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Chumsook K, Praiboon J, Fu X. Sulfated Galactans from Agarophytes: Review of Extraction Methods, Structural Features, and Biological Activities. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1745. [PMID: 38136616 PMCID: PMC10741836 DOI: 10.3390/biom13121745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Agarophytes are important seaweeds of the Rhodophyta type, which have been highly exploited for industrial use as sources of a widely consumed polysaccharide of agar. In addition to that, sulfated galactans (SGs) from agarophytes, which consist of various functional sulfate groups, have attracted the attention of scientists in current studies. SGs possess various biological activities, such as anti-tumor, anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, anti-microbial, anti-diarrhea, and gut microbiota regulation properties. Meanwhile, the taxonomy, ecological factors, i.e., environmental factors, and harvest period, as well as preparation methods, i.e., the pretreatment, extraction, and purification conditions, have been found to influence the chemical compositions and fine structures of SGs, which have, further, been shown to have an impact on their biological activities. However, the gaps in the knowledge of the properties of SGs due to the above complex factors have hindered their industrial application. The aim of this paper is to collect and systematically review the scientific evidence about SGs and, thus, to pave the way for broader and otherwise valuable industrial applications of agarophytes for human enterprise. In the future, this harvested biomass could be sustainably used not only as a source of agar production but also as natural materials in functional food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khosook Chumsook
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China;
- Department of Fishery Science and Technology (International) Program, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Jantana Praiboon
- Department of Fishery Biology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Xiaoting Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China;
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Chen Y, Wang Q, Luo H, Deng S, Tian Y, Wang S. Mechanisms of the ethanol extract of Gelidium amansii for slow aging in high-fat male Drosophila by metabolomic analysis. Food Funct 2022; 13:10110-10120. [PMID: 36102920 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo02116a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Gelidium amansii (GA) is a kind of red alga homologous to medicine and food and is distributed all over the world. Studies on GA are mainly focused on its polysaccharides, with little research on the ethanol extract. The ethanol extract of Gelidium amansii (GAE) was subjected to a reverse-phase column to obtain 7 components. Among them, 100% methanol solution (GAM), enriched with phytene-1,2-diol, exhibited the strongest DPPH free radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 0.17 mg mL-1). Subsequently, high-fat male flies (HMFs) were used as a model to explore the antioxidant and anti-aging effects of GAM in vivo. Studies showed that GAM can effectively prolong the lifespan of HMFs. When GAM concentrations were 0.2 and 1.0 mg mL-1, the average lifespan of HMFs was increased by 28.7 and 40.7%, respectively, while the longest lifespan of HMFs was increased by 20.55% and 32.88%, respectively. Further research revealed that GAM can significantly downregulate the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl (PCO), and can significantly upregulate the levels of catalase (CAT) and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD). In addition, by analyzing differential metabolites, we found that GAM relieves aging caused by oxidative stress by regulating amino acid, lipid, sugar, and energy metabolism. The GAM group significantly regulated the levels of adenine, cholic acid, glutamate, L-proline, niacin, and stachyose which tend to recover to the levels of the normal diet male fly (NMF) group. In general, our research provides ideas for the high-value utilization of GA and provides a lead compound for the research and development of anti-aging food or medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushi Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
| | - Qishen Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
| | - Haitao Luo
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
| | - Shanggui Deng
- College of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316022, China
| | - Yongqi Tian
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
| | - Shaoyun Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
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Prasedya ES, Ardiana N, Padmi H, Ilhami BTK, Martyasari NWR, Sunarwidhi AL, Nikmatullah A, Widyastuti S, Sunarpi H, Frediansyah A. The Antiproliferative and Apoptosis-Inducing Effects of the Red Macroalgae Gelidium latifolium Extract against Melanoma Cells. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216568. [PMID: 34770978 PMCID: PMC8587204 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The red macroalga Gelidium latifolium is widely distributed in the coastal areas of Indonesia. However, current knowledge on its potential biological activities is still limited. In this study, we investigated the potential bioactive compounds in Gelidium latifolium ethanol extract (GLE), and its cytotoxic effects against the murine B16-F10 melanoma cell line. GLE shows high total phenolic content (107.06 ± 17.42 mg GAE/g) and total flavonoid content (151.77 ± 3.45 mg QE/g), which potentially contribute to its potential antioxidant activity (DPPH = 650.42 ± 2.01 µg/mL; ABTS = 557.01 ± 1.94 µg/mL). ESI-HR-TOF-MS analysis revealed large absorption in the [M-H]- of 327.2339 m/z, corresponding to the monoisotopic molecular mass of brassicolene. The presence of this compound potentially contributes to GLE's cytotoxic activity (IC50 = 84.29 ± 1.93 µg/mL). Furthermore, GLE significantly increased the number of apoptotic cells (66.83 ± 3.06%) compared to controls (18.83 ± 3.76%). Apoptosis was also confirmed by changes in the expression levels of apoptosis-related genes (i.e., p53, Bax, Bak, and Bcl2). Downregulated expression of Bcl2 indicates an intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Current results suggest that components of Gelidium latifolium should be further investigated as possible sources of novel antitumor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eka Sunarwidhi Prasedya
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Mataram University, Mataram 83126, Indonesia; (E.S.P.); (N.A.); (H.P.); (B.T.K.I.); (N.W.R.M.); (H.S.)
| | - Nur Ardiana
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Mataram University, Mataram 83126, Indonesia; (E.S.P.); (N.A.); (H.P.); (B.T.K.I.); (N.W.R.M.); (H.S.)
| | - Hasriaton Padmi
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Mataram University, Mataram 83126, Indonesia; (E.S.P.); (N.A.); (H.P.); (B.T.K.I.); (N.W.R.M.); (H.S.)
| | - Bq Tri Khairina Ilhami
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Mataram University, Mataram 83126, Indonesia; (E.S.P.); (N.A.); (H.P.); (B.T.K.I.); (N.W.R.M.); (H.S.)
| | - Ni Wayan Riyani Martyasari
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Mataram University, Mataram 83126, Indonesia; (E.S.P.); (N.A.); (H.P.); (B.T.K.I.); (N.W.R.M.); (H.S.)
| | | | - Aluh Nikmatullah
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mataram, Mataram 83125, Indonesia;
| | - Sri Widyastuti
- Faculty of Food Science and Agroindustry, University of Mataram, Mataram 83125, Indonesia;
| | - Haji Sunarpi
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Mataram University, Mataram 83126, Indonesia; (E.S.P.); (N.A.); (H.P.); (B.T.K.I.); (N.W.R.M.); (H.S.)
| | - Andri Frediansyah
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany
- Research Division for Natural Product Technology (BPTBA), Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Wonosari 55861, Indonesia
- National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Wonosari 55861, Indonesia
- Correspondence:
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Shi L, Liu L, Lv X, Ma Z, Li C, Li Y, Zhao F, Sun D, Han B. Identification of genetic effects and potential causal polymorphisms of CPM gene impacting milk fatty acid traits in Chinese Holstein. Anim Genet 2020; 51:491-501. [PMID: 32301146 DOI: 10.1111/age.12936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Our previous GWAS revealed 83 significant SNPs and 20 promising candidate genes associated with milk fatty acid traits in dairy cattle. Out of them, the carboxypeptidase M (CPM) gene contains a genome-wide significant SNP, Hapmap49848-BTA-106779, which is strongly associated with myristic acid (C14:0; P = 0.0064). Herein, we aimed to confirm the genetic effects of CPM on milk fatty acids in Chinese Holstein. Seven SNPs were detected by re-sequencing the sequences of entire exons and 3000 bp of up-/downstream flanking regions of the CPM gene, of which three were in 5' flanking region, one in the 3' UTR and three were in the 3' flanking region. Using the Haploview 4.1, we estimated the LD among the identified SNPs and found two haplotype blocks. With the animal model, we performed the SNP- and haplotype-based association analyses, and observed that these SNPs and haplotype blocks mainly had strong genetic associations with medium-chain saturated fatty acids (caproic acid, C6:0; caprylic acid, C8:0; capric acid, C10:0; and lauric acid, C12:0) (P < 0.0001-0.0257). In addition, using the Genomatix software, we predicted that three SNPs in the 5' flanking region of CPM (g.45079507A>G, g.45080228C>A and g.45080335C>G) changed the transcription factor binding sites for PREF (progesterone receptor biding site), ZBRK1 (transcription factor with eight central zinc fingers and an N-terminal KRAB domain), SOX9 (sex-determining region Y-box 9, dimeric binding sites), SOX6 (sex-determining region Y-box 6) and FOXP1-ES (alternative splicing variant of FOXP1, activated in ESCs). Further, the dual-luciferase reporter assay showed these three SNPs altered the transcriptional activity of CPM gene (P ≤ 0.0006). In summary, using the post-GWAS strategy, we first confirmed the significant genetic effects of CPM with milk fatty acids in dairy cattle, and identified three potential causal mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Shi
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.,Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - L Liu
- Beijing Dairy Cattle Center, Beijing, 100192, China
| | - X Lv
- Beijing Dairy Cattle Center, Beijing, 100192, China
| | - Z Ma
- Beijing Dairy Cattle Center, Beijing, 100192, China
| | - C Li
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Y Li
- Beijing Dairy Cattle Center, Beijing, 100192, China
| | - F Zhao
- Beijing Dairy Cattle Center, Beijing, 100192, China
| | - D Sun
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - B Han
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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Lee Y, Oh H, Lee M. Anti-inflammatory effects of Agar free-Gelidium amansii (GA) extracts in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. Nutr Res Pract 2018; 12:479-485. [PMID: 30515275 PMCID: PMC6277315 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2018.12.6.479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Gelidium amansii (GA) contains plenty of agars and various biological substances, which make them a popular functional food to control body weight in previous studies. Unlike previous studies focused on agar in GA, objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of agar-free GA extract (AfGAE) on preventive and treatment models by using diets-induced obese (DIO) C57BL/6J mice. MATERIALS/METHODS AfGAE were used to test their effects on the prevention (Exp-1) and treatment (Exp-2) against obesity after pilot study in DIO mice. The weight changes of the body and fat tissues and protein expression related to lipid metabolism and inflammation as well as plasma lipid profile and insulin were detected. RESULTS Although AfGAE did not prevent long-term DIO, it did increase the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine production and lipolysis protein. We further evaluated various doses of AfGAE in preventive and treatment models. As a result, our findings suggested that an AfGAE administration as a preventive model might be a better approach to achieve its anti-inflammatory and lipolysis-promoting effects in DIO mice. CONCLUSION Although future studies to investigate the target materials such as polyphenols in AfGAE are required, the result suggests that GA without agar might be a therapeutic tool to improve health conditions related to inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunkyoung Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Hyunhee Oh
- Cancer and Diabetes institute, Gachon University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13120, Korea
| | - Myoungsook Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition & Research Institute of Obesity Sciences, Sungshin Women's University, 76ga-55, Dobong-ro, Gangbuk-gu, Seoul 01133, Korea
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