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Abstract
Nanostructures have been widely involved in changes in the drug delivery system. Nanoparticles have unique physicochemical properties, e.g., ultrasmall size, large surface area, and the ability to target specific actions. Various nanomaterials, like Ag, ZnO, Cu/CuO, and Al2O3, have antimicrobial activity. Basically, six mechanisms are involved in the production of antimicrobial activity, i.e., (1) destruction of the peptidoglycan layer, (2) release of toxic metal ions, (3) alteration of cellular pH via proton efflux pumps, (4) generation of reactive oxygen species, (5) damage of nuclear materials, and (6) loss of ATP production. Nanomedicine contributes to various pharmaceutical applications, like diagnosis and treatment of various ailments including microbial diseases. Furthermore, nanostructured antimicrobial agents are also involved in the treatment of the neuroinfections associated with neurodegenerative disorders. This chapter focuses on the nanostructure and nanomedicine of antimicrobial agents and their prospects for the possible management of infections associated with neurodegenerative disorders.
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Jiang X, Malkovskiy AV, Tian W, Sung YK, Sun W, Hsu JL, Manickam S, Wagh D, Joubert LM, Semenza GL, Rajadas J, Nicolls MR. Promotion of airway anastomotic microvascular regeneration and alleviation of airway ischemia by deferoxamine nanoparticles. Biomaterials 2013; 35:803-813. [PMID: 24161166 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.09.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Airway tissue ischemia and hypoxia in human lung transplantation is a consequence of the sacrifice of the bronchial circulation during the surgical procedure and is a major risk factor for the development of airway anastomotic complications. Augmented expression of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α promotes microvascular repair and alleviates allograft ischemia and hypoxia. Deferoxamine mesylate (DFO) is an FDA-approved iron chelator which has been shown to upregulate cellular HIF-1α. Here, we developed a nanoparticle formulation of DFO that can be topically applied to airway transplants at the time of surgery. In a mouse orthotopic tracheal transplant (OTT) model, the DFO nanoparticle was highly effective in enhancing airway microvascular perfusion following transplantation through the production of the angiogenic factors, placental growth factor (PLGF) and stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1. The endothelial cells in DFO treated airways displayed higher levels of p-eNOS and Ki67, less apoptosis, and decreased production of perivascular reactive oxygen species (ROS) compared to vehicle-treated airways. In summary, a DFO formulation topically-applied at the time of surgery successfully augmented airway anastomotic microvascular regeneration and the repair of alloimmune-injured microvasculature. This approach may be an effective topical transplant-conditioning therapy for preventing airway complications following clinical lung transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinguo Jiang
- Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care, Department of Medicine, VA Palo Alto Health Care System/Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Wen Tian
- Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care, Department of Medicine, VA Palo Alto Health Care System/Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yon K Sung
- Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care, Department of Medicine, VA Palo Alto Health Care System/Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Wenchao Sun
- Stanford BioADD Laboratory, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Joe L Hsu
- Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care, Department of Medicine, VA Palo Alto Health Care System/Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Gregg L Semenza
- Vascular Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, Oncology, Radiation Oncology, and Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | - Mark R Nicolls
- Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care, Department of Medicine, VA Palo Alto Health Care System/Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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