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Mukherjee P, Hartanto T, Iosif AM, Dixon JF, Hinshaw SP, Pakyurek M, van den Bos W, Guyer AE, McClure SM, Schweitzer JB, Fassbender C. Neural basis of working memory in ADHD: Load versus complexity. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2021; 30:102662. [PMID: 34215140 PMCID: PMC8175567 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Working memory (WM). Load versus Complexity. ADHD. FMRI. Working Memory Striatum and Cerebellum.
Working memory (WM) deficits are key in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Nevertheless, WM is not universally impaired in ADHD. Additionally, the neural basis for WM deficits in ADHD has not been conclusively established, with regions including the prefrontal cortex, cerebellum, and caudate being implicated. These contradictions may be related to conceptualizations of WM capacity, such as load (amount of information) versus operational-complexity (maintenance-recall or manipulation). For instance, relative to neurotypical (NT) individuals, complex WM operations could be impaired in ADHD, while simpler operations are spared. Alternatively, all operations may be impaired at higher loads. Here, we compared the impact of these two components of WM capacity: load and operational-complexity, between ADHD and NT, behaviorally and neurally. We hypothesized that the impact of WM load would be greater in ADHD, and the neural activation would be altered. Participants (age-range 12–23 years; 50 ADHD (18 females); 82 NT (41 females)) recalled three or four objects (load) in forward or backward order (operational-complexity) during functional magnetic resonance imaging scanning. The effects of diagnosis and task were compared on performance and neural engagement. Behaviorally, we found significant interactions between diagnosis and load, and between diagnosis, load, and complexity. Neurally, we found an interaction between diagnosis and load in the right striatum, and between diagnosis and complexity in the right cerebellum and left occipital gyrus. The ADHD group displayed hypo-activation compared to NT group during higher load and greater complexity. This informs mechanisms of functional problems related to WM in adolescents and young adults with ADHD (e.g., academic performance) and remedial interventions (e.g., WM-training).
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Affiliation(s)
- Prerona Mukherjee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, 2825 50th St., Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
| | - Tadeus Hartanto
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, 2825 50th St., Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Ana-Maria Iosif
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - J Faye Dixon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, 2825 50th St., Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Stephen P Hinshaw
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, 3rd Floor, Berkeley Way West Building, 2121 Berkeley Way West, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Murat Pakyurek
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, 2825 50th St., Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Wouter van den Bos
- Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129-B, 1018 WS Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Amanda E Guyer
- Department of Human Ecology, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, 267 Cousteau Pl, Davis, CA 95618, USA
| | - Samuel M McClure
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Julie B Schweitzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, 2825 50th St., Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Catherine Fassbender
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, 2825 50th St., Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; School of Psychology, Dublin City University, DCU Glasnevin Campus, Dublin 9, Ireland
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Cho IYK, Goghari VM. The relationship between maintenance and manipulation components of working memory and prefrontal and parietal brain regions in bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2020; 264:519-526. [PMID: 31780133 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.11.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A domain of cognition that has been found to be impaired in bipolar disorder across mood states is working memory. Working memory can be separated into two components, maintenance and manipulation. Bipolar patients also demonstrate structural brain abnormalities in prefrontal and parietal regions, which are regions associated with working memory processes. Despite the understanding that working memory consists of multiple separable cognitive processes, no study to date has differentiated maintenance and manipulation, and associated them with underlying structural brain regions in bipolar disorder. METHODS Twenty-six bipolar patients and 24 controls completed a visuospatial working memory task and structural neuroimaging. Prefrontal and parietal gray matter volume, surface area, and cortical thickness were obtained using FreeSurfer. The relationship between working memory performance, structural integrity, symptoms, and functioning were investigated. RESULTS Bipolar patients were less accurate on the working memory task compared to controls, without a greater deficit in the manipulation condition. Controls had thicker prefrontal and parietal cortices than bipolar patients. In bipolar patients, thicker prefrontal cortices had a small association with greater accuracy on the maintenance condition, as well as greater depression. LIMITATIONS This study could have benefitted from a larger sample size. CONCLUSIONS Bipolar patients demonstrated both poorer accuracy on the visuospatial working memory task compared to controls and thinner cortices in areas associated with working memory, namely the prefrontal and parietal cortices. This demonstrates an underlying relationship between brain and behavior in bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivy Y K Cho
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada; Graduate Department of Psychological Clinical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Vina M Goghari
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada; Graduate Department of Psychological Clinical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Pliatsikas C, Veríssimo J, Babcock L, Pullman MY, Glei DA, Weinstein M, Goldman N, Ullman MT. Working memory in older adults declines with age, but is modulated by sex and education. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2018; 72:1308-1327. [DOI: 10.1177/1747021818791994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Working memory (WM), which underlies the temporary storage and manipulation of information, is critical for multiple aspects of cognition and everyday life. Nevertheless, research examining WM specifically in older adults remains limited, despite the global rapid increase in human life expectancy. We examined WM in a large sample ( N = 754) of healthy older adults (aged 58-89) in a non-Western population (Chinese speakers) in Taiwan, on a digit n-back task. We tested not only the influence of age itself and of load (1-back vs. 2-back) but also the effects of both sex and education, which have been shown to modulate WM abilities. Mixed-effects regression revealed that, within older adulthood, age negatively impacted WM abilities (with linear, not nonlinear, effects), as did load (worse performance at 2-back). In contrast, education level was positively associated with WM. Moreover, both age and education interacted with sex. With increasing age, males showed a steeper WM decline than females; with increasing education, females showed greater WM gains than males. Together with other findings, the evidence suggests that age, sex, and education all impact WM in older adults, but interact in particular ways. The results have both basic research and translational implications and are consistent with particular benefits from increased education for women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Pliatsikas
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - João Veríssimo
- Potsdam Research Institute for Multilingualism, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Laura Babcock
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | | | - Dana A Glei
- Center for Population and Health, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Maxine Weinstein
- Center for Population and Health, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Noreen Goldman
- Office of Population Research, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Michael T Ullman
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
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Ribeiro JA, Marinho FVC, Rocha K, Magalhães F, Baptista AF, Velasques B, Ribeiro P, Cagy M, Bastos VH, Gupta D, Teixeira S. Low-frequency rTMS in the superior parietal cortex affects the working memory in horizontal axis during the spatial task performance. Neurol Sci 2018; 39:527-532. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-017-3243-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Guo W, Wang B, Lu Y, Zhu Q, Shi Z, Ren J. The relationship between different exercise modes and visuospatial working memory in older adults: a cross-sectional study. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2254. [PMID: 27547560 PMCID: PMC4957992 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between different exercise modes and visuospatial working memory in healthy older adults. A cross-sectional design was adopted. A total of 111 healthy older adults were enrolled in the study. They were classified by the exercise-related questionnaire to be in an open-skill group, closed-skill group or sedentary group. In experiment 1, the participants performed a visuospatial working memory task. The results indicated that both closed-skill (p < 0.05) and open-skill (p < 0.01) groups reached a higher accuracy than the sedentary group. Experiment 2 examined whether the exercise-induced benefit of working memory was manifested in passive maintenance or active manipulation of working memory which was assessed by visuospatial short-term memory task and visuospatial mental rotation task, respectively. The results showed that the open-skill (p < 0.01) group was more accurate than the sedentary group in the visuospatial short-term memory task, whereas the group difference in the visuospatial mental rotation task was not significant. These findings combined to suggest that physical exercise was associated with better visuospatial working memory in older adults. Furthermore, open-skill exercises that demand higher cognitive processing showed selective benefit for passive maintenance of working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Biye Wang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Lu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Zhu
- Division of Kinesiology and Health, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States of America
| | - Zhihao Shi
- China Table Tennis College, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Ren
- China Table Tennis College, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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Gao Z, Gao Q, Tang N, Shui R, Shen M. Organization principles in visual working memory: Evidence from sequential stimulus display. Cognition 2015; 146:277-88. [PMID: 26500190 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Although the mechanisms of visual working memory (VWM) have been studied extensively in recent years, the active property of VWM has received less attention. In the current study, we examined how VWM integrates sequentially presented stimuli by focusing on the role of Gestalt principles, which are important organizing principles in perceptual integration. We manipulated the level of Gestalt cues among three or four sequentially presented objects that were memorized. The Gestalt principle could not emerge unless all the objects appeared together. We distinguished two hypotheses: a perception-alike hypothesis and an encoding-specificity hypothesis. The former predicts that the Gestalt cue will play a role in information integration within VWM; the latter predicts that the Gestalt cue will not operate within VWM. In four experiments, we demonstrated that collinearity (Experiment 1) and closure (Experiment 2) cues significantly improved VWM performance, and this facilitation was not affected by the testing manner (Experiment 3) or by adding extra colors to the memorized objects (Experiment 4). Finally, we re-established the Gestalt cue benefit with similarity cues (Experiment 5). These findings together suggest that VWM realizes and uses potential Gestalt principles within the stored representations, supporting a perception-alike hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaifeng Gao
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiyang Gao
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ning Tang
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rende Shui
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mowei Shen
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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