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Enterococcus Virulence and Resistant Traits Associated with Its Permanence in the Hospital Environment. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11070857. [PMID: 35884110 PMCID: PMC9311936 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11070857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus are opportunistic pathogens that have been gaining importance in the clinical setting, especially in terms of hospital-acquired infections. This problem has mainly been associated with the fact that these bacteria are able to present intrinsic and extrinsic resistance to different classes of antibiotics, with a great deal of importance being attributed to vancomycin-resistant enterococci. However, other aspects, such as the expression of different virulence factors including biofilm-forming ability, and its capacity of trading genetic information, makes this bacterial genus more capable of surviving harsh environmental conditions. All these characteristics, associated with some reports of decreased susceptibility to some biocides, all described in this literary review, allow enterococci to present a longer survival ability in the hospital environment, consequently giving them more opportunities to disseminate in these settings and be responsible for difficult-to-treat infections.
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Pinto L, Torres C, Gil C, Santos HM, Capelo JL, Borges V, Gomes JP, Silva C, Vieira L, Poeta P, Igrejas G. Multiomics Substrates of Resistance to Emerging Pathogens? Transcriptome and Proteome Profile of a Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecalis Clinical Strain. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2020; 24:81-95. [PMID: 32073998 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2019.0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance and hospital acquired infections are on the rise worldwide. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci have been reported in clinical settings in recent decades. In this multiomics study, we provide comprehensive proteomic and transcriptomic analyses of a vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis clinical isolate from a patient with a urinary tract infection. The previous genotypic profile of the strain C2620 indicated the presence of antibiotic resistance genes characteristic of the vanB cluster. To further investigate the transcriptome of this pathogenic strain, we used whole genome sequencing and RNA-sequencing to detect and quantify the genes expressed. In parallel, we used two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by MALDI-TOF/MS (Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-Time-of-flight/Mass spectrometry) to identify the proteins in the proteome. We studied the membrane and cytoplasm subproteomes separately. From a total of 207 analysis spots, we identified 118 proteins. The protein list was compared to the results obtained from the full transcriptome assay. Several genes and proteins related to stress and cellular response were identified, as well as some linked to antibiotic and drug responses, which is consistent with the known state of multiresistance. Even though the correlation between transcriptome and proteome data is not yet fully understood, the use of multiomics approaches has proven to be increasingly relevant to achieve deeper insights into the survival ability of pathogenic bacteria found in health care facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Pinto
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,Veterinary Science Department, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Carmen Torres
- Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Concha Gil
- Departamento de Microbiologia II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hugo M Santos
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Science and Technology, Nova University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - José Luís Capelo
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Science and Technology, Nova University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Vítor Borges
- Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Gomes
- Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Catarina Silva
- Innovation and Technology Unit, Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luís Vieira
- Innovation and Technology Unit, Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Poeta
- Veterinary Science Department, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,LAQV-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Science and Technology, Nova University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Gilberto Igrejas
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,LAQV-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Science and Technology, Nova University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
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Silva V, Singh RK, Gomes N, Soares BG, Silva A, Falco V, Capita R, Alonso-Calleja C, Pereira JE, Amaral JS, Igrejas G, Poeta P. Comparative Insight upon Chitosan Solution and Chitosan Nanoparticles Application on the Phenolic Content, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Individual Grape Components of Sousão Variety. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9020178. [PMID: 32098120 PMCID: PMC7070837 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9020178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan, a natural polysaccharide, has been previously proposed as an elicitor in plants to prevent pathogen infections. The present study aimed to analyze the effect of chitosan solution and chitosan nanoparticles treatment applied on the grapevine variety Sousão with respect to the phenolic composition, antioxidant potential and antibacterial activity of its individual grape components. Grapevine plants of selected lines were sprayed with chitosan solution and chitosan nanoparticles, and ethanolic extracts of stems, seeds and skins were prepared from grapevines treated and not treated with chitosan. Total phenolic, anthocyanin and tannin contents were studied, and the identification of the individual phenolic compounds was performed by HPLC-DAD. The antimicrobial susceptibility method was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method against multidrug-resistant bacteria. Overall, there was small increase in the concentration of phenolic compounds, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities in grape components treated with chitosan solution. Seed extracts showed the highest antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The studied individual components obtained from chitosan-treated grapevines could represent an added value due to the increased antioxidant and antibacterial potentials. The phenolic compounds found in components may be used in food and pharmaceutical industries as natural food preservers and antibiotic adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Silva
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (V.S.); (A.S.); (J.E.P.)
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Functional Genomics and Proteomics’ Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (N.G.); (G.I.)
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Tras-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Rupesh Kumar Singh
- Centro de Química-Vila Real (CQ-VR), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (R.K.S.); (V.F.)
| | - Nelson Gomes
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Functional Genomics and Proteomics’ Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (N.G.); (G.I.)
| | - Bruno Gonçalves Soares
- CoLAB Vines&Wines—National Collaborative Laboratory for the Portuguese Wine Sector, Associação para o Desenvolvimento da Viticultura Duriense (ADVID), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Adriana Silva
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (V.S.); (A.S.); (J.E.P.)
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Functional Genomics and Proteomics’ Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (N.G.); (G.I.)
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Tras-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Virgílio Falco
- Centro de Química-Vila Real (CQ-VR), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (R.K.S.); (V.F.)
| | - Rosa Capita
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, E-24071 León, Spain; (R.C.); (C.A.-C.)
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, Av. Facultad de Vetrinaria, 25, 24004 León, Spain
| | - Carlos Alonso-Calleja
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, E-24071 León, Spain; (R.C.); (C.A.-C.)
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, Av. Facultad de Vetrinaria, 25, 24004 León, Spain
| | - José Eduardo Pereira
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (V.S.); (A.S.); (J.E.P.)
- CECAV, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Joana S. Amaral
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal;
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Gilberto Igrejas
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Functional Genomics and Proteomics’ Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (N.G.); (G.I.)
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Tras-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Poeta
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (V.S.); (A.S.); (J.E.P.)
- Laboratório Associado for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-259350466; Fax: +351-259350629
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Evaluation of the Phenolic Profile of Castanea sativa Mill. By-Products and Their Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity against Multiresistant Bacteria. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9010087. [PMID: 31968590 PMCID: PMC7022504 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9010087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The chestnut industry generates a large amount of by-products. These agro-industrial wastes have been described as potential sources of phenolic compounds with high bioactive potential. Therefore, we aimed to extract the phenolic compounds from chestnut by-products and assess their antioxidant potential and evaluate their antimicrobial activity against multidrug resistant bacteria. The individual phenolic compounds in the ethanolic extracts of chestnut shell, inner shell, bur, and leaves were characterized by HPLC-DAD/electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS. The antioxidant properties were determined by DPPH and ABTS assays. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the antimicrobial susceptibility was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method against 10 bacterial strains. The major phenolic compounds identified in the extracts were trigalloyl-HHDP-glucose, gallic acid, quercetin, and myricetin glycoside derivatives. All chestnut by-products presented promising antioxidant activity in both assays, with leaf samples the ones presenting the highest antioxidant capacity. The inner shell's extract was effective against all Gram-positive and two Gram-negative bacteria; nevertheless, all extracts showed antibacterial activity. Staphylococcus epidermidis showed susceptibility to all extracts while none of the extracts was able to suppress the growth of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enteritidis. Chestnut by-products are a source of phenolic compounds with prominent antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Nevertheless, further studies should be conducted to assess the correlation between phenolic compounds and the bioactivities obtained.
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Abstract
Enterococci are natural inhabitants of the intestinal tract in humans and many animals, including food-producing and companion animals. They can easily contaminate the food and the environment, entering the food chain. Moreover, Enterococcus is an important opportunistic pathogen, especially the species E. faecalis and E. faecium, causing a wide variety of infections. This microorganism not only contains intrinsic resistance mechanisms to several antimicrobial agents, but also has the capacity to acquire new mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance. In this review we analyze the diversity of enterococcal species and their distribution in the intestinal tract of animals. Moreover, resistance mechanisms for different classes of antimicrobials of clinical relevance are reviewed, as well as the epidemiology of multidrug-resistant enterococci of animal origin, with special attention given to beta-lactams, glycopeptides, and linezolid. The emergence of new antimicrobial resistance genes in enterococci of animal origin, such as optrA and cfr, is highlighted. The molecular epidemiology and the population structure of E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates in farm and companion animals is presented. Moreover, the types of plasmids that carry the antimicrobial resistance genes in enterococci of animal origin are reviewed.
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Ben Yahia H, Chairat S, Hamdi N, Gharsa H, Ben Sallem R, Ceballos S, Torres C, Ben Slama K. Antimicrobial resistance and genetic lineages of faecal enterococci of wild birds: Emergence of vanA and vanB2 harbouring Enterococcus faecalis. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2018; 52:936-941. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Silva V, Igrejas G, Falco V, Santos TP, Torres C, Oliveira AM, Pereira JE, Amaral JS, Poeta P. Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of phenolic compounds extracted from wine industry by-products. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Lozano C, Gonzalez-Barrio D, Camacho MC, Lima-Barbero JF, de la Puente J, Höfle U, Torres C. Characterization of fecal vancomycin-resistant enterococci with acquired and intrinsic resistance mechanisms in wild animals, Spain. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2016; 72:813-820. [PMID: 26194421 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-015-0648-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The objectives were to evaluate the presence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci with acquired (VRE-a) and intrinsic (VRE-i) resistance mechanisms in fecal samples from different wild animals, and analyze their phenotypes and genotypes of antimicrobial resistance. A total of 348 cloacal/rectal samples from red-legged partridges (127), white storks (81), red kites (59), and wild boars (81) (June 2014/February 2015) were inoculated in Slanetz-Bartley agar supplemented with vancomycin (4 μg/mL). We investigated the susceptibility to 12 antimicrobials and the presence of 19 antimicrobial resistance and five virulence genes. In addition, we performed multilocus sequence typing, detection of IS16 and studied Tn1546 structure. One VRE-a isolate was identified in one wild boar. This isolate was identified as Enterococcus faecium, harbored vanA gene included into Tn1546 (truncated with IS1542/IS1216), and belonged to the new ST993. This isolate contained the erm(A), erm(B), tet(M), dfrG, and dfrK genes. Neither element IS16 nor the studied virulence genes were detected. Ninety-six VRE-i isolates were identified (89 Enterococcus gallinarum and seven Enterococcus casseliflavus), with the following prevalence: red kites (71.2 %), white storks (46.9 %), red-legged partridges (7.9 %), and wild boars (4.9 %). Most E. gallinarum isolates showed resistance to tetracycline (66.3 %) and/or erythromycin (46.1 %). High-level resistance to aminoglycosides was present among our VRE-i isolates: kanamycin (22.9 %), streptomycin (11.5 %), and gentamicin (9.4 %). In general, VRE-i isolates of red kites showed higher rates of resistance for non-glycopeptide agents than those of other animal species. The dissemination of acquired resistance mechanisms in natural environments could have implications in the global spread of resistance with public health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Lozano
- Área Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 51, 26006, Logroño, Spain
| | - David Gonzalez-Barrio
- Grupo SaBio (Sanidad y Biotecnología) Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Maria Cruz Camacho
- Grupo SaBio (Sanidad y Biotecnología) Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Jose Francisco Lima-Barbero
- Grupo SaBio (Sanidad y Biotecnología) Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Javier de la Puente
- Grupo Ornitológico SEO-Monticola, Unidad de Zoología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ursula Höfle
- Grupo SaBio (Sanidad y Biotecnología) Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Carmen Torres
- Área Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 51, 26006, Logroño, Spain.
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Guerrero-Ramos E, Molina-González D, Blanco-Morán S, Igrejas G, Poeta P, Alonso-Calleja C, Capita R. Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Genotypic Characterization of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci in Meat Preparations. J Food Prot 2016; 79:748-56. [PMID: 27296421 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A total of 160 samples of poultry (80), pork (40), and beef (40) preparations (red sausages, white sausages, hamburgers, meatballs, nuggets, minced meat, escalope, and crepes) were tested in northwestern Spain to determine the prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE). VRE were detected in 38 (23.8%) samples (37.5% of poultry, 15.0% of pork, and 5.0% of beef samples). One strain per food sample was further characterized. Isolates were identified as Enterococcus faecium (14 strains), E. durans (10), E. hirae (7), E. gallinarum (5), and E. casseliflavus-E. flavescens (2). All strains showed resistance or intermediate susceptibility to three or more antimicrobials of clinical significance, in addition to vancomycin. High rates of resistance or intermediate susceptibility were observed for teicoplanin (81.6% of isolates), chloramphenicol (81.6%), erythromycin (100%), quinupristin-dalfopristin (89.5%), and ciprofloxacin (81.6%). A moderate rate of resistance or intermediate susceptibility emerged for ampicillin (34.2%) and tetracycline (36.8%). Genes encoding antimicrobial resistance and virulence were studied by PCR. The vanA, vanB, vanC-1, and vanC-2/3 genes were identified in 27, 1, 5, and 2 isolates, respectively. Other resistance genes or transposon sequences found were tet(L), tet(M), Tn5397 (tetracycline), erm(A), erm(B) (erythromycin), vat(D), and vat(E) (quinupristin-dalfopristin). Most isolates were free of virulence determinants (agg, hyl, and efaAfm genes were detected in one, one, and five strains, respectively). Strains were classified as not biofilm producers (crystal violet assay; 4 isolates) or weak biofilm producers (34 isolates). Cluster analysis (EcoRI ribotyping) suggested a strong genetic relationship among isolates from different types of meat preparations, animal species, and retail outlets. Meat preparations might play a role in the spread through the food chain of VRE with several resistance and virulence genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Guerrero-Ramos
- Department of Food Hygiene and Food Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Léon, E-24071 Léon, Spain; Ministry of Health, Regional Government of Castilla y Léon, E-47071 Valladolid, Spain
| | | | - Sonia Blanco-Morán
- Department of Food Hygiene and Food Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Léon, E-24071 Léon, Spain
| | - Gilberto Igrejas
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal; BIOSCOPE Group, REQUIMTE-CQFB Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, University NOVA of Lisbon, 2829-516, Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Poeta
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-911 Vila Real, Portugal; Centre for Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-911 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Carlos Alonso-Calleja
- Department of Food Hygiene and Food Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Léon, E-24071 Léon, Spain; Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Léon, E-24007 Léon, Spain
| | - Rosa Capita
- Department of Food Hygiene and Food Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Léon, E-24071 Léon, Spain; Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Léon, E-24007 Léon, Spain.
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Persistence of a ST6 clone of Enterococcus faecalis genotype vanB2 in two Hospitals in Aragon (Spain). Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2016; 35:578-581. [PMID: 27059750 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2016.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In order to study the evolution of the outbreak that occurred between 2009 and 2010 in 3 hospitals in Zaragoza, all vancomycin-resistant clinical Enterococcus faecalis isolates identified between 2011 and 2013 at these hospitals were characterised. METHODS Molecular characterisation of the isolates and analysis of their clonal relationships was performed using pulsed field electrophoresis, along with a retrospective review of the patient records. RESULTS A total of 79 vancomycin-resistant E.faecalis isolates with genotype vanB2 of 73 patients were recovered in 2 of the 3 hospitals, most of them from urine specimens. About 46% of the cases were nosocomial. Distribution of the isolates among hospital services demonstrated high variability, making it difficult to predict a common source of infection. All the strains were multiresistant (vancomycin, erythromycin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, gentamicin, kanamycin) and belonged to lineage ST6. Seventy-four isolates (93.7%) were identical or closely related to the dominant one in the origin of the outbreak. CONCLUSION The outbreak remains constant over three years after being initially described, indicating the need to implement an active control in order to limit the emergence and spread of vancomycin-resistant clones.
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Lozano C, González-Barrio D, García JT, Ceballos S, Olea PP, Ruiz-Fons F, Torres C. Detection of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis ST6-vanB2 and E. faecium ST915-vanA in faecal samples of wild Rattus rattus in Spain. Vet Microbiol 2015; 177:168-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Muruzábal-Lecumberri I, Girbau C, Canut A, Alonso R, Fernández-Astorga A. Spread of an Enterococcus faecalis sequence type 6 (CC2) clone in patients undergoing selective decontamination of the digestive tract. APMIS 2015; 123:245-51. [PMID: 25712203 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) is a common cause of nosocomial infection in immunocompromised patients. The presence and dissemination of high-risk clonal complexes, such as CC2, is an ongoing problem in hospitals. The aim of this work was to characterize 24 E. faecalis isolates from ICU patients undergoing selective decontamination of the digestive tract (SDD) by phenotypical (antimicrobial susceptibility) and genotypical (presence of virulence genes, RAPD-PCR and MLST) methods. Our results showed high prevalence of the ST6 E. faecalis clone (91.6%), especially adapted to the hospital environment, with a multidrug resistance pattern and a multitude of putative virulence genes. In addition, ST179 (4.2%) and ST191 (4.2%) were detected. By RAPD-PCR analysis, the 22 isolates identified as ST6 showed six different DNA patterns, while the two remaining isolates, ST179 and ST191, showed two additional profiles. CC2 is a known clonal complex with high adaptability to hospital environment and worldwide distribution. The high prevalence of the ST6 clone in the studied population could be related to the presence of gentamicin in the SDD mixture since most strains were gentamicin resistant. Consequently, strict surveillance should be applied for rapid detection and control of this clone to prevent future spread outside the ICU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izaskun Muruzábal-Lecumberri
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria, Spain
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Heras J, Domínguez C, Mata E, Pascual V, Lozano C, Torres C, Zarazaga M. A survey of tools for analysing DNA fingerprints. Brief Bioinform 2015; 17:903-911. [PMID: 25825453 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbv016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA fingerprinting is a genetic typing technique that allows the analysis of the genomic relatedness between samples, and the comparison of DNA patterns. This technique has multiple applications in different fields (medical diagnosis, forensic science, parentage testing, food industry, agriculture and many others). An important task in molecular epidemiology of infectious diseases is the analysis and comparison of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns. This is applied to determine the clonal diversity of bacteria in the follow-up of outbreaks or for tracking specific clones of special relevance. The resulting images produced by DNA fingerprinting are sometimes difficult to interpret, and multiple tools have been developed to simplify this task. In this article, we present a survey of tools for analysing DNA fingerprints. In particular, we compare 33 tools using a set of predefined criteria. The comparison was carried out by hands-on experiences-whenever possible-and inspecting the documentation of the tools. As no system is preferred in all the possible scenarios, we have created a spreadsheet that can be customized by researchers to determine the best system for their needs.
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Oravcova V, Zurek L, Townsend A, Clark AB, Ellis JC, Cizek A, Literak I. American crows as carriers of vancomycin-resistant enterococci with vanA gene. Environ Microbiol 2013; 16:939-49. [PMID: 23919480 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 07/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We studied the vanA-carrying vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) isolated from American crows in the United States during the winter 2011/2012. Faecal samples from crows were cultured selectively for VRE and characterized. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) were used to examine epidemiological relationships of vanA-containing VRE. Isolates were tested in vitro for their ability to horizontally transfer the vancomycin resistance trait. VRE with the vanA gene were found in 15 (2.5%) of 590 crows samples, from which we obtained 22 different isolates. Enterococcal species were Enterococcus faecium (14) and E. faecalis (8). One, two and 19 isolates originated from Kansas, New York State and Massachusetts, respectively. Based on MLST analysis, E. faecium isolates were grouped as ST18 (6 isolates), ST555 (2), and novel types ST749 (1), ST750 (3), ST751 (1), ST752 (1). Enterococcus faecalis isolates belonged to ST6 (1), ST16 (3) and ST179 (4). All isolates were able to transfer the vancomycin resistance trait via filter mating with very high transfer range. Clinically important enterococci with the vanA gene occur in faeces of wild American crows throughout the United States. These migrating birds may contribute to the dissemination of VRE in environment over large distances. [Correction added after first online publication on 06 August 2013: The number of E. faecium ST752 isolate is now amended to '1', consistent with that shown in the 'Results' section and Figure 2.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Oravcova
- Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho 1-3, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic; CEITEC VFU, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
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López M, Álvarez-Martínez MJ, Marco F, Torres C. Enterococcus faecium resistente a glucopéptidos. Análisis del genotipo de resistencia, virulencia y líneas genéticas. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2013; 31:10-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2012.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2012] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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López M, Cercenado E, Tenorio C, Ruiz-Larrea F, Torres C. Diversity of clones and genotypes among vancomycin-resistant clinical Enterococcus isolates recovered in a Spanish hospital. Microb Drug Resist 2012; 18:484-91. [PMID: 22694211 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2011.0203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Forty-three vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) from different patients were recovered in a Spanish Hospital (2003-2010), representing 0.4% of the total of enterococci recovered. Mechanisms detected were vanA (five Enterococcus faecium, two E. faecalis), vanB2 (seven E. faecium, five E. faecalis), vanB1 (one E. faecalis), and vanC1/2 (22 E. gallinarum, 1 E. casseliflavus). Four different Tn1546 structures were found among the seven vanA strains, three of them with insertions (ISEf1 or IS1542) or deletions. Most of the VRE presented a multiresistance phenotype and harbored different resistance genes [erm(B), tet(M), tet(L), ant(6)-Ia, aac(6')-aph(2''), aph(3')-IIIa, and catA]. Sixteen unrelated pulsotypes were detected among the 20 vanA/vanB E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates by pulsed-field-gel-electrophoresis and 11 unrelated pulsotypes among the 22 E. gallinarum isolates. Six different sequence types (ST) were demonstrated among the 12 vancomycin-resistant E. faecium strains (one of them new), and 5 were included into the clonal-complex (CC) CC17. Five different ST were detected among the eight E. faecalis strains. The esp gene was detected in 58% and 25% of E. faecium and E. faecalis strains, respectively, and the hyl gene in 78% and 89%, respectively. A high diversity of clones and genotypes of VRE were detected in this hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- María López
- Area de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
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Barros J, Andrade M, Radhouani H, López M, Igrejas G, Poeta P, Torres C. Detection of vanA-containing Enterococcus species in faecal microbiota of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). Microbes Environ 2012; 27:509-11. [PMID: 22641152 PMCID: PMC4103562 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me11346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis, E. faecium and E. durans isolates with the genotype vanA were detected in 7 of 118 faecal samples (5.9%) of natural gilthead seabream recovered off the coast of Portugal, and one vancomycin-resistant isolate/sample was further characterized. The genes erm(B), tet(L), tet(M), aac(6′)-aph(2″), aph(3′)-IIIa and/or ant(6)-Ia were identified in most of the 7 vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Sequence types ST273, ST313 and ST76 were detected in three E. faecium isolates and ST6 in two E. faecalis isolates. VanA-containing enterococci are suggested to be disseminated in fish in marine ecosystems close to areas of human activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Barros
- Center of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Tras-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
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