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Aamir M, Abid A, Azam I, Ikram A, Saeed F, Afzaal M, Ateeq H, Akram N, Hussain S, Khan MR. Characterization of carbonated beverage fortified with chamomile herbal extract. Food Sci Nutr 2024; 12:4353-4361. [PMID: 38873483 PMCID: PMC11167168 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.4101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The current study was planned to provide nutrient dense carbonated beverage fortified with chamomile herbal extract that was rich in healthy nutrients and best to use. Infusion method was used to prepare chamomile herbal extract. After adding flavor and sugar syrup, carbonation was done. Different treatments were prepared (T0, T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5). The antioxidant potential, physiochemical properties, and sensory attributes of beverage were assessed. Results showed that addition of chamomile enhanced the antioxidant and physiochemical properties of beverage. The DPPH activity, total phenolic content, and total flavonoid content were observed as 49.23 ± 0.03 (%), 136.92 ± 0.06 (mg GAE/L), and 1989.47 ± 0.07 (mg QE/L), respectively, among T5 with 12% of chamomile extract. Moreover, the acidity increases from T0 to T5 (0.191 ± 0.01 to 0.220 ± 0.01). Furthermore, the overall acceptability of T4 was highest among sensory attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Aamir
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology (NIFSAT)University of AgricultureFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Ahtesham Abid
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology (NIFSAT)University of AgricultureFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Iqra Azam
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyGovernment College Women University FaisalabadFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Ali Ikram
- University Institute of Food Science and TechnologyThe University of LahoreLahorePakistan
| | - Farhan Saeed
- Department of Food ScienceGovernment College University FaisalabadFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Muhammad Afzaal
- Department of Food ScienceGovernment College University FaisalabadFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Huda Ateeq
- University Institute of Food Science and TechnologyThe University of LahoreLahorePakistan
| | - Noor Akram
- Food Safety & Biotechnology Lab, Department of Food ScienceGovernment College University FaisalabadFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Shahzad Hussain
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and AgricultureKing Saud UniversityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
| | - Mahbubur Rahman Khan
- Department of Food Processing and PreservationHajee Mohammad Danesh Science & Technology UniversityDinajpurBangladesh
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Asif A, Ishtiaq S, Kamran SH, Youssef FS, Lashkar MO, Ahmed SA, Ashour ML. UHPLC-QTOF-MS Metabolic Profiling of Marchantia polymorpha and Evaluation of Its Hepatoprotective Activity Using Paracetamol-Induced Liver Injury in Mice. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:19037-19046. [PMID: 37273612 PMCID: PMC10233839 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Marchantia species were traditionally used to treat liver failure. Marchantia polymorpha chloroform extract showed a marked hepatoprotective activity in a dose-dependent manner in paracetamol-induced extensive liver damage in mice. At a dose of 500 mg/kg (MP-500), it resulted in a reduction in aspartate transaminase by 49.44%, alanine transaminase by 44.11%, and alkaline phosphatase by 24.4% with significant elevation in total proteins by 58.69% with respect to the diseased group. It showed significant reductions in total bilirubin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein (LDL), very LDL, total lipids, and to high density lipoprotein ratio (CH/HDL) by 53.42, 30.14, 35.02, 45.79, 34.74, 41.45, and 49.52%, respectively, together with a 37.69% increase in HDL with respect to the diseased group. It also showed an elevation of superoxide dismutase by 28.09% and in glutathione peroxidase by 81.83% in addition to the reduction of lipid peroxidation by 17.95% as compared to the paracetamol only treated group. This was further supported by histopathological examination that showed normal liver architecture and a normal sinusoidal gap. Metabolic profiling by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer (UHPLC-QTOF/MS) led to the tentative identification of 28 compounds belonging to phenols, quinolones, phenylpropanoid, acylaminosugars, terpenoids, lipids, and fatty acids to which the activity was attributed. Four compounds were detected in the negative ionization mode which are neoacrimarine J, marchantin A, chitobiose, and phellodensin F, while the rest were detected in the positive mode. Thus, it can be concluded that this plant could serve as a valuable choice for the treatment of hepatotoxicity that further consolidated its traditional use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Asif
- Punjab
University College of Pharmacy, University
of the Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Saiqa Ishtiaq
- Punjab
University College of Pharmacy, University
of the Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Sairah Hafeez Kamran
- Institute
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical and Allied Health Sciences, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Fadia S. Youssef
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams
University, Abbasia, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Manar O. Lashkar
- Department
of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Safwat A. Ahmed
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez
Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Mohamed L. Ashour
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams
University, Abbasia, Cairo 11566, Egypt
- Pharmacy
Program, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia
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Liu Z, Yan J, Li N, Zheng Z, Zhang C, Liu Z, Song C, Mu S. Influence of Lonicera japonica and Radix Puerariae crude extracts on the Growth Performance, Antioxidant Capacity, and Immunological Functions of Finishing Pigs. Livest Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2023.105192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
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Du J, Cao L, Gao J, Jia R, Zhu H, Nie Z, Xi B, Yin G, Ma Y, Xu G. Protective Effects of Glycyrrhiza Total Flavones on Liver Injury Induced by Streptococcus agalactiae in Tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus). Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:1648. [PMID: 36421292 PMCID: PMC9686810 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11111648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical studies have confirmed that Glycyrrhiza total flavones (GTFs) have good anti-hepatic injury, but whether they have a good protective effect on anti-hepatic injury activity induced by Streptococcus agalactiae in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is unknown. The aims of this study were to investigate the protective effects of Glycyrrhiza total flavones on liver injury induced by S. agalactiae (SA) and its underlying mechanism in fish. A total of 150 tilapia were randomly divided into five groups, each with three replicates containing 10 fish: normal control group, S. agalactiae infection group, and three Glycyrrhiza total flavone treatment groups (addition of 0.1, 0.5, or 1.0 g of GTF to 1 kg of feed). The normal control group was only fed with basic diet, after 60 d of feeding, and intraperitoneal injection of the same volume of normal saline (0.05 mL/10 g body weight); the S. agalactiae infection group was fed with basic diet, and the S. agalactiae solution was intraperitoneally injected after 60 d of feeding (0.05 mL/10 g body weight); the three GTF treatment groups were fed with a diet containing 0.1, 0.5, or 1.0 g/kg of GTF, and the S. agalactiae solution was intraperitoneally injected after 60 d of feeding (0.05 mL/10 g body weight). After 48 h injection, blood and liver tissues were collected to measure biochemical parameters and mRNA levels to evaluate the liver protection of GTFs. Compared with the control group, the serum levels of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and glucose (GLU) in the streptococcal infection group increased significantly, while the levels of total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and reduced glutathione (GSH) decreased significantly; observations of pathological sections showed obvious damage to the liver tissue structure in response to streptococcal infection. S. agalactiae can also cause fatty liver injury, affecting the function of fatty acid β-oxidation and biosynthesis in the liver of tilapia, and also causing damage to function of the immune system. The addition of GTFs to the diet could improve oxidative stress injury caused by S. agalactiae in tilapia liver tissue to different degrees, promote the β-oxidation of fatty acids in the liver, accelerate the lipid metabolism in the liver, and repair the damaged liver tissue. GTFs have a good protective effect on liver injury caused by streptococcus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinliang Du
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Liping Cao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Jiancao Gao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Rui Jia
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Haojun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Zhijuan Nie
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Bingwen Xi
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Guojun Yin
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Yuzhong Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Gangchun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China
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Liu Z, Li N, Zheng Z, Zhang C, Liu Z, Song C, Yan J, Mu S. Influence of Lonicera japonica and Radix Puerariae Crude Extracts on the Fecal Microbiome and Nutrient Apparent Digestibility of Finishing Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12162109. [PMID: 36009699 PMCID: PMC9404931 DOI: 10.3390/ani12162109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the influence of adding Lonicera japonica (L. japonica) and Radix Puerariae crude extracts and their mixture to the diet of finishing pigs on their fecal microbes and nutrient apparent digestibility. A total of 72 healthy Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire crossbred barrows without significant differences in body weight (93 ± 2 kg) were selected and randomly divided into four groups (18 in each group). Three replicate pens per group (six pigs per pen) were used, and two pigs were evaluated for each pen. The groups were fed the following diets: control group (CON), basic diet; chlorogenic acid group (CGA group), basic diet + 1 kg/ton L. japonica crude extract; Pueraria flavonoid group (PF group), basic diet + 1 kg/ton Radix Puerariae crude extract; and mix group (Mix group), basic diet + 0.5 kg/ton L. japonica crude extract + 0.5 kg/ton Radix Puerariae crude extract. The following results were obtained: (1) At the phylum level, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Spirochaetes, Proteobacteria, Fibrobaeteres, and Kiritimatiellaeota were the main components of the fecal microbiota (top 5); the relative abundance of bacteria from phyla Firmicutes significantly increased in the Mix group than in the CON group (p < 0.05). At the genus level, Treponema_2, Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group, uncultured_bacterium_f_Lachnospiraceae, uncultured_bacterium_f_Prevotellaceae, and Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group were the main components of the fecal microbiota (top 5); the relative abundance of bacteria from genus Lactobacillus significantly increased in the Mix group than in the CON group (p < 0.05). Chao1 and Ace counts were significantly higher in group CGA than in the CON group and group Mix (p < 0.05). The alpha and beta diversities and the relative abundance of fecal microbes were higher in all test groups than in the CON group. (2) The protein digestibility was significantly higher in the CGA and PF groups than in the CON group, and the TP digestibility was significantly higher in the CGA than in the CON and Mix groups (p < 0.05). In conclusion, Lonicera japonica and Radix Puerariae crude extract supplementation in the diet significantly changed fecal microbiota and improved the protein and TP digestibility of finishing pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghao Liu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Ning Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Zi Zheng
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Chunhua Zhang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Zhengqun Liu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Chunling Song
- Beijing Tianfulai Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jun Yan
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin 300381, China
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (S.M.)
| | - Shuqin Mu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin 300381, China
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (S.M.)
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Roles of Syzygium in Anti-Cholinesterase, Anti-Diabetic, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antioxidant: From Alzheimer’s Perspective. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11111476. [PMID: 35684249 PMCID: PMC9183156 DOI: 10.3390/plants11111476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) causes progressive memory loss and cognitive dysfunction. It is triggered by multifaceted burdens such as cholinergic toxicity, insulin resistance, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress. Syzygium plants are ethnomedicinally used in treating inflammation, diabetes, as well as memory impairment. They are rich in antioxidant phenolic compounds, which can be multi-target neuroprotective agents against AD. This review attempts to review the pharmacological importance of the Syzygium genus in neuroprotection, focusing on anti-cholinesterase, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Articles published in bibliographic databases within recent years relevant to neuroprotection were reviewed. About 10 species were examined for their anti-cholinesterase capacity. Most studies were conducted in the form of extracts rather than compounds. Syzygium aromaticum (particularly its essential oil and eugenol component) represents the most studied species owing to its economic significance in food and therapy. The molecular mechanisms of Syzygium species in neuroprotection include the inhibition of AChE to correct cholinergic transmission, suppression of pro-inflammatory mediators, oxidative stress markers, RIS production, enhancement of antioxidant enzymes, the restoration of brain ions homeostasis, the inhibition of microglial invasion, the modulation of ß-cell insulin release, the enhancement of lipid accumulation, glucose uptake, and adiponectin secretion via the activation of the insulin signaling pathway. Additional efforts are warranted to explore less studied species, including the Australian and Western Syzygium species. The effectiveness of the Syzygium genus in neuroprotective responses is markedly established, but further compound isolation, in silico, and clinical studies are demanded.
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Antibacterial Activity of Some Medicinal Plants in Al Baha Region, Saudi Arabia, Against Carcinogenic Bacteria Related to Gastrointestinal Cancers. J Gastrointest Cancer 2022; 54:51-55. [PMID: 34988907 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-021-00793-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal cancers are the most dangerous cancers all over the world. The gut microbiota dysbiosis increases the risk of GI cancers and induces the host's susceptibility to carcinogenic bacteria. Antibiotic resistance is rising in these bacteria. Thus, discovering new safe and effective antibacterial agents is a worldwide concern. This study evaluates the antibacterial activity of six wild medicinal plants from the Al Bahah region in Saudi Arabia. METHODS Arial parts of Cissus quadrangularis, Aloe castellorum, Psiadia punctulata, Aloe pseudorubroviolacea, Barbeya oleoides, Teucrium yemense were collected and dried for extraction with ethanol. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of these ethanolic extracts against carcinogenic bacteria Bacteroides fragilis, Clostridium ssp., Cutibacterium acnes, Escherichia coli, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Helicobacter pylori, Mycoplasma spp., Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Salmonella enterica, and Treponema pallidum were evaluated to determine its antibacterial activity. RESULTS All extracts showed antibacterial activity with MIC lower than 1 mg/ml. Psiadia punctulata showed higher antibacterial activity, while the Aloe species showed the lowest antibacterial activity. CONCLUSION The studied plants' extracts showed high effectiveness as antibacterial activity against the carcinogenic bacteria related to gastrointestinal cancers due to their high content of pharmaceutical components. These plants could be explored further for the development of new antibacterial products against these carcinogenic bacteria.
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Chung Y, Park JY, Lee JE, Kim KT, Paik HD. Antioxidant Activity and Inhibitory Effect on Nitric Oxide Production of Hydroponic Ginseng Fermented with Lactococcus lactis KC24. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1614. [PMID: 34679749 PMCID: PMC8533331 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10101614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng Meyer is used as a medicinal plant. The aim of this study was to ferment hydroponic ginseng with Lactococcus lactis KC24 and confirm its antioxidant activity and inhibitory effect on nitric oxide (NO) production. Flavonoid and phenol contents in fermented ginseng extracts were measured. Antioxidant activity was measured by DPPH, ABTS, reducing power, FRAP and β-carotene assays. Additionally, inhibitory effects on NO production and toxicity of the fermented extract were determined using RAW 264.7 cells. Phenol and flavonoid contents increased as the fermentation time increased, and the contents were higher in hydroponic ginseng than in soil-cultivated ginseng. The DPPH assay revealed that the antioxidant activity of the 24 h fermented extract significantly increased from 32.57% to 41% (p < 0.05). The increase in antioxidant activity may be affected by an increase in phenol and flavonoid contents. At 1 mg/mL solid content, the 24 h fermented hydroponic ginseng extract inhibited NO production from 9.87 ± 0.06 μM to 1.62 ± 0.26 μM. In conclusion, the increase in antioxidant activity affects the inhibition of NO production, suggesting that fermented hydroponic ginseng may be used in the industries of functional food and pharmaceutical industry as a functional material with anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hyun-Dong Paik
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (Y.C.); (J.-Y.P.); (J.-E.L.); (K.-T.K.)
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Tang Q, Wang Q, Sun Z, Kang S, Fan Y, Hao Z. Bergenin Monohydrate Attenuates Inflammatory Response via MAPK and NF-κB Pathways Against Klebsiella pneumonia Infection. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:651664. [PMID: 34017253 PMCID: PMC8129520 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.651664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:Klebsiella pneumonia has emerged as a critical pathogen causing severe clinical problems, such as pneumonia and sepsis. Meanwhile, intensified drug resistance induced by antibiotic therapy necessitates discovering novel and active molecules from Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for treatment. Methods and results: In this study, the isolated Bergenin monohydrate showed an anti-inflammatory effect in Klebsiella-infected mice. We initially investigated the anti-inflammatory effects and cytoprotection against oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, a specific dose of Bm can effectively ameliorate lung injury and suppress the expression of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and PEG2. Moreover, Bm was also shown to reduced the levels of MPO, MDA and increased SOD and GSH activities. Moreover, we assessed the intracellular signaling molecules including p38, ERK, JNK, IκB, NF-κB-p65 by western blotting and verified through MAPK and NF-κB pathways inhibition experiments. These results reveal that Bm executed its effects via the classical MAPK signaling pathway and NF-κB pathway. Conclusion: Given its underlying anti-inflammatory effect, Bm may be used as a promising therapeutic against Klebsiella-induced infection, thus providing a benefit for the future clinical therapy of pneumonia and medicine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihe Tang
- Agricultural Bio-pharmaceutical Laboratory, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Qingyu Wang
- National Centre for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuojian Sun
- Agricultural Bio-pharmaceutical Laboratory, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Songyao Kang
- Agricultural Bio-pharmaceutical Laboratory, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yimeng Fan
- National Centre for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihui Hao
- National Centre for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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