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Albuquerque N, Savalli C, Belli M, Varella AC, Felício B, França J, Izar P. The shape of lipsmacking: socio-emotional regulation in bearded capuchin monkeys ( Sapajus libidinosus). EVOLUTIONARY HUMAN SCIENCES 2023; 5:e16. [PMID: 37587928 PMCID: PMC10426065 DOI: 10.1017/ehs.2023.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Capuchin monkeys have rich social relationships and from very young ages they participate in complex interactions with members of their group. Lipsmacking behaviour, which involves at least two individuals in socially mediated interactions, may tell about processes that maintain, accentuate or attenuate emotional exchanges in monkeys. Lipsmacking is a facial expression associated with the establishment and maintenance of affiliative interactions, following under the 'emotional regulation' umbrella, which accounts for the ability to manage behavioural responses. We investigated behaviours related to the emitter and to the receiver (infant) of lipsmacking to answer the question of how lipsmacking occurs. In capuchin monkeys, lipsmacking has been previously understood solely as a face-to-face interaction. Our data show that emitters are engaged with infants, looking longer towards their face and seeking eye contact during the display. However, receivers spend most of the time looking away from the emitter and stay in no contact for nearly half of the time. From naturalistic observations of wild infant capuchin monkeys from Brazil we found that lipsmacking is not restricted to mutual gaze, meaning there are other mechanisms in place than previously known. Our results open paths to new insights about the evolution of socio-emotional displays in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carine Savalli
- Institute of Psychology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina Belli
- Institute of Psychology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Beatriz Felício
- Institute of Psychology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana França
- Institute of Psychology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Izar
- Institute of Psychology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Souza P, Guo K, Mills DS, Resende B, Albuquerque N. How Do Dogs Behave When Presented with Situations of Different Emotional Valences? Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13061027. [PMID: 36978568 PMCID: PMC10044040 DOI: 10.3390/ani13061027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Dogs are good models for studying behaviour and cognition as they have complex social capabilities. In the current study, we observed how human emotional valences (positive, neutral and negative) affected aspects of dogs’ behaviour. We expected that dogs would exhibit more approaching behaviours in the positive condition and more signs of avoidance in the negative one. We analysed videos of 70 adult pet dogs of various breeds taken from an experiment in which one of two actors expressed an emotion and dogs could freely explore the environment for 30 s. Our results show that dogs exhibit differential behaviour when presented with different emotional valences. Two behaviours arose that might be linked to a reciprocal positive emotional state in dogs: tail raised between 90° and 180° and physical contact during sniffing. These behaviours are associated with an active search for information. In the positive conditions, dogs were more willing to explore the social environment and gather information from the actors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Souza
- Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Kun Guo
- School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK;
| | - Daniel S. Mills
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK;
| | - Briseida Resende
- Institute of Psychology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-030, Brazil;
| | - Natalia Albuquerque
- Institute of Psychology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-030, Brazil;
- Correspondence:
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Uccheddu S, Ronconi L, Albertini M, Coren S, Da Graça Pereira G, De Cataldo L, Haverbeke A, Mills DS, Pierantoni L, Riemer S, Testoni I, Pirrone F. Domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) grieve over the loss of a conspecific. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1920. [PMID: 35210440 PMCID: PMC8873218 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05669-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioural reactions towards a dead conspecific have been observed rarely in wild canids and there is no documented scientific evidence of grief in pet dogs. A quantitative analysis of grief-related responses in both dogs and owners was conducted, using the validated online Mourning Dog Questionnaire. The survey was completed by 426 Italian adults who had owned at least two dogs, one of whom died while the other was still alive. This research aims to explore whether, how and what a dog may experience over the loss of a companion dog. Multiple logistic regression indicates that both a friendly or parental relationship between two dogs but also the fact that dogs used to share food and the owner’s grief and anger are principal predictors of negative behavioural changes. According to dog owners’ answers, the surviving dog after the death of the companion dog changed both in terms of activities (“playing”, “sleeping”, and “eating”) and emotions (fearfulness), which occurred as a function of the quality of the relationship between the two animals. By contrast, the time the two dogs had spent together had no effect on the behaviours of surviving dog. Owner perceptions about their dog’s reactions and emotions were not related to the memory or suffering of the event that tended to diminish over time. These findings indicate that a dog may show grief-related behavioural and emotional patterns when a close conspecific dies, with aspects of the latter possibly related to the owner’s emotional status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Uccheddu
- San Marco Veterinary Clinic and Laboratory, 35130, Veggiano, Padua, Italy
| | - Lucia Ronconi
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology, University of Padua, 35122, Padua, Italy
| | - Mariangela Albertini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan (UNIMI), 26900, Lodi, Italy.
| | - Stanley Coren
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V5V 3K3, Canada
| | - Gonçalo Da Graça Pereira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Évora (EU), Évora, Portugal.,Escola Superior Agrária de Elvas (ESAE), Instituto Politécnico de Portalegre (IPP), 7350-092, Elvas, Portugal
| | - Loriana De Cataldo
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology, University of Padua, 35122, Padua, Italy
| | - Anouck Haverbeke
- Vet Ethology, 3090, Overijse, Belgium.,Salto Research Group, Odisee University College, Hospitaalstraat 23, 9100, Sint-Niklaas, Belgium
| | - Daniel Simon Mills
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, LN6 7DL, Lincolnshire, UK
| | - Ludovica Pierantoni
- Veterinary Behaviour & Consulting Services, CAN Training Centre, 80128, Naples, Italy
| | - Stefanie Riemer
- Companion Animal Behaviour Group, Division of Animal Welfare, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ines Testoni
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology, University of Padua, 35122, Padua, Italy
| | - Federica Pirrone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan (UNIMI), 26900, Lodi, Italy
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