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S S, Kumar L, Verma R. Lamotrigine-A Review of Analytical Methods Developed for Pharmaceutical Formulations and Biological Matrices. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 52:1451-1460. [PMID: 33673783 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1886901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Lamotrigine owing to its excellent inhibitory property of neurotransmitter release especially glutamate is used in the treatment of epilepsy as a second-line antiepileptic drug. It differs from other antiepileptic drugs chemically and pharmacologically and is used as both monotherapy and adjunct therapy in the treatment of epilepsy. The present review focuses on two aspects (a) various analytical methods used in quantification of Lamotrigine in pharmaceutical formulations and (b) various analytical methods used to determine Lamotrigine in biological matrices. Here the various analytical methods are developed using different parameters and validation of employed methods is discussed. Estimated parameters like the linearity, LOD (Limit of detection) and LOQ (Limit of quantification) of validation are discussed for the individual method. The critical quality attributes like the wavelength of detection, mobile phase, columns, flow rate, retention time, and the sample preparation methods for the estimation of Lamotrigine by bioanalytical methods are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajeeda S
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Lalit Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Ruchi Verma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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A simple, rapid and stability indicating validated method for quantification of lamotrigine in human plasma and dry plasma spot using LC-ESI–MS/MS: Application in clinical study. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1072:362-369. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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A new “turn-on” fluorescent sensor based on gold quantum dots and silver nanoparticles for lamotrigine detection in plasma. Talanta 2017; 172:126-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Ventura S, Rodrigues M, Pousinho S, Falcão A, Alves G. Determination of lamotrigine in human plasma and saliva using microextraction by packed sorbent and high performance liquid chromatography–diode array detection: An innovative bioanalytical tool for therapeutic drug monitoring. Microchem J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Comparison of the QMS Analyzer With HPLC-UV for the Quantification of Lamotrigine Concentrations in Human Plasma Samples. Ther Drug Monit 2015; 37:689-94. [PMID: 25730145 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000000202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Quantification of Lamotrigine in Patient Plasma Using a Fast Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method With Backflush Technology. Ther Drug Monit 2015; 37:188-97. [DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000000123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Krasowski MD, McMillin GA. Advances in anti-epileptic drug testing. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 436:224-36. [PMID: 24925169 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the past twenty-one years, 17 new antiepileptic drugs have been approved for use in the United States and/or Europe. These drugs are clobazam, ezogabine (retigabine), eslicarbazepine acetate, felbamate, gabapentin, lacosamide, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, perampanel, pregabalin, rufinamide, stiripentol, tiagabine, topiramate, vigabatrin and zonisamide. Therapeutic drug monitoring is often used in the clinical dosing of the newer anti-epileptic drugs. The drugs with the best justifications for drug monitoring are lamotrigine, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, stiripentol, and zonisamide. Perampanel, stiripentol and tiagabine are strongly bound to serum proteins and are candidates for monitoring of the free drug fractions. Alternative specimens for therapeutic drug monitoring are saliva and dried blood spots. Therapeutic drug monitoring of the new antiepileptic drugs is discussed here for managing patients with epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Krasowski
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States.
| | - Gwendolyn A McMillin
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States; ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, ARUP Laboratories Inc., Salt Lake City, UT, United States
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Ghatol S, Vithlani V, Gurule S, Khuroo A, Monif T, Partani P. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the estimation of lamotrigine in human plasma: Application to a pharmacokinetic study. J Pharm Anal 2012; 3:75-83. [PMID: 29403800 PMCID: PMC5760919 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A reliable, selective and sensitive liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the quantification of lamotrigine in human plasma using lamotrigine-13C3, d3 as an internal standard. Analyte and internal standard were extracted from human plasma by solid-phase extraction and detected in positive ion mode by tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization (ESI) interface. Chromatographic separation was performed on a Chromolith® SpeedROD; RP-18e column (50−4.6 mm i.d.) using acetonitrile: 5±0.1 mM ammonium formate solution (90:10, v/v) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.500 mL/min. The calibration curves were linear over the range of 5.02–1226.47 ng/mL with the lower limit of quantitation validated at 5.02 ng/mL. The analytes were found stable in human plasma through three freeze (−20 °C)-thaw (ice-cold water bath) cycles and under storage on bench-top in ice-cold water bath for at least 6.8 h, and also in the mobile phase at 10 °C for at least 57 h. The method has shown good reproducibility, as the intra- and inter-day precisions were within 3.0%, while the accuracies were within ±6.0% of nominal values. The validated LC–MS/MS method was applied for the evaluation of pharmacokinetic and bioequivalence parameters of lamotrigine after an oral administration of 50 mg lamotrigine tablet to thirty-two healthy adult male volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Ghatol
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics, Ranbaxy Research Laboratories, Plot: GP-V, Sec-18, HSIIDC, Gurgaon 122015, Haryana, India
| | - Vatsal Vithlani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics, Ranbaxy Research Laboratories, Plot: GP-V, Sec-18, HSIIDC, Gurgaon 122015, Haryana, India
| | - Sanjay Gurule
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics, Ranbaxy Research Laboratories, Plot: GP-V, Sec-18, HSIIDC, Gurgaon 122015, Haryana, India
| | - Arshad Khuroo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics, Ranbaxy Research Laboratories, Plot: GP-V, Sec-18, HSIIDC, Gurgaon 122015, Haryana, India
| | - Tausif Monif
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics, Ranbaxy Research Laboratories, Plot: GP-V, Sec-18, HSIIDC, Gurgaon 122015, Haryana, India
| | - Pankaj Partani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics, Ranbaxy Research Laboratories, Plot: GP-V, Sec-18, HSIIDC, Gurgaon 122015, Haryana, India
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Beattie K, Phadke G, Novakovic J. Lamotrigine. PROFILES OF DRUG SUBSTANCES, EXCIPIENTS, AND RELATED METHODOLOGY 2012; 37:245-85. [PMID: 22469320 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-397220-0.00006-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Kang J, Park YS, Kim SH, Kim SH, Jun MY. Modern methods for analysis of antiepileptic drugs in the biological fluids for pharmacokinetics, bioequivalence and therapeutic drug monitoring. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2011; 15:67-81. [PMID: 21660146 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2011.15.2.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 04/10/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic disease occurring in approximately 1.0% of the world's population. About 30% of the epileptic patients treated with availably antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) continue to have seizures and are considered therapy-resistant or refractory patients. The ultimate goal for the use of AEDs is complete cessation of seizures without side effects. Because of a narrow therapeutic index of AEDs, a complete understanding of its clinical pharmacokinetics is essential for understanding of the pharmacodynamics of these drugs. These drug concentrations in biological fluids serve as surrogate markers and can be used to guide or target drug dosing. Because early studies demonstrated clinical and/or electroencephalographic correlations with serum concentrations of several AEDs, It has been almost 50 years since clinicians started using plasma concentrations of AEDs to optimize pharmacotherapy in patients with epilepsy. Therefore, validated analytical method for concentrations of AEDs in biological fluids is a necessity in order to explore pharmacokinetics, bioequivalence and TDM in various clinical situations. There are hundreds of published articles on the analysis of specific AEDs by a wide variety of analytical methods in biological samples have appears over the past decade. This review intends to provide an updated, concise overview on the modern method development for monitoring AEDs for pharmacokinetic studies, bioequivalence and therapeutic drug monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juseop Kang
- Pharmacology & Clinical Pharmacology Lab, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
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Krasowski MD. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of the Newer Anti-Epilepsy Medications. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2010; 3:1909-1935. [PMID: 20640233 PMCID: PMC2904466 DOI: 10.3390/ph3061909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Revised: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past twenty years, 14 new antiepileptic drugs have been approved for use in the United States and/or Europe. These drugs are eslicarbazepine acetate, felbamate, gabapentin, lacosamide, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, pregabalin, rufinamide, stiripentol, tiagabine, topiramate, vigabatrin and zonisamide. In general, the clinical utility of therapeutic drug monitoring has not been established in clinical trials for these new anticonvulsants, and clear guidelines for drug monitoring have yet to be defined. The antiepileptic drugs with the strongest justifications for drug monitoring are lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, stiripentol, and zonisamide. Stiripentol and tiagabine are strongly protein bound and are candidates for free drug monitoring. Therapeutic drug monitoring has lower utility for gabapentin, pregabalin, and vigabatrin. Measurement of salivary drug concentrations has potential utility for therapeutic drug monitoring of lamotrigine, levetiracetam, and topiramate. Therapeutic drug monitoring of the new antiepileptic drugs will be discussed in managing patients with epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Krasowski
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Drive, RCP 6233, Iowa City, IA 52242
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Abstract
In the past twenty years, 14 new antiepileptic drugs have been approved for use in the United States and/or Europe. These drugs are eslicarbazepine acetate, felbamate, gabapentin, lacosamide, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, pregabalin, rufinamide, stiripentol, tiagabine, topiramate, vigabatrin and zonisamide. In general, the clinical utility of therapeutic drug monitoring has not been established in clinical trials for these new anticonvulsants, and clear guidelines for drug monitoring have yet to be defined. The antiepileptic drugs with the strongest justifications for drug monitoring are lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, stiripentol, and zonisamide. Stiripentol and tiagabine are strongly protein bound and are candidates for free drug monitoring. Therapeutic drug monitoring has lower utility for gabapentin, pregabalin, and vigabatrin. Measurement of salivary drug concentrations has potential utility for therapeutic drug monitoring of lamotrigine, levetiracetam, and topiramate. Therapeutic drug monitoring of the new antiepileptic drugs will be discussed in managing patients with epilepsy.
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