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Osei-Bonsu R, Hoque M, McMichael PS, Foster EJ. Subcritical water digestion of woody biomass: extraction of cellulose nanomaterials under acid-lean condition. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2024; 6:3923-3933. [PMID: 39050949 PMCID: PMC11265577 DOI: 10.1039/d4na00108g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Subcritical water extraction (SWE) is an emerging green and efficient hydrothermal technology, that offers superior performance in active material extraction, scalability, and reduction of harsh process chemicals, in biomass conversion. Regarding biomaterials, traditional isolation methods for cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are reliant on harsh chemicals (i.e., strong acid), which are expensive with little to no recyclability. This paper explores SWE as a nanotechnology platform to produce CNCs under the principle of "less is more" - by using low content (1 wt%) of phosphoric acid under subcritical conditions. Acid-catalyzed digestion of woody biomass afforded CNCs desirable physico-chemical features that are dependent on the process parameters (temperature, pressure, and time). Process temperature had a major impact on the reduction of fiber sizes (macroscale to nanoscale), fiber degradation, and fiber coloration (white to black). Electron microscopy revealed rod-like structures, with varying particle size distribution (100-500 nm), dominated by process time. However, colloidal stability was low (versus acid-hydrolyzed CNCs) due to the low charges on the surface of CNCs. Interestingly, vibrational spectroscopy reveals the effect of process pressure on biomass conversion to CNCs (with cellulose I structure) evidenced by Raman spectroscopy and solid-state fluorometry. The produced (bio)nanomaterials possessed a degree of crystallinity (∼70%) comparable to those produced via acid hydrolysis, with higher thermal stability, enhancing their applicability over a wide range of heat-intensive processes required for nanocomposite applications in biomedical and automotive industries, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruby Osei-Bonsu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Pulp and Paper Centre 2385 East Mall V6T 1Z4 Canada
- BioProducts Institute, University of British Columbia 2385 East Mall V6T 1Z4 BC Canada
| | - Mahfuzul Hoque
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Pulp and Paper Centre 2385 East Mall V6T 1Z4 Canada
- BioProducts Institute, University of British Columbia 2385 East Mall V6T 1Z4 BC Canada
| | - Philip S McMichael
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Pulp and Paper Centre 2385 East Mall V6T 1Z4 Canada
- BioProducts Institute, University of British Columbia 2385 East Mall V6T 1Z4 BC Canada
| | - E Johan Foster
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Pulp and Paper Centre 2385 East Mall V6T 1Z4 Canada
- BioProducts Institute, University of British Columbia 2385 East Mall V6T 1Z4 BC Canada
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Ribeiro CM, Souza M, Pelegrini BL, Palacios RS, Lima SM, Sato F, Bento AC, Baesso ML, Lima MMS. Ex vivo UV-vis and FTIR photoacoustic spectroscopy of natural nanoemulsions from cellulose nanocrystals and saponins topically applied into the skin: Diffusion rates and physicochemical evaluation. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2022; 236:112587. [PMID: 36283255 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2022.112587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nanoemulsions are increasingly gaining importance in the development of topically applied medicine and cosmetic products because their small droplets favor the penetration rates of active compounds into the body. In this scenario, the measurements of their diffusion rates as well as eventual physicochemical changes in the target tissues are of utmost importance. It is also recognized that the use of natural surfactants can avoid allergic reactions as frequently observed for synthetic products. The natural saponins extracted from Sapindus Saponaria have the property of forming foam and are exploited as biocompatible and biodegradable, while cellulose nanocrystals are known to increase the stability of a formulation avoiding the coalescence of drops at the interface. Therefore, nanoemulsions combining natural saponins and cellulose nanocrystals are promising systems that may facilitate greater diffusion rates of molecules into the skin, being candidates to substitute synthetic formulations. This study applied the Photoacoustic Spectroscopy technique to measure the diffusion rates and the physicochemical properties of nanoemulsified formulations containing saponins and cellulose nanocrystals topically applied to the skin. The ex vivo study combined the first-time photoacoustic measurements performed in both ultraviolet-visible and mid-infrared spectral regions. The toxicity of these formulations in L929 cells was also evaluated. The results showed that the formulations were able to propagate throughout the skin to a depth of approximately 756 μm, reaching the dermal side. The non-observation of absorbing band shifting or new bands in the FTIR spectra suggests that there were no structural changes in the skin as well as in the formulations after the nanoemulsions administration. The cytotoxicity results showed that the increase of cellulose nanocrystals concentration decreased cellular toxicity. In conclusion, the results demonstrated the advantage of combining photoacoustic methods in the ultraviolet-visible and mid-infrared spectral regions to analyze drug diffusion and interaction with the skin tissues. Both methods complement each other, allowing the confirmation of the nanoemulsion diffusion through the skin and also suggesting there were no detectable physicochemical changes in the tissues. Formulations stabilized with saponins and cellulose nanocrystals showed great potential for the development of topically administered cosmetics and drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Ribeiro
- Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá-UEM, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - M Souza
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Estadual de Maringá-UEM, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - B L Pelegrini
- Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá-UEM, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - R S Palacios
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Estadual de Maringá-UEM, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - S M Lima
- Centro de Estudos em Recursos Naturais- CERNA, Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul-UEMS, 351, Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - F Sato
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Estadual de Maringá-UEM, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - A C Bento
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Estadual de Maringá-UEM, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - M L Baesso
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Estadual de Maringá-UEM, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil.
| | - M M S Lima
- Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá-UEM, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil.
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Red Raspberry Seed Oil Low Energy Nanoemulsions: Influence of Surfactants, Antioxidants, and Temperature on Oxidative Stability. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11101898. [PMID: 36290621 PMCID: PMC9598911 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11101898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess and improve the oxidative stability of red raspberry seed oil−RO, a potential topical ingredient derived from food industry by-products, on its own and when incorporated in low energy nanoemulsion (NE). The RO’s oxidative stability was assessed at 5, 25, and 40 °C during one month of storage and expressed in: peroxide value, p-anisidine, and thiobarbituric reactive substances—TBARS value, while for NEs, lipid hydroperoxides and TBARS values were monitored. Both synthetic (butylated hydroxytoluene—BHT and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid—EDTA), and natural (oregano essential oil—ORE and oak fruit extract—OAK) antioxidants were used. Pure RO and RO with BHT or ORE were stable at 5 °C and 25 °C, but at 40 °C BHT showed only moderate protection, while ORE was prooxidant. NEs prepared with new biodegradable polyglycerol esters-based surfactants, with droplet sizes of < 50 nm and narrow size distribution, showed improved physicochemical stability at room temperature, and especially at 40 °C, compared to NEs with polysorbate 80, which required the addition of antioxidants to preserve their stability. Natural antioxidants ORE and OAK were compatible with all NEs; therefore, their use is proposed as an effective alternative to synthetic antioxidants.
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Angelopoulou P, Giaouris E, Gardikis K. Applications and Prospects of Nanotechnology in Food and Cosmetics Preservation. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12071196. [PMID: 35407315 PMCID: PMC9000819 DOI: 10.3390/nano12071196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Cosmetic and food products containing water are prone to contamination during the production, storage, and transit process, leading to product spoilage and degraded organoleptic characteristics. The efficient preservation of food and cosmetics is one of the most important issues the industry is facing today. The use of nanotechnology in food and cosmetics for preservation purposes offers the possibility to boost the activity of antimicrobial agents and/or promote their safer distribution into the end product upon incorporation into packaging or film constructions. In this review, current preservation strategies are discussed and the most recent studies in nanostructures used for preservation purposes are categorized and analyzed in a way that hopefully provides the most promising strategies for both the improvement of product safety and shelf-life extension. Packaging materials are also included since the container plays a major role in the preservation of such products. It is conclusively revealed that most of the applications refer to the nanocomposites as part of the packaging, mainly due to the various possibilities that nanoscience offers to this field. Apart from that, the route of exposure being either skin or the gastrointestinal system involves safety concerns, and since migration of nanoparticles (NPs) from their container can be measured, concerns can be minimized. Conclusion: Nanomaterial science has already made a significant contribution to food and cosmetics preservation, and rapid developments in the last years reinforce the belief that in the future much of the preservation strategies to be pursued by the two industries will be based on NPs and their nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paraskevi Angelopoulou
- IPSP Nanomedicine, Medical & Pharmacy Department, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece;
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, 81400 Myrina, Greece;
| | - Efstathios Giaouris
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, 81400 Myrina, Greece;
| | - Konstantinos Gardikis
- IPSP Nanomedicine, Medical & Pharmacy Department, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece;
- R&D Department, APIVITA SA, Industrial Park, Markopoulo, 19003 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence:
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Nanoemulsions: Techniques for the preparation and the recent advances in their food applications. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2021.102914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Kassem AA, Salama A, Mohsen AM. Formulation and optimization of cationic nanoemulsions for enhanced ocular delivery of dorzolamide hydrochloride using Box-Behnken design: In vitro and in vivo assessments. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.103047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Manjesh K, Kundu A, Dutta A, Saha S, Neelakanthaiah BS. Bio-Insecticidal Nanoemulsions of Essential Oil and Lipid-Soluble Fractions of Pogostemon cablin. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:874221. [PMID: 35574070 PMCID: PMC9101049 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.874221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to develop nanoemulsions (NEs) of essential oil (EO) and lipid-soluble extract (HE) of Pogostemon cablin leaves using biosurfactant, saponin. Hydro-distilled EO and fat-soluble HE were analyzed using GC-MS, which revealed 38.7 ± 2.7% and 37.5 ± 2.1% patchoulol, respectively. EO and HE were formulated with saponin to prepare corresponding coarse emulsions (CEs); furthermore, high-speed homogenization for 2 min was followed by ultrasonication for 3 min with constant frequency of 50 kHz. of the CEs resulted in respective NEs. NEs were characterized for the physico-chemical properties such as emulsion intrinsic stability, particle size distribution, polydispersity index (PDI), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for morphology and accurate nanodroplet diameters. CEs and NEs were investigated for insecticidal efficacy against adults of Tetranychus urticae and larvae of Spodoptera litura. Stable NEs of EO and HE at 500 μg mL-1 concentration exhibited corresponding average particle size of 51.7 and 89.9 nm, while TEM image revealed spherical-shaped droplets with the average droplet diameters of 15.3 and 29.4 nm, respectively. NEs of EO and HE displayed highest efficacy in contact toxicity (LC50 43.2 and 58.4 μg mL-1) after 48 h and fumigant toxicity (LC50 9.3 and 13.6 μg mL-1) after 24 h against T. urticae. In addition, NEs of EO showed considerable antifeedant and feeding deterrent action (AI 99.21 ± 0.74 and FI 99.73 ± 1.24) against S. litura larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keerthiraj Manjesh
- Division of Agricultural Chemicals, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Aditi Kundu
- Division of Agricultural Chemicals, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
- *Correspondence: Aditi Kundu ;
| | - Anirban Dutta
- Division of Agricultural Chemicals, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Supradip Saha
- Division of Agricultural Chemicals, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
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Solubility measurement and preparation of nanoparticles of ampicillin using subcritical water precipitation method. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-021-0891-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Hyaluronic acid incorporation into nanoemulsions containing Pterodon pubescens Benth. Fruit oil for topical drug delivery. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2021.101939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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McClements DJ. Advances in edible nanoemulsions: Digestion, bioavailability, and potential toxicity. Prog Lipid Res 2020; 81:101081. [PMID: 33373615 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2020.101081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The design, fabrication, and application of edible nanoemulsions for the encapsulation and delivery of bioactive agents has been a highly active research field over the past decade or so. In particular, they have been widely used for the encapsulation and delivery of hydrophobic bioactive substances, such as hydrophobic drugs, lipids, vitamins, and phytochemicals. A great deal of progress has been made in creating stable edible nanoemulsions that can increase the stability and efficacy of these bioactive agents. This article highlights some of the most important recent advances within this area, including increasing the water-dispersibility of bioactives, protecting bioactives from chemical degradation during storage, increasing the bioavailability of bioactives after ingestion, and targeting the release of bioactives within the gastrointestinal tract. Moreover, it highlights progress that is being made in creating plant-based edible nanoemulsions. Finally, the potential toxicity of edible nanoemulsions is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Julian McClements
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; Department of Food Science & Bioengineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, 18 Xuezheng Street, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China.
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Oh SM, Lee BH, Seo DH, Choi HW, Kim BY, Baik MY. Starch nanoparticles prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis and self-assembly of short-chain glucans. Food Sci Biotechnol 2020; 29:585-598. [PMID: 32419957 PMCID: PMC7221041 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-020-00768-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic hydrolysis and self-assembly are considered promising methods for preparation of starch nanoparticles (SNPs) because they are environmentally friendly, and time- and cost-effective. These methods are based on the self-assembly of short-chain glucans released from the α-1,6 bonds in amylopectin. Since their discovery, many studies have described the structural and physicochemical properties of self-assembled SNPs. Self-assembled SNPs can be prepared by two methods: using only the soluble portion containing the short-chain glucans, or using the whole hydrolyzate including both insoluble and soluble fractions. Although the structural and physical properties of self-assembled SNPs can be attributed to the composition of the hydrolyzates that participate in self-assembly, this aspect has not yet been discussed. This review focuses on SNPs self-assembled with only soluble short-chain glucans and addresses their characteristics, including formation mechanisms as well as structural and physicochemical properties, compared with SNPs prepared with total hydrolyzates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Min Oh
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Institute of Life Science and Resources, Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104 Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Hoo Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Ho Seo
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Wook Choi
- Department of Functional Food and Biotechnology, Jeonju University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Yong Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Institute of Life Science and Resources, Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104 Republic of Korea
| | - Moo-Yeol Baik
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Institute of Life Science and Resources, Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104 Republic of Korea
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