmune-mediated disease with hyper-stimulation of immune cells especially the T lymphocytes. By this method, it might facilitate the systematic damages in multiple tissues and organs. Otherwise, SLE is also correlated with diverse cardio-metabolic comorbidities, including dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and hypertension. It is worth-noting that the risk of cardio-metabolic disorders is significantly higher compared with the healthy patients which was reported as approximately one-third of SLE patients were proved as obesity. Notably, current focus is shifting to implementing cardio-metabolic protective strategies as well as elucidating underlying mechanisms of lupus-mediated obese status. On the other hand, adipocyte, as the most abundant endocrine cell in fat tissue, are dysfunctional in obese individuals with aberrant secretion of adipokines. It is proposing that the adipokine might link the pathology of cardio-metabolic disorders and SLE, whereas the related mechanism is complicated. In the current review, the functions of adipokine and the potential mechanisms by which the adipokine link cardio-metabolic disorders and SLE was well listed. Furthermore, the recommendations, which identify the adipokine as the potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of cardio-metabolic disorders and SLE, were also summarized.

Update of Potential Biomarkers in Risk Prediction and Monitoring of Atherosclerosis in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease

Systemic lupus erythematosus is a chronic connective tissue disease associated with an increased risk of premature atherosclerosis. It is estimated that approximately 10% of SLE patients develop significant atherosclerosis each year, which is responsible for premature cardiovascular disease that is largely asymptomatic. This review summarizes the most recent reports from the past few years on biomarkers of atherosclerosis in SLE, mainly focusing on immune markers. Persistent chronic inflammation of the vascular wall is an important cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events related to endothelial dysfunction, cell proliferation, impaired production and function of nitric oxide and microangiopathic changes. Studies on pathogenic immune mediators involved in atherosclerosis will be crucial research avenues for preventing CVD.

The exploration of shared genes and molecular mechanisms of systemic lupus erythematosus and atherosclerosis

OBJECTIVE

Despite widespread recognition, the mechanisms underlying the relationship between systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and atherosclerosis (AS) are still unclear. Our study aimed to explore the shared genetic signature and molecular mechanisms of SLE and AS using a bioinformatics approach.

METHODS

Gene expression profiles of GSE50772 (contains peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 61 SLE patients and 20 normal samples) and GSE100927 (contains 69 AS plaque tissue samples and 35 control samples) were downloaded from the Gene Expression Database (GEO) before the differentially expressed genes were obtained using the "limma" package in R. The differential genes were then subjected to gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis using the DAVID online platform to annotate their functions. The intersection targets of PPI and WGCNA were used as key shared genes for SLE and AS with their diagnostic value as shared genes being verified through ROC curves. Finally, Cytoscape 3.7.2 software was used to construct a miRNA-mRNA network map associated with the shared genes.

RESULTS

A total of 246 DEGs were identified, including 189 upregulated genes and 57 downregulated genes, which were mainly enriched in signaling pathways such as TNF signaling pathway, IL-17 signaling pathway, and NF-kB signaling pathway. The molecular basis for the relationship between SLE and AS may be the aforementioned signaling pathways. Following ROC curve validation, the intersection of PPI and WGCNA, as well as AQP9, CCR1, CD83, CXCL1, and FCGR2A, resulted in the identification of 15 shared genes.

CONCLUSION

The study provided a new perspective on the common molecular mechanisms between SLE and AS, and the key genes and pathways that were identified as being part of these pathways may offer fresh perspectives and suggestions for further experimental research.

Serum levels of fetuin-A as a novel biomarker for disease activity in patients with Takayasu arteritis and granulomatous polyangiitis

OBJECTIVE

The aim of the present study was to investigate serum fetuin-A (Fet-A) levels in patients with Takayasu arteritis (TA) and granulomatous polyangiitis (GPA) and to analyze the relationship between serum Fet-A levels and disease activity scores.

METHOD

Thirty-two TA and 28 GPA patients presented to the rheumatology clinic at Gazi University and met the criteria of American College of Rheumatology 1990 and 2012 International Chapell Hill meeting, respectively, and 20 healthy control subjects were included in the present study. We collected data on serum C-reactive protein (CRP), albumin, calcium, and phosphate levels as well as erythrocyte sedimentation rates. Calcification risk index (CRI) was calculated for each patient. The Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score (BVAS) and Indian Takayasu Clinical Activity Score (ITAS), were used to assess disease activity in GPA and TA patients respectively.

RESULTS

Serum Fet-A levels were significantly lower in the overall vasculitis group compared to control group (p = 0.015). In subgroup analysis, Fet-A levels were significantly lower in those with active disease, compared to control group (p = 0.001, for active TA (n = 18) and GPA (n = 17), respectively). However, there was no significant difference in serum Fet-A levels in inactive cases versus control subjects (p = 0.061, for inactive TA (n = 14) and GPA (n = 11), respectively). Serum Fet-A levels negatively correlated with BVAS (r =  - 0.675) and ITAS scores (r =  - 0.385), as well as with CRP and CRI.

CONCLUSION

Our results suggest that serum Fet-A level could be a novel biomarker for assessment of activity status in patients with GPA or TA. Key Points • Serum Fetuin-A is negative acute phase protein and systemic calcification inhibitor synthesized in hepatocytes and secreted by various inflammation. • Serum Fetuin-A was negatively correlated with CRP, BVAS, and ITAS scores and significantly decreased in vasculitis patients with high disease activity. • Serum Fetuin-A could be a promising and useful biomarker for the assessment of disease activity for vasculitis, also that it might also be a predictor of long-term cardiovascular progression.

Metabolic Analysis of Potential Key Genes Associated with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

The biological mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) remains unclear. In this study, we found 21 proteins upregulated and 38 proteins downregulated by SLE relative to normal protein metabolism in our samples using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. By PPI network analysis, we identified 9 key proteins of SLE, including AHSG, VWF, IGF1, ORM2, ORM1, SERPINA1, IGF2, IGFBP3, and LEP. In addition, we identified 4569 differentially expressed metabolites in SLE sera, including 1145 reduced metabolites and 3424 induced metabolites. Bioinformatics analysis showed that protein alterations in SLE were associated with modulation of multiple immune pathways, TP53 signaling, and AMPK signaling. In addition, we found altered metabolites associated with valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis; one carbon pool by folate; tyrosine metabolism; arginine and proline metabolism; glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism; limonene and pinene degradation; tryptophan metabolism; caffeine metabolism; vitamin B6 metabolism. We also constructed differently expressed protein-metabolite network to reveal the interaction among differently expressed proteins and metabolites in SLE. A total of 481 proteins and 327 metabolites were included in this network. Although the role of altered metabolites and proteins in the diagnosis and therapy of SLE needs to be further investigated, the present study may provide new insights into the role of metabolites in SLE.