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Jalilvand S, Latifi T, Kachooei A, Mirhoseinian M, Hoseini-Fakhr SS, Behnezhad F, Roohvand F, Shoja Z. Circulating rotavirus strains in children with acute gastroenteritis in Iran, 1986 to 2023 and their genetic/antigenic divergence compared to approved vaccines strains (Rotarix, RotaTeq, ROTAVAC, ROTASIIL) before mass vaccination: Clues for vaccination policy makers. Virus Res 2024; 346:199411. [PMID: 38823689 PMCID: PMC11190746 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2024.199411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
In the present study, first, rotaviruses that caused acute gastroenteritis in children under five years of age during the time before the vaccine was introduced in Iran (1986 to 2023) are reviewed. Subsequently, the antigenic epitopes of the VP7 and VP4/VP8 proteins in circulating rotavirus strains in Iran and that of the vaccine strains were compared and their genetic differences in histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) and the potential impact on rotavirus infection susceptibility and vaccine efficacy were discussed. Overall data indicate that rotavirus was estimated in about 38.1 % of samples tested. The most common genotypes or combinations were G1 and P[8], or G1P[8]. From 2015 to 2023, there was a decline in the prevalence of G1P[8], with intermittent peaks of genotypes G3P[8] and G9P[8]. The analyses suggested that the monovalent Rotarix vaccine or monovalent vaccines containing the G1P[8] component might be proper in areas with a similar rotavirus genotype pattern and genetic background as the Iranian population where the G1P[8] strain is the most predominant and has the ability to bind to HBGA secretors. While the same concept can be applied to RotaTeq and RotasIIL vaccines, their complex vaccine technology, which involves reassortment, makes them less of a priority. The ROTASIIL vaccine, despite not having the VP4 arm (P[5]) as a suitable protection option, has previously shown the ability to neutralize not only G9-lineage I strains but also other G9-lineages at high titers. Thus, vaccination with the ROTASIIL vaccine may be more effective in Iran compared to RotaTeq. However, considering the rotavirus genotypic pattern, ROTAVAC might not be a good choice for Iran. Overall, the findings of this study provide valuable insights into the prevalence of rotavirus strains and the potential effectiveness of different vaccines in the Iranian and similar populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Jalilvand
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tayebeh Latifi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atefeh Kachooei
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahtab Mirhoseinian
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Farzane Behnezhad
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzin Roohvand
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zabihollah Shoja
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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Ballard SB, Requena D, Mayta H, Sanchez GJ, Oyola-Lozada MG, Colquechagua Aliaga FD, Cabrera L, Vittet Mondonedo MD, Taquiri C, Tilley CAPTDH, Simons CDRMP, Meza RA, Bern C, Saito M, Figueroa-Quintanilla DA, Gilman RH. Enteropathogen Changes After Rotavirus Vaccine Scale-up. Pediatrics 2022; 149:183843. [PMID: 34918158 PMCID: PMC9647525 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2020-049884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To inform next steps in pediatric diarrhea burden reduction by understanding the shifting enteropathogen landscape after rotavirus vaccine implementation. METHODS We conducted a case-control study of 1788 medically attended children younger than 5 years, with and without gastroenteritis, after universal rotavirus vaccine implementation in Peru. We tested case and control stools for 5 viruses, 19 bacteria, and parasites; calculated coinfection-adjusted attributable fractions (AFs) to determine pathogen-specific burdens; and evaluated pathogen-specific gastroenteritis severity using Clark and Vesikari scales. RESULTS Six pathogens were independently positively associated with gastroenteritis: norovirus genogroup II (GII) (AF 29.1, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 28.0-32.3), rotavirus (AF 8.9, 95% CI: 6.8-9.7), sapovirus (AF 6.3, 95% CI: 4.3-7.4), astrovirus (AF 2.8, 95% CI: 0.0-4.0); enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli heat stable and/or heat labile and heat stable (AF 2.4, 95% CI: 0.6-3.1), and Shigella spp. (AF 2.0, 95% CI: 0.4-2.2). Among typeable rotavirus cases, we most frequently identified partially heterotypic strain G12P[8] (54 of 81, 67%). Mean severity was significantly higher for norovirus GII-positive cases relative to norovirus GII-negative cases (Vesikari [12.7 vs 11.8; P < .001] and Clark [11.7 vs 11.4; P = .016]), and cases in the 6- to 12-month age range relative to cases in other age groups (Vesikari [12.7 vs 12.0; P = .0002] and Clark [12.0 vs 11.4; P = .0016]). CONCLUSIONS Norovirus is well recognized as the leading cause of pediatric gastroenteritis in settings with universal rotavirus vaccination. However, sapovirus is often overlooked. Both norovirus and sapovirus contribute significantly to the severe pediatric disease burden in this setting. Decision-makers should consider multivalent vaccine acquisition strategies to target multiple caliciviruses in similar countries after successful rotavirus vaccine implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah-Blythe Ballard
- Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland,Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland,Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Callao, Peru,Address correspondence to Sarah-Blythe Ballard, MD, Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 615 N Wolfe St, Room W5515, Baltimore, MD 21205. E-mail:
| | - David Requena
- Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Holger Mayta
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molcular Sciences, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru,Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Peru
| | - Gerardo J. Sanchez
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molcular Sciences, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Maria G. Oyola-Lozada
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molcular Sciences, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | | | | | - Macarena D. Vittet Mondonedo
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molcular Sciences, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Carmen Taquiri
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molcular Sciences, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - CAPT Drake H. Tilley
- Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Callao, Peru,Fleet Surgical Team SEVEN, Okinawa, Japan
| | | | | | - Caryn Bern
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Mayuko Saito
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molcular Sciences, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru,Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - Robert H. Gilman
- Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland,Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molcular Sciences, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru,Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Peru
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3
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Barsoum Z. Paediatric rotavirus gastroenteritis: A prospective study of regional prevalent genotypes, genotype correlation with disease severity and viral co-infection in County Mayo, Ireland, in the year following rotavirus vaccine introduction in Ireland. J Virol Methods 2021; 294:114179. [PMID: 34033855 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus A (RV) is the primary cause of gastroenteritis in children worldwide and a leading cause of gastroenteritis in children younger than three years, with a significant burden both globally and in Ireland. Rotavirus vaccine (Rotarix™) was introduced into Ireland in 2016. The aim of this study was to determine the diversity and frequency of, and predominant, RV genotypes, nosocomial acquisition, viral co-infections and severity of RV infection in Ireland in the post-vaccination year, from November 18th 2016 to November 18th 2017. The study included all children up to 3 years of age who had presented to Mayo University Hospital or were admitted with vomiting and diarrhoea, and had their stool tested for rotavirus and other viruses by real-time PCR in the National Virus Reference Laboratory. The Vesikari Scoring System was used to assess disease severity. The results showed that rotavirus was a leading cause of gastroenteritis (37 patients, 24.6 % of a total of 150 patients) and gastroenteritis-related hospitalisation (27 patients were admitted, 21 % of a total of 128 patients). Severe rotaviral gastroenteritis was noted in 78 % of all RV gastroenteritis (37 patients). The RV strain G1P[8], including the vaccine G1P[8] strain (Rotarix™), was the most predominant genotype (47 %), followed by G2P[4] (31 %), G4P[8] (8%), G12P[8] (8%) and G9P[8] (6%). RV co-infection with other viruses was detected in four cases (11 %), of whom three cases (75 %) were severe. Rotarix™ was detected in six vaccinated patients (35 %), 50 % were mild disease. Nosocomial infection was detected in one case. These results indicated that RV remained the leading cause of paediatric gastroenteritis during the post vaccination year in Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakaria Barsoum
- South West Acute Hospital - Paediatric Department, Northern Ireland, 124 Irvinestown Rd, Enniskillen, BT 74 6DN, United Kingdom.
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Damanka SA, Dennis FE, Lartey BL, Nyarko KM, Agbemabiese CA, Armah GE. Next-generation sequencing of a human-animal reassortant G6P[14] rotavirus A strain from a child hospitalized with diarrhoea. Arch Virol 2020; 165:1003-1005. [PMID: 32037490 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04543-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported the VP4 and the VP7 genotypes of the first G6P[14] rotavirus strain (RVA/Human-wt/GHA/M0084/2010/G6P[14]) from the stool of an infant with diarrhoea in Ghana. In the current study, we obtained the complete genome sequences using Illumina MiSeq next-generation sequencing to enable us to determine the host species origin of the genes by phylogenetic analysis. The genotype constellation was G6-P[14]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A11-N2-T6-E2-H3. Phylogenetic analysis showed that M0084 was a reassortant strain from RVAs of both artiodactyl and human host species origin. The level of sequence identity of the individual genes of M0084 to other sequences in the GenBank ranged from 95.2 to 99.5%; however, there was no single strain from the GenBank database with a complete genome sequence that was highly similar to that of M0084. To help trace the source of such unique gene pools being introduced into human RVAs, it will be useful to examine RVA sequences from potential reservoirs such as sheep and goats, which are common domestic animals in this locality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Afua Damanka
- Department of Electron Microscopy and Histopathology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Francis Ekow Dennis
- Department of Electron Microscopy and Histopathology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Belinda Larteley Lartey
- Department of Electron Microscopy and Histopathology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Kofi Mensah Nyarko
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Chantal Ama Agbemabiese
- Department of Electron Microscopy and Histopathology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - George Enyimah Armah
- Department of Electron Microscopy and Histopathology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
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Díez-Domingo J, Garcés-Sánchez M, Giménez-Sánchez F, Colomina-Rodríguez J, Martinón-Torres F. What have we learnt about rotavirus in Spain in the last 10 years? ANALES DE PEDIATRÍA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anpede.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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6
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Arana A, Jere KC, Chaguza C, Montes M, Alkorta M, Iturriza-Gomara M, Cilla G. Molecular epidemiology of G12 rotavirus strains during eight consecutive epidemic seasons in the Basque Country (North of Spain), 2010–2018. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 71:67-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Díez-Domingo J, Garcés-Sánchez M, Giménez-Sánchez F, Colomina-Rodríguez J, Martinón-Torres F. [What have we learnt about rotavirus in Spain in the last 10 years?]. An Pediatr (Barc) 2019; 91:166-179. [PMID: 30971385 DOI: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2019.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vaccines against rotavirus (RV) have been available in Spain since 2006, but they are neither recommended nor financed by the National Health System. Nevertheless, through recommendations of the Spanish Association of Paediatrics vaccination has achieved intermediate coverage. MATERIAL AND METHODS A systematic literature review was performed on studies carried out in Spain in the last 12 years (2006-2018) on RV infection and vaccination. RESULTS A total of 43 studies were identified that met the inclusion criteria. The disease burden in children less than 5 years in the Primary Care setting ranged from 15 to 19 cases per 1,000 children, and between 120 and 480 cases per 100,000 in the hospital setting, which has a significant economic and social impact. Vaccines against RV have shown an effectiveness of between 83% and 96%, and an impact of up to 70% in reducing hospital admissions, which is dependent on the achieved vaccine coverage. New research lines are identified, such as the role of the rotavirus vaccine and protection against seizures or the impact on the gut microbiota. CONCLUSIONS The current available information supports the significant burden of rotavirus disease in Spain and the high effectiveness of the available vaccines. This evidence should allow for an updated re-evaluation of the national recommendations on rotavirus vaccination.
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Hemming-Harlo M, Vesikari T, Uhari M, Renko M, Salminen M, Torcel-Pagnon L, Hartwig S, Simondon F, Bricout H. Sustained High Effectiveness of RotaTeq on Hospitalizations Attributable to Rotavirus-Associated Gastroenteritis During 4 Years in Finland. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2017; 6:317-323. [PMID: 27760800 PMCID: PMC7107484 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piw061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
KEY POINTS The effectiveness of pentavalent rotavirus vaccine against rotavirus-associated hospitalization was more than 90% 4 years after introduction into the national immunization program in Finland. A major impact on hospitalization for all-cause gastroenteritis was observed also. BACKGROUND Rotavirus vaccination with exclusive use of RotaTeq was added to the National Immunization Programme (NIP) of Finland in September 2009. The objective of our study was to estimate the effectiveness and impact of RotaTeq after 4 years of follow-up. METHODS Between 2009 and 2013, we conducted a prospective surveillance study of children aged <16 years with acute gastroenteritis (AGE) and admitted in 2 hospitals in Finland. Rotavirus and other gastroenteritis viruses were detected in stool samples by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The effectiveness of RotaTeq was investigated by using a case-control design; wild-type rotavirus-positive children were classified as "cases" and rotavirus-negative children as "controls." Hospital discharge records were used to estimate the impact of RotaTeq on rotavirus-associated AGE (RV-AGE) and all-cause AGE (AC-AGE) hospitalizations of age-eligible children in the NIP by comparing the prevaccination (2001-2006) and post-NIP seasons (2009-2013). RESULTS The crude estimate of the effectiveness of RotaTeq to prevent RV-AGE hospitalization in NIP age-eligible children was 94.4% (95% confidence interval, 79.8%-98.4%). No change in prevalent wild-type rotavirus genotypes was observed. Vaccine-derived rotaviruses were detected in 8% of the children with RV-AGE, with a probable causal association in 2 children. Hospital discharge records revealed that RV-AGE and AC-AGE hospitalizations in children aged <16 years decreased in the two post-NIP seasons by 79% and 58%, respectively, compared to those in the prevaccination seasons. CONCLUSIONS Over 4 years of follow-up, high rotavirus vaccine coverage in the NIP (>95%) has led to a major reduction in RV-AGE and AC-AGE hospitalizations without a resurgence of rotavirus activity. However, rotavirus continues to circulate in older unvaccinated children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hemming-Harlo
- Vaccine Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Tampere,Corresponding Author: Maria Hemming-Harlo, MD, PhD, Biokatu 10, 33520 Tampere, Finland. E-mail:
| | - Timo Vesikari
- Vaccine Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Tampere
| | - Matti Uhari
- PEDEGO Research Unit, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Marjo Renko
- PEDEGO Research Unit, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Marjo Salminen
- Vaccine Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Tampere
| | | | | | - Francois Simondon
- IRD UMR 216, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, France
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Arana A, Montes M, Jere KC, Alkorta M, Iturriza-Gómara M, Cilla G. Emergence and spread of G3P[8] rotaviruses possessing an equine-like VP7 and a DS-1-like genetic backbone in the Basque Country (North of Spain), 2015. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 44:137-144. [PMID: 27370571 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In March 2015, an atypical G3P[8] rotavirus with an equine-like VP7 gene was detected in Gipuzkoa (Basque Country, Spain) and spread contributing significantly to the seasonal epidemic. The strain was identified in fecal samples collected from 68 patients, mainly children from rural and urban settings with acute gastroenteritis, representing 14.9% of the 455 rotavirus strains genotyped between July 2014 and June 2015. Seven patients (10.3%) were hospitalized. Full genome analysis of six of these strains revealed a DS-1-like genotype constellation, G3-P[8]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A2-N2-T2-E2-H2, and showed that most genome segments shared the highest nucleotide sequence identity with strains isolated in Japan, Thailand, Australia and the Philippines. The strains of Gipuzkoa were similar to novel G3P[8] reassortant rotaviruses with an equine-like VP7 gene and a DS-1-like genetic backbone that emerged in the Asia-Pacific Region in 2013. The study highlights the circulation of these atypical rotaviruses outside the Asia-Pacific Region of origin, and their emergence in a European Region. Due to their unusual genotype constellation, these strains pose a challenge for the rotavirus strain surveillance, since G-/P-typing, the most commonly used classification system, cannot identify this type of intergenogroup reassortants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainara Arana
- Microbiology Department, Donostia University Hospital - Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Milagrosa Montes
- Microbiology Department, Donostia University Hospital - Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastián, Spain; Biomedical Research Centre Network for Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Khuzwayo C Jere
- Institute of Infection & Global Health, University of Liverpool, Ronald Ross Building, Liverpool, UK; Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Miriam Alkorta
- Microbiology Department, Donostia University Hospital - Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Miren Iturriza-Gómara
- Institute of Infection & Global Health, University of Liverpool, Ronald Ross Building, Liverpool, UK; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Gustavo Cilla
- Microbiology Department, Donostia University Hospital - Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastián, Spain; Biomedical Research Centre Network for Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), San Sebastián, Spain.
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Tacharoenmuang R, Komoto S, Guntapong R, Ide T, Haga K, Katayama K, Kato T, Ouchi Y, Kurahashi H, Tsuji T, Sangkitporn S, Taniguchi K. Whole Genomic Analysis of an Unusual Human G6P[14] Rotavirus Strain Isolated from a Child with Diarrhea in Thailand: Evidence for Bovine-To-Human Interspecies Transmission and Reassortment Events. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139381. [PMID: 26421718 PMCID: PMC4589232 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An unusual rotavirus strain, SKT-27, with the G6P[14] genotypes (RVA/Human-wt/THA/SKT-27/2012/G6P[14]), was identified in a stool specimen from a hospitalized child aged eight months with severe diarrhea. In this study, we sequenced and characterized the complete genome of strain SKT-27. On whole genomic analysis, strain SKT-27 was found to have a unique genotype constellation: G6-P[14]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A3-N2-T6-E2-H3. The non-G/P genotype constellation of this strain (I2-R2-C2-M2-A3-N2-T6-E2-H3) is commonly shared with rotavirus strains from artiodactyls such as cattle. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that nine of the 11 genes of strain SKT-27 (VP7, VP4, VP6, VP2-3, NSP1, NSP3-5) appeared to be of artiodactyl (likely bovine) origin, while the remaining VP1 and NSP2 genes were assumed to be of human origin. Thus, strain SKT-27 was found to have a bovine rotavirus genetic backbone, and thus is likely to be of bovine origin. Furthermore, strain SKT-27 appeared to be derived through interspecies transmission and reassortment events involving bovine and human rotavirus strains. Of note is that the VP7 gene of strain SKT-27 was located in G6 lineage-5 together with those of bovine rotavirus strains, away from the clusters comprising other G6P[14] strains in G6 lineages-2/6, suggesting the occurrence of independent bovine-to-human interspecies transmission events. To our knowledge, this is the first report on full genome-based characterization of human G6P[14] strains that have emerged in Southeast Asia. Our observations will provide important insights into the origin of G6P[14] strains, and into dynamic interactions between human and bovine rotavirus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Satoshi Komoto
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Ratigorn Guntapong
- Department of Medical Sciences, National Institute of Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Tomihiko Ide
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kei Haga
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Katayama
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takema Kato
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yuya Ouchi
- Genome and Transcriptome Analysis Center, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kurahashi
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
- Genome and Transcriptome Analysis Center, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takao Tsuji
- Department of Microbiology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Somchai Sangkitporn
- Department of Medical Sciences, National Institute of Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Koki Taniguchi
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
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Collins P, Mulherin E, O'Shea H, Cashman O, Lennon G, Pidgeon E, Coughlan S, Hall W, Fanning S. Changing patterns of rotavirus strains circulating in Ireland: Re-emergence of G2P[4] and identification of novel genotypes in Ireland. J Med Virol 2015; 87:764-73. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P.J. Collins
- Department of Biological Sciences; Cork Institute of Technology; Cork Ireland
| | - Emily Mulherin
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety; School of Public Health; Physiotherapy and Population Science; Dublin Ireland
| | - Helen O'Shea
- Department of Biological Sciences; Cork Institute of Technology; Cork Ireland
| | - Olivia Cashman
- Department of Biological Sciences; Cork Institute of Technology; Cork Ireland
| | - Grainne Lennon
- Department of Biological Sciences; Cork Institute of Technology; Cork Ireland
| | - Eugene Pidgeon
- National Virus Reference Laboratory; University College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
| | - Suzie Coughlan
- National Virus Reference Laboratory; University College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
| | - William Hall
- National Virus Reference Laboratory; University College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
| | - Séamus Fanning
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety; School of Public Health; Physiotherapy and Population Science; Dublin Ireland
- School of Veterinary Medicine; University College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
- Institute for Global Food Security; Queen's University Belfast; Belfast Ireland
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12
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Review of global rotavirus strain prevalence data from six years post vaccine licensure surveillance: is there evidence of strain selection from vaccine pressure? INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 28:446-61. [PMID: 25224179 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive reviews of pre licensure rotavirus strain prevalence data indicated the global importance of six rotavirus genotypes, G1P[8], G2P[4], G3P[8], G4P[8], G9P[8] and G12P[8]. Since 2006, two vaccines, the monovalent Rotarix (RV1) and the pentavalent RotaTeq (RV5) have been available in over 100 countries worldwide. Of these, 60 countries have already introduced either RV1 or RV5 in their national immunization programs. Post licensure vaccine effectiveness is closely monitored worldwide. This review aimed at describing the global changes in rotavirus strain prevalence over time. The genotype distribution of the nearly 47,000 strains that were characterized during 2007-2012 showed similar picture to that seen in the preceding period. An intriguing finding was the transient predominance of heterotypic strains, mainly in countries using RV1. Unusual and novel antigen combinations continue to emerge, including some causing local outbreaks, even in vaccinated populations. In addition, vaccine strains have been found in both vaccinated infants and their contacts and there is evidence for genetic interaction between vaccine and wild-type strains. In conclusion, the post-vaccine introduction strain prevalence data do not show any consistent pattern indicative of selection pressure resulting from vaccine use, although the increased detection rate of heterotypic G2P[4] strains in some countries following RV1 vaccination is unusual and this issue requires further monitoring.
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Midgley S, Böttiger B, Jensen TG, Friis-Møller A, Person LK, Nielsen L, Barzinci S, Fischer TK. Human group A rotavirus infections in children in Denmark: detection of reassortant G9 strains and zoonotic P[14] strains. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 27:114-20. [PMID: 25038295 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
One of the leading causes of severe childhood gastroenteritis are group A rotaviruses, and they have been found to be associated with ∼40% of the annual gastroenteritis-associated hospitalizations in young Danish children <5years of age (Fischer et al., 2011). In this study, we investigated the diversity of rotavirus strains circulating among young children <5years of age, presenting with gastroenteritis disease either at the general practitioner or in the hospital, during the period 2009-2013. A total of 831 rotavirus positive stool samples were genotyped in the study period, and the majority of samples (74%) were from hospitalized children. G and P genotypes were successfully determined for 826 of samples, with G1P[8] being the most commonly detected genotype. Detection of G1 showed a decreasing trend over time, and an inverse trend was seen for the emerging G9P. The common human genotypes (G1/G3/G4/G9P[8] and G2P[4]) were detected in the majority of samples (n=733, 88.2%). Rare genotype combinations such as G6P[14] were detected in <1% of samples. Rare genotype strains and strains which failed to amplify in genotyping RT-PCR were subjected to genetic characterization by sequencing one or all of the following genes; VP7, VP4, VP6 and NSP4. Sequences of sufficient length and quality were available for all 4 genes for 28 strains. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that reassortant G9P[4] strains circulated with 3 different genotype combinations. As rotavirus vaccines are not widely used in Denmark or its neighboring countries, the diversity of rotavirus strains identified in this study most likely reflects naturally occurring selection pressures and viral evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Midgley
- Section for Virus Surveillance and Research, Department of Microbiological Diagnostics and Virology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - B Böttiger
- Section for Virus Surveillance and Research, Department of Microbiological Diagnostics and Virology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark; Clinical Microbiology, Laboratory Medicine Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - T G Jensen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - A Friis-Møller
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hvidovre University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - L K Person
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - L Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - S Barzinci
- Section for Virus Surveillance and Research, Department of Microbiological Diagnostics and Virology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - T K Fischer
- Section for Virus Surveillance and Research, Department of Microbiological Diagnostics and Virology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Rotavirus G12 in Spain: 2004–2006. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2014; 32:405. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2014.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Buesa J, Martínez-Costa C. Rotavirus infections, vaccines and virus variability. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2014; 32:277-9. [PMID: 24684849 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Buesa
- Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Spain; Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Spain.
| | - Cecilia Martínez-Costa
- Departamento de Pediatría, Obstetricia y Ginecología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Spain; Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Spain
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Sánchez-Fauquier A, González-Galán V, Arroyo S, Cabornero A, Ruiz-Burruecos A, Wilhelmi-De Cal I. Monitoring of children with acute gastroenteritis in Madrid, Spain, during 2010-2011: rotavirus genotype distribution after the vaccines introduction. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2013; 32:280-4. [PMID: 24139128 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2013.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES A structured surveillance study was conducted on children with diarrhea who were hospitalized in Madrid (Spain) during 2010-2011, in order to describe temporal, geographic, and age-related trends in rotavirus (RV) strains after the introduction of the RV vaccines in our country. STUDY DESIGN AND RESULTS A total of 370 children were enrolled, with RV being detected in 117 (31.6%) cases. Coinfections were detected mainly with rotavirus, astrovirus and norovirus. The most prevalent rotavirus G type was G1 (60.7%) followed by G2 (16.09%), G9 (5.9%), and G12 (5.1%). The G12 genotype appeared for the first time in 2008 in Spain, and it has increased to 5.1% of the cases in this report. Some uncommon P genotypes, such as P[14] and P[6], both with a low percentage, were found. The samples with G1 G2, G9 and G12 genotypes appeared in all ages, but were significantly higher in children under 2 years old. CONCLUSION A long-term structured surveillance is required in the Spanish post vaccine era, in order to determine the prevalence and variability of RV genotypes. This will especially be needed to distinguish between changes occurring as a result of natural fluctuation in genotype or those (changes) that could be mediated by population immunity to the vaccines. In addition, it will be necessary to study the impact of the current vaccines on the circulating rotavirus strains and on the overall reduction in the prevalence of rotavirus disease among children in Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Sánchez-Fauquier
- Viral Gastroenteritis Unit, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Sandra Arroyo
- Viral Gastroenteritis Unit, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Cabornero
- Viral Gastroenteritis Unit, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Rotavirus genotypes in children in the Basque Country (North of Spain): rapid and intense emergence of the G12[P8] genotype. Epidemiol Infect 2012; 141:868-74. [PMID: 22873952 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268812001306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Between July 2009 and June 2011, rotavirus was detected in 507 of 4597 episodes of acute gastroenteritis in children aged <3 years in Gipuzkoa (Basque Country, Spain), of which the G-type was determined in 458 (90·3%). During the annual seasonal epidemic of 2010-2011, the unusual G-type 12 was predominant, causing 65% (145/223) of cases of rotavirus gastroenteritis. All the G12 strains were clustered in lineage III and were preferentially associated with P-type 8. This epidemic was characterized by broad geographical distribution (rural and urban) and, over 7 months, affected both infants and children, the most frequently affected being children between 4 and 24 months. Of children with rotavirus G12, 16% required hospital admission, the admission rate in children aged <2 years being 20·7 cases/10 000 children. The sudden emergence and predominance of G12 rotaviruses documented in this winter outbreak suggest that they may soon become a major human rotavirus genotype.
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Matthijnssens J, Van Ranst M. Genotype constellation and evolution of group A rotaviruses infecting humans. Curr Opin Virol 2012; 2:426-33. [PMID: 22683209 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2012.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Numerous rotavirus group A (RVA) strains with distinct G-genotype and P-genotype combinations have been described infecting humans worldwide. However, the increasing amount of complete RVA genome data which have become available, suggest that only RVA strains with 2 discrete genotype constellations have been successful in sustaining infection of humans worldwide over longer periods of time. Those genotype constellations have been designated I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1 and I2-R2-C2-M2-A2-N2-T2-E2-H2 and are also known as Wa-like and DS-1-like, respectively. RVAs of other genotype constellations which were able to spread to a limited extent in the human population are AU-1-related RVA strains (I3-R3-C3-M3-A3/A12-N3-T3-E3-H3/H6) in combination with G3P[9] or G12P[9], and neonatal G10P[11] RVA strains in India (bovine×human Wa-like reassortants). On the basis of the analysis of complete genomes, it is suggested that the overall genetic diversity of epidemiologically widespread human RVA strains is more limited than generally assumed. This conclusion has consequences for how we look at host range restriction and the criteria according to which the effectiveness of RVA universal mass vaccination programs is assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle Matthijnssens
- Laboratory of Clinical & Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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The unpredictable diversity of co-circulating rotavirus types in Europe and the possible impact of universal mass vaccination programmes on rotavirus genotype incidence. Vaccine 2012; 30:4596-605. [PMID: 22579864 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.04.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the incidence of group A rotavirus (RV) types isolated from children with acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in European countries during the last 5-10 years, with the aim of establishing an overview of RV diversity before the introduction of universal mass vaccination (UMV) programmes against RV disease in most European countries. Consistent with findings from previous surveys, a high degree of diversity of co-circulating RV types exists in different locations of Europe, and over different RV seasons. Whilst RV UMV can potentially change the diversity of co-circulating genotypes, there are at present insufficient data for Europe to come to firm conclusions. Even in countries outside Europe, with several years of RV surveillance following the introduction of RV UMV (Brazil, Australia, USA), it is not clear whether changes observed in the diversity of particular RV types are due to natural fluctuations or immunological pressure exerted by RV UMVs. Consequently, it will be very difficult for European countries that have RV UMVs to conclude whether incidence changes of RV types in children with AGE are driven by immune pressures from vaccination or simply reflect natural temporal and spatial fluctuations. Whilst the monitoring of co-circulating RV strains should be continued, it should be acknowledged that the licensed monovalent and pentavalent RV vaccines are similarly effective in developed countries and that levels of RV type-specific neutralising antibodies after RV vaccination are only partially correlated with the degree of protection achieved; therefore, the significance of RV diversity for RV vaccination may be less important than is often assumed.
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Soeorg H, Tamm E, Huik K, Pauskar M, Mägi D, Pruudel K, Vainomäe L, Moosar L, Kirss K, Torm S, Närska M, Pütsepp A, Nurm H, Pruunsild K, Jänes A, Zilmer K, Lutsar I. Group A rotavirus genotypes circulating prior to implementation of a National Immunization Program in Estonia. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2012; 8:465-9. [PMID: 22370511 DOI: 10.4161/hv.19135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A rotaviruses (RVA) are a major cause of acute gastroenteritis in children ≤ 5 y worldwide which could be prevented with two recently introduced vaccines - monovalent Rotarix (live-attenuated G1P[8] strain) and pentavalent RotaTeq (human-bovine reassortant containing serotypes G1, G2, G3, G4 and P[8]). Prior to implementation of vaccines into national immunization program we aimed to describe RVA genotype distribution in hospitalized children aged < 5 y in Estonia during 2007-2008. A total of 671 children with confirmed RVA gastroenteritis from three major pediatric hospitals were prospectively enrolled. G- and P-genotypes were detected from 124 stool samples by semi-nested reverse transcription-PCR. Severity of disease was assessed using Clark scoring system. The majority of cases (65%) occurred in infants aged 7 to 24 mo and were of moderate severity (mean Clark score 12.1 (SD 3.2)). The prevailing strain was G2P[4] (34.7%), causing significantly more cases than G4P[8] (12.9%), G1P[8] or G9P[8] (both 4.0%), G3P[8] (1.6%). Yearly differences in genotype distribution occurred, as G2P[4] (52.8%) dominated in 2007, but G4P[8] (26.9%) in 2008. One third of strains remained non-typeable. The distribution of RVA genotypes in Estonia differs from that seen in other Central and Eastern European countries, although one should bear in mind the large proportion of P-untypeable strains and natural fluctuations of dominating RVA genotypes. Nevertheless, considering the high genotype-independent efficacy of the vaccines, introduction of national immunization should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiie Soeorg
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Pediatr 2012; 24:134-44. [PMID: 22245849 DOI: 10.1097/mop.0b013e328350498a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Modeling rotavirus strain dynamics in developed countries to understand the potential impact of vaccination on genotype distributions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:19353-8. [PMID: 22084114 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1110507108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how immunity shapes the dynamics of multistrain pathogens is essential in determining the selective pressures imposed by vaccines. There is currently much interest in elucidating the strain dynamics of rotavirus to determine whether vaccination may lead to the replacement of vaccine-type strains. In developed countries, G1P[8] strains constitute the majority of rotavirus infections most years, but occasionally other genotypes dominate for reasons that are not well understood. We developed a mathematical model to examine the interaction of five common rotavirus genotypes. We explored a range of estimates for the relative strength of homotypic vs. heterotypic immunity and compared model predictions against observed genotype patterns from six countries. We then incorporated vaccination in the model to examine its impact on rotavirus incidence and the distribution of strains. Our model can explain the coexistence and cyclical pattern in the distribution of genotypes observed in most developed countries. The predicted frequency of cycling depends on the relative strength of homotypic vs. heterotypic immunity. Vaccination that provides strong protection against G1 and weaker protection against other strains will likely lead to an increase in the relative prevalence of non-G1 strains, whereas a vaccine that provides equally strong immunity against all strains may promote the continued predominance of G1. Overall, however, disease incidence is expected to be substantially reduced under both scenarios and remain below prevaccination levels despite the possible emergence of new strains. Better understanding of homotypic vs. heterotypic immunity, both natural and vaccine-induced, will be critical in predicting the impact of vaccination.
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Molecular characterization of group A rotaviruses detected in children with gastroenteritis in Ireland in 2006–2009. Epidemiol Infect 2011; 140:247-59. [DOI: 10.1017/s0950268811000306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYCommunity and hospital-acquired cases of human rotavirus are responsible for millions of gastroenteritis cases in children worldwide, chiefly in developing countries, and vaccines are now available. During surveillance activity for human rotavirus infections in Ireland, between 2006 and 2009, a total of 420 rotavirus strains were collected and analysed. Upon either PCR genotyping and sequence analysis, a variety of VP7 (G1–G4 and G9) and VP4 (P[4], P[6], P[8] and P[9]) genotypes were detected. Strains G1P[8] were found to be predominant throughout the period 2006–2008, with slight fluctuations seen in the very limited samples available in 2008–2009. Upon either PCR genotyping and sequence analysis of selected strains, the G1, G3 and G9 viruses were found to contain E1 (Wa-like) NSP4 and I1 VP6 genotypes, while the analysed G2 strains possessed E2 NSP4 and I2 VP6 genotypes, a genetic make-up which is highly conserved in the major human rotavirus genogroups Wa- and Kun-like, respectively. Upon sequence analysis of the most common VP4 genotype, P[8], at least two distinct lineages were identified, both unrelated to P[8] Irish rotaviruses circulating in previous years, and more closely related to recent European humans rotaviruses. Moreover, sequence analysis of the VP7 of G1 rotaviruses revealed the onset of a G1 variant, previously unseen in the Irish population.
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Than VT, Le VP, Lim I, Kim W. Complete genomic characterization of cell culture adapted human G12P[6] rotaviruses isolated from South Korea. Virus Genes 2011; 42:317-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-011-0576-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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