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He K, Zhou X, Zheng F, Ju X, Fu SN, Wong AYL. Histological, Physiological and Biomechanical Effects of Low-Level Laser Therapy on Tendon Healing in Animals and Humans: A Systematic Review. Ann Biomed Eng 2023; 51:2659-2707. [PMID: 37899380 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-023-03364-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Low-level Laser Therapy (LLLT) was widely used in clinical practice for tendon disorders. However, the underlying mechanisms and effectiveness of LLLT in treating tendon injury remain unclear. Therefore, the present study was conducted aiming to summarize the evidence regarding the histological, physiological, and biomechanical effects of LLLT on tendon healing in animal and human models. Four databases were searched for relevant literature. Four independent reviewers screened abstracts and full-text articles, extracted relevant data, evaluated the risk of bias, and quantified the quality of evidence. Database searches yielded 1400 non-duplicated citations. Fifty-five studies were included (50 animal and five human studies). Animal studies revealed that LT had stimulating effects on collagen organization, collagen I and collagen II formation, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8, transforming growth factor β1, vascular endothelial growth factor, hydroxyproline, maximum load, maximum elongation before breaking, and tendon stiffness. However, LLLT had inhibitory effects on the number of inflammatory cells, histological scores, relative amount of collagen III, cyclooxygenase-2, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, MMP-1, and MMP-3. Although one human study found that LLLT reduced the concentration of PGE2 in peritendinous tissue of the Achilles tendon, other human studies revealed that the effects of LLLT on the physiology and biomechanics of human tendons remained uncertain. LLLT facilitates tendon healing through various histological, physiological, and biomechanical effects in animal models. Only post-LLLT anti-inflammatory effects were found in human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexu He
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuelian Zhou
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Feisheng Zheng
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiaojie Ju
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Siu-Ngor Fu
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Arnold Y L Wong
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Carvalho ÉS, Oliveira I, Nascimento TP, da Silva Neto AV, Leal BAS, Araújo FQ, Julião BFV, Souza ARN, Abrahim AW, Macedo BBO, de Oliveira JTS, Wen FH, Pucca MB, Monteiro WM, Sachett JAG. Prospecting Local Treatments Used in Conjunction with Antivenom Administration Following Envenomation Caused by Animals: A Systematic Review. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15050313. [PMID: 37235348 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15050313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Envenomation caused by venomous animals may trigger significant local complications such as pain, edema, localized hemorrhage, and tissue necrosis, in addition to complications such as dermonecrosis, myonecrosis, and even amputations. This systematic review aims to evaluate scientific evidence on therapies used to target local effects caused by envenomation. The PubMed, MEDLINE, and LILACS databases were used to perform a literature search on the topic. The review was based on studies that cited procedures performed on local injuries following envenomation with the aim of being an adjuvant therapeutic strategy. The literature regarding local treatments used following envenomation reports the use of several alternative methods and/or therapies. The venomous animals found in the search were snakes (82.05%), insects (2.56%), spiders (2.56%), scorpions (2.56%), and others (jellyfish, centipede, sea urchin-10.26%). In regard to the treatments, the use of tourniquets, corticosteroids, antihistamines, and cryotherapy is questionable, as well as the use of plants and oils. Low-intensity lasers stand out as a possible therapeutic tool for these injuries. Local complications can progress to serious conditions and may result in physical disabilities and sequelae. This study compiled information on adjuvant therapeutic measures and underscores the importance of more robust scientific evidence for recommendations that act on local effects together with the antivenom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Érica S Carvalho
- School of Health Sciences, Amazonas State University, Manaus 69050030, Amazonas, Brazil
- Department of Teaching and Research, Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado Tropical Medicine Foundation, Manaus 69040000, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Isadora Oliveira
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040903, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thaís P Nascimento
- School of Health Sciences, Amazonas State University, Manaus 69050030, Amazonas, Brazil
- Department of Teaching and Research, Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado Tropical Medicine Foundation, Manaus 69040000, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Vilhena da Silva Neto
- School of Health Sciences, Amazonas State University, Manaus 69050030, Amazonas, Brazil
- Department of Teaching and Research, Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado Tropical Medicine Foundation, Manaus 69040000, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Brenda A S Leal
- School of Health Sciences, Amazonas State University, Manaus 69050030, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Felipe Q Araújo
- School of Health Sciences, Amazonas State University, Manaus 69050030, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Bruno F V Julião
- School of Health Sciences, Amazonas State University, Manaus 69050030, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Andrea R N Souza
- School of Health Sciences, Amazonas State University, Manaus 69050030, Amazonas, Brazil
- Department of Teaching and Research, Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado Tropical Medicine Foundation, Manaus 69040000, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Andreza W Abrahim
- School of Health Sciences, Amazonas State University, Manaus 69050030, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Bruna B O Macedo
- Department of Teaching and Research, Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado Tropical Medicine Foundation, Manaus 69040000, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Jéssica T S de Oliveira
- Department of Teaching and Research, Alfredo da Matta Foundation, Manaus 69065130, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Fan Hui Wen
- Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05501000, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Manuela B Pucca
- Medical School, Federal University of Roraima, Boa Vista 69310000, Roraima, Brazil
- Health Sciences Postgraduate Program, Federal University of Roraima, Boa Vista 69310000, Roraima, Brazil
| | - Wuelton M Monteiro
- School of Health Sciences, Amazonas State University, Manaus 69050030, Amazonas, Brazil
- Department of Teaching and Research, Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado Tropical Medicine Foundation, Manaus 69040000, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline A G Sachett
- School of Health Sciences, Amazonas State University, Manaus 69050030, Amazonas, Brazil
- Department of Teaching and Research, Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado Tropical Medicine Foundation, Manaus 69040000, Amazonas, Brazil
- Department of Teaching and Research, Alfredo da Matta Foundation, Manaus 69065130, Amazonas, Brazil
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3
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Pluim M, Heier A, Plomp S, Boshuizen B, Gröne A, van Weeren PR, Vanderperren K, Martens A, Dewulf J, Chantziaras I, Koene M, Luciani A, Oosterlinck M, Van Brantegem L, Delesalle C. Histological tissue healing following high-power laser treatment in a model of suspensory ligament branch injury. Equine Vet J 2022; 54:1114-1122. [PMID: 35008124 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-power laser therapy gained popularity recently as a regenerative treatment for tendinitis and desmitis in the horse. However, studies evaluating effects of laser therapy on tissue repair at histological level in large mammals are lacking. OBJECTIVES To evaluate effects of high-power laser therapy on suspensory desmitis healing, using a model of suspensory ligament branch injury. STUDY DESIGN In vivo experiments. METHODS Standardised lesions were surgically induced in all 4 lateral suspensory branches of twelve healthy Warmblood horses. Laser therapy (class 4, 15W) was applied daily on 2 of 4 induced lesions for 4 consecutive weeks. Horses were randomly assigned to either short-term study (horses were sacrificed after 4 weeks) or long-term study (6 months). Suspensory ligament samples were scored after staining with haematoxylin-eosin and immunostaining for collagen 1- collagen 3- and factor VIII. RESULTS In the short-term study, significantly better (lower) scores for variation in density (17% above cut-off score in treated lesions vs. 31% above cut-off score in controls, p=0.03), shape of nuclei (54% vs. 92%, p=0.02), fibre alignment (32% vs. 75%, p=0.003) and fibre structure (38% vs. 71%, p=0.02) were found in laser treated lesions when compared to controls. Collagen 3 expression was significantly higher (32% vs. 19%, p=0.006) in control lesions. In both short- and long-term studies combined, parameters lesion size (44% vs. 56%, p=0.02) and shape of nuclei (53% vs. 84%, p=0.05) scored significantly better in treated lesions. Long-term, significantly better (lower) scores were found in the laser-treated group for lesion size (15% vs. 45%, p=0.008) and a higher percentage above cut-off score for density of the nuclei (27% vs. 9%, p=0.02), compared to controls. MAIN LIMITATIONS The model of suspensory branch injury is not an exact representation of clinical overstrain lesions. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that high-power laser therapy enables better lesion healing than conservative treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Pluim
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Research group of Comparative Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Tierklinik Lüsche GmbH, Bakum, Germany
| | - Annabelle Heier
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Saskia Plomp
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Berit Boshuizen
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Research group of Comparative Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andrea Gröne
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - P René van Weeren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Katrien Vanderperren
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ann Martens
- Department of Surgery and Anesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Dewulf
- Unit of Veterinary Epidemiology, Department of Obstetrics, Reproduction and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ilias Chantziaras
- Unit of Veterinary Epidemiology, Department of Obstetrics, Reproduction and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | - Maarten Oosterlinck
- Department of Surgery and Anesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Leen Van Brantegem
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Cathérine Delesalle
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Research group of Comparative Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Quiney L, Murray R, Dyson S. Management of Primary Injuries of the Medial Collateral Ligament of the Carpus in Two Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 86:102878. [PMID: 32067669 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.102878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This case report describes the successful management of two horses with medial carpal collateral ligament injury. This is a rare cause of forelimb lameness and existing reports indicate a poor prognosis for return to athletic function with conservative management. Both horses were treated with a combination of box rest with controlled exercise and high-intensity laser therapy (HILT). Both horses returned to previous athletic function, one at Grand Prix level dressage and one at Novice level eventing. With appropriate management, the prognosis for carpal collateral ligament injury may be good. From this report, it is unclear whether a rehabilitation program including HILT offers improved prognosis compared with a rehabilitation program alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Quiney
- Centre for Equine Studies, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, UK.
| | - Rachel Murray
- Centre for Equine Studies, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, UK
| | - Sue Dyson
- Centre for Equine Studies, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, UK
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de Oliveira AR, da Silva FS, Bortolin RH, Marques DEDS, Ramos GV, Marqueti RC, da Silva NB, Medeiros KCDP, Corrêa MA, Lima JPMS, de Rezende AA, Ackermann PW, Abreu BJ, de Brito Vieira WH. Effect of photobiomodulation and exercise on early remodeling of the Achilles tendon in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211643. [PMID: 30716140 PMCID: PMC6361457 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the treatment effects of laser photobiomodulation (LPBM) therapy and aerobic exercise on the biomechanical properties, tissue morphology and the expression of tendon matrix molecules during early remodeling of Achilles tendon (AT) injury in diabetic rats. Animals were randomly assigned to five groups: injured non diabetic (I, n = 15), injured diabetic (ID, n = 15), injured diabetic plus LPBM (IDL, n = 16), injured diabetic plus aerobic exercise (IDE, n = 16) and injured diabetic plus aerobic exercise and LPBM (IDEAL, n = 17). Type 1 diabetes was induced via a single intravenous injection of Streptozotocin at a dose of 40 mg/kg. A partial tenotomy was performed in the right AT. LPBM was performed with an indium-gallium-aluminum-phosphide 660 nm 10 mW laser device (spot size 0.04 cm2, power density 250 mW/cm2, irradiation duration 16 s, energy 0.16 J, energy density 4 J/cm2) on alternate days for a total of 9 sessions over 3 weeks (total energy 1.44 J), using a stationary contact technique to a single point over the dorsal aspect of the AT. Moderate aerobic exercise was performed on a motorized treadmill (velocity 9 m/min for 60 minutes). At 3 weeks post-injury, biomechanical analyzes as well as assessment of fibroblast number and orientation were performed. Collagen 1 (Col1) and 3 (Col3) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) -3 and 13 protein distributions were studied by immunohistochemistry; while Col1 and Col3 and MMP-2 and 9 gene expression were assessed by quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). IDEAL exhibited significant increases in several biomechanical parameters in comparison to the other groups. Moreover, IDEAL presented stronger Col1 immunoreactivity when compared to ID, and weaker Col3 immunoreactivity than IDE. Both IDL and IDEAL demonstrated weaker expression of MMP-3 in comparison to I, while IDL presented no expression of MMP-13 when compared to ID. ID, IDL and IDE showed an increased number of fibroblasts in comparison to I, while IDEAL decreased the number of these cells in comparison to ID and IDE. IDL and IDEAL groups exhibited decreased angular dispersion among the fibroblasts when compared to I. The gene expression results showed that IDE demonstrated a downregulation in Col1 mRNA expression in comparison to I and ID. IDEAL demonstrated upregulation of Col1 mRNA expression when compared to IDL or IDE alone and increased MMP-2 expression when compared to IDL and IDE. MMP-9 expression was upregulated in IDEAL when compared to I, IDL and IDE. Our results suggest a beneficial interaction of combining both treatment strategies i.e., aerobic exercise and LPBM, on the biomechanical properties, tissue morphology and the expression of matrix molecules in diabetic tendons.
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MESH Headings
- Achilles Tendon/metabolism
- Achilles Tendon/physiopathology
- Animals
- Collagen Type I/metabolism
- Collagen Type III/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/chemically induced
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/etiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/physiopathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/chemically induced
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/physiopathology
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Low-Level Light Therapy/methods
- Male
- Metalloendopeptidases/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Streptozocin/pharmacology
- Tendon Injuries/etiology
- Tendon Injuries/metabolism
- Tendon Injuries/physiopathology
- Tendon Injuries/therapy
- Up-Regulation/physiology
- Wound Healing/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Flávio Santos da Silva
- Department of Health Sciences, Federal University of the Semiarid Region, Mossoró, Brazil
| | - Raul Hernandes Bortolin
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Adriana Augusto de Rezende
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Paul W. Ackermann
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bento J. Abreu
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
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Poorpezeshk N, Ghoreishi SK, Bayat M, Pouriran R, Yavari M. Early Low-Level Laser Therapy Improves the Passive Range of Motion and Decreases Pain in Patients with Flexor Tendon Injury. Photomed Laser Surg 2018; 36:530-535. [DOI: 10.1089/pho.2018.4458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Naghmeh Poorpezeshk
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Research, and Developmental Center, 15 Khordad Educational Hospital, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Surgery, Naft Central Hospital, Petroleum Industry Health Organization, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Bayat
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Price Institute of Surgical Research, University of Louisville, and Noveratech LLC of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Ramin Pouriran
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Yavari
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Research, and Developmental Center, 15 Khordad Educational Hospital, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Pluim M, Martens A, Vanderperren K, Sarrazin S, Koene M, Luciani A, van Weeren PR, Delesalle C. Short- and long term follow-up of 150 sports horses diagnosed with tendinopathy or desmopathy by ultrasonographic examination and treated with high-power laser therapy. Res Vet Sci 2018; 119:232-238. [PMID: 30005398 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Pluim
- Department of Virology, Parasitology & Immunology, Research Group Comparative Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Tierklinik Luesche, Essernerstrase 39a, 49456 Bakum, Germany.
| | - A Martens
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of domestic animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - K Vanderperren
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S Sarrazin
- Department of obstetrics, Reproduction and herd health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - M Koene
- Tierklinik Luesche, Essernerstrase 39a, 49456 Bakum, Germany
| | - A Luciani
- Tierklinik Luesche, Essernerstrase 39a, 49456 Bakum, Germany
| | - P R van Weeren
- Department of Equine Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584, CL, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - C Delesalle
- Department of Virology, Parasitology & Immunology, Research Group Comparative Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Naterstad IF, Rossi RP, Marcos RL, Parizzoto NA, Frigo L, Joensen J, Lopes Martins PSL, Bjordal JM, Lopes-Martins RAB. Comparison of Photobiomodulation and Anti-Inflammatory Drugs on Tissue Repair on Collagenase-Induced Achilles Tendon Inflammation in Rats. Photomed Laser Surg 2017; 36:137-145. [PMID: 29265910 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2017.4364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tendinopathy is characterized by pain, edema, and structural changes in tendon tissue. OBJECTIVE In this animal study we decided to compare the short- and medium-term effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT), dexamethasone, and diclofenac on inflammation and tendon tissue repair in collagenase-induced tendinitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two hundred five female Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups. Animals in the control group were given a saline injection and the experimental groups received a collagenase injection (100 μg/tendon) in the peritendinous Achilles and received no treatment, LLLT (3 J, 810 nm, 100 mW), diclofenac (1.1 mg/kg), or dexamethasone (0.02 mg/kg). Histological analyses were performed at 10 time points up to 60 days (n = 5/group each time point), and included an assessment of the severity of inflammation, collagen fiber content, and organization. RESULTS Collagenase injection induced a severe inflammatory reaction with significant reduction in collagen content for 48 h, and disorientation of collagen fibers lasting between 14 and 21 days. Diclofenac and dexamethasone reduced inflammatory signs during the first 2 days, although there was prolongation of the inflammatory phase and slower normalization of tendon quality, particularly in the dexamethasone group. LLLT prevented hemorrhage, reduced inflammation severity, and preserved tendon morphology compared with the other groups. CONCLUSIONS LLLT showed a significant superiority over commonly used anti-inflammatory pharmaceutical agents in acute collagenase-induced tendinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingvill Fjell Naterstad
- 1 Physiotherapy Research Group, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen , Bergen, Norway
| | - Rafael Paolo Rossi
- 2 Post-Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Labat Marcos
- 3 Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho , São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Lucio Frigo
- 5 Department of Health Sciences, University of Cruzeiro do Sul , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jón Joensen
- 1 Physiotherapy Research Group, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen , Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Jan Magnus Bjordal
- 1 Physiotherapy Research Group, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen , Bergen, Norway
| | - Rodrigo Alvaro Brandão Lopes-Martins
- 6 Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, Technological Research Center , Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes, São Paulo, Brazil .,7 Department of Bioengineering, Universidade Brasil , São Paulo, Brazil
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Ferreira R, Silva R, Folha RAC, Polacow MLO, Teodori RM, Pinfildi CE. Achilles Tendon Vascularization of Proximal, Medial, and Distal Portion Before and After Partial Lesion in Rats Treated with Phototherapy. Photomed Laser Surg 2017; 33:579-84. [PMID: 26666977 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2015.3974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Achilles tendon is one of the tendons most commonly injured by microtraumas and overuse during sports practice. This tendon is especially fragile because of the low blood supply in its central part. Nevertheless, the literature does not offer enough scientific support to explain the composition and vascular dynamic of animal tendons, despite the relevance of being able to observe if the animal tendon undergoes the same processes of vascularization in different regions, as occurs in humans. METHODS We used 28 rats weighing 280 ± 20 g, which were divided into four groups with seven animals each (control, sham, 830 nm, 660 nm). The laser parameters were: power output 60 mW for both lasers, 40 J/cm(2) of energy density, total energy 1.1 J, power density 2.14 W/cm(2), and application time 18.6 sec. This study evaluated the vascular constitution of healthy and injured calcaneous tendons. The tendons of each animal were processed to be embedded in Paraplast and, after that, they were divided into three parts: proximal, medial, and distal. Afterwards, they were cut in slices of 6 μm were made, then they were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Using an ocular lens reticulated with magnification × 400, we analyzed the number and the area density of the blood vessels using morphometric methods. Data were analyzed with the Shapiro-Wilk test, followed by Tukey, considering p as <0.05. RESULTS The area density and the number of blood vessels in the proximal part were 36% and 42%, respectively, of the values found in the medial part. The distal part had 64% more vessels and 52.8% more area density (p < 0.05) than the medial part. CONCLUSIONS Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) had no effect on the studied parameters. The vascularization of rat tendon is similar to that of humans, which contributes to the studies of therapies that have been applied in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Ferreira
- 1 Department of Physiotherapy, University Metodista of Piracicaba-Piracicaba , SP, Brazil
| | - Rosangela Silva
- 1 Department of Physiotherapy, University Metodista of Piracicaba-Piracicaba , SP, Brazil
| | - Roberta A C Folha
- 2 Department of Human Movement Science (DHMS)-University Federal of São Paulo-Campus Baixada Santista-Santos, SP, Brazil. Post-Graduation Interdisciplinary Health Science-Unifesp-Baixada Santista, Santos SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza O Polacow
- 1 Department of Physiotherapy, University Metodista of Piracicaba-Piracicaba , SP, Brazil
| | - Rosana Macher Teodori
- 1 Department of Physiotherapy, University Metodista of Piracicaba-Piracicaba , SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Pinfildi
- 2 Department of Human Movement Science (DHMS)-University Federal of São Paulo-Campus Baixada Santista-Santos, SP, Brazil. Post-Graduation Interdisciplinary Health Science-Unifesp-Baixada Santista, Santos SP, Brazil
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10
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Iacopetti I, Perazzi A, Maniero V, Martinello T, Patruno M, Glazar M, Busetto R. Effect of MLS(®) laser therapy with different dose regimes for the treatment of experimentally induced tendinopathy in sheep: pilot study. Photomed Laser Surg 2017; 33:154-63. [PMID: 25751667 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2014.3775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this preliminary study was to investigate the effect of Multiwave Locked System (MLS(®)), a particular model of low-level laser, in the acute phase of collagenase-induced tendon lesions in six adult sheep randomly assigned to two groups. BACKGROUND DATA Tendon injuries are common among human athletes and in sport horses, require a long recovery time, and have a high risk of relapse. Many traditional treatments are not able to repair the injured tendon tissue correctly. In recent years, the use of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) produced interesting results in inflammatory modulation in different musculoskeletal disorders. METHODS Group 1 received 10 treatments of MLS laser therapy at a fluence of 5 J/cm(2) on the left hindlimb. Group 2 received 10 treatments of MLS laser therapy at a fluence of 2.5 J/cm(2) on the left hindlimb. In every subject in both groups, the right hindlimb was considered as the control leg. RESULTS Clinical follow-up and ultrasonography examinations were performed during the postoperative period, and histological examinations were performed at day 30 after the first application of laser therapy. In particular, results from histological examinations indicate that both treatments induced a statistically significant cell number decrease, although only in the second group did the values return to normal. Moreover, the MLS laser therapy dose of 2.5 J/cm(2) (group 2) caused a significant decrease of vessel area. CONCLUSIONS In this study, clinical and histological evaluation demonstrated that a therapeutic dose <5 J/cm(2) furnished an anti-inflammatory effect, and induced a decrease of fibroblasts and vessel area. Overall, our results suggest that MLS laser therapy was effective in improving collagen fiber organization in the deep digital flexor tendon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Iacopetti
- 1 Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua , Padua, Italy
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Evaluating the effect of low-level laser therapy on healing of tentomized Achilles tendon in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats by light microscopical and gene expression examinations. Lasers Med Sci 2014; 29:1495-503. [PMID: 24622817 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-014-1561-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Tendon healing is impaired in individuals diagnosed with diabetes mellitus (DM). According to research, there is considerable improvement in the healing of surgically tenotomized Achilles tendons following low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in non-diabetic, healthy animals. This study uses light microscopic (LM) and semi-quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) analyses to evaluate the ability of LLLT in healing Achilles tendons from streptozotocin-induced diabetic (STZ-D) rats. A total of 88 rats were randomly divided into two groups, non-diabetic and diabetic. DM was induced in the rats by injections of STZ. The right Achilles tendons of all rats were tenotomized 1 month after administration of STZ. Laser-treated rats were treated with a helium-neon (He-Ne) laser that had a 632.8-nm wavelength and 7.2-mW average power. Experimental group rats received a daily dose of 0.014 J (energy density, 2.9 J/cm(2)). Control rats did not receive LLLT. Animals were sacrificed on days 5, 10, and 15 post-operatively for semi-quantitative LM and semi-quantitative RT-PCR examinations of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1) gene expression. The chi-square test showed that LLLT significantly reduced inflammation in non-diabetic rats compared with their non-diabetic controls (p = 0.02). LLLT significantly decreased inflammation in diabetic rats on days 5 (p = 0.03) and 10 (p = 0.02) compared to the corresponding control diabetic rats. According to the student's t test, LLLT significantly increased TGF-β1 gene expression in healthy (p = 0.000) and diabetic (p = 0.000) rats compared to their relevant controls. The He-Ne laser was effective in altering the inflammatory reaction and increasing TGF-β1 gene production.
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Shu B, Ni GX, Zhang LY, Li XP, Jiang WL, Zhang LQ. High-power helium-neon laser irradiation inhibits the growth of traumatic scars in vitro and in vivo. Lasers Med Sci 2013; 28:693-700. [PMID: 22678421 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-012-1127-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the inhibitory effect of the high-power helium-neon (He-Ne) laser on the growth of scars post trauma. For the in vitro study, human wound fibroblasts were exposed to the high-power He-Ne laser for 30 min, once per day with different power densities (10, 50, 100, and 150 mW/cm(2)). After 3 days of repeated irradiation with the He-Ne laser, fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis were evaluated. For in vivo evaluation, a wounded animal model of hypertrophic scar formation was established. At postoperative day 21, the high-power He-Ne laser irradiation (output power 120 mW, 6 mm in diameter, 30 min each session, every other day) was performed on 20 scars. At postoperative day 35, the hydroxyproline content, apoptosis rate, PCNA protein expression and FADD mRNA level were assessed. The in vitro study showed that the irradiation group that received the power densities of 100 and 150 mW/cm(2) showed decreases in the cell proliferation index, increases in the percentage of cells in the G0/G1 phase, and decreases in collagen synthesis and type I procollagen gene expression. In the in vivo animal studies, regions exposed to He-Ne irradiation showed a significant decrease in scar thickness as well as decreases in hydroxyproline levels and PCNA protein expression. Results from the in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that repeated irradiation with a He-Ne laser at certain power densities inhibits fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis, thereby inhibits the growth of hypertrophic scars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Shu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Institute of Field Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, No.10, Changjiangzhilu, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400042, China.
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Low-level laser therapy combined with platelet-rich plasma on the healing calcaneal tendon: a histological study in a rat model. Lasers Med Sci 2013; 28:1489-94. [PMID: 23307438 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-012-1241-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) treatment alone (λ = 660 nm and λ = 830 nm) or associated with platelet-rich plasma (PRP). We used 54 male rats divided into six groups, with nine animals each: group 1, partial tenotomy; group 2 (GII), PRP; group 3 (GIII): λ660 nm; group 4 (GIV), λ830 nm; group 5 (GV), PRP + λ660 nm; and group 6 (GVI), PRP + λ830 nm. The protocol used was power density 0.35 W/cm(2), energy 0.2 J, energy density 7.0 J/cm(2), time 20 s per irradiated point, and number of points 3. Animals in groups GII, GV, and GVI received treatment with PRP, consisting of a single dose of 0.2 mL directly into the surgical site, on top of the tenotomy. Animals were killed on the 13th day post-tenotomy and their tendons were surgically removed for a quantitative analysis using polarization microscopy. The percentages of collagen fibers of types I and III were expressed as mean ± SD. Higher values of collagen fibers type I were obtained for groups GV and GVI when compared with all other groups (p < 0.05), whereas groups GIII and GIV showed no significant difference between them (p > 0.05). For collagen type III, a significant difference was observed between GII and all other groups (p < 0.5), but no significant difference was found between GIII and GIV and between GV and GVI. Results showed that the deposition of collagen type I was higher when treatment with PRP and LLLT was combined, suggesting a faster regeneration of the tendon.
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Nouruzian M, Alidoust M, Bayat M, Bayat M, Akbari M. Effect of low-level laser therapy on healing of tenotomized Achilles tendon in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Lasers Med Sci 2012; 28:399-405. [PMID: 22370620 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-012-1074-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with musculoskeletal damage. Investigations have indicated that healing of the surgically tenotomized Achilles tendon was considerably augmented following low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in non-diabetic, healthy animals. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of LLLT on the Achilles tendon healing in streptozotocin-induced diabetic (STZ-D) rats via a biomechanical evaluating method. Thirty-three rats were divided into non-diabetic (n = 18) and diabetic (n = 15) groups. DM was induced in the rats by injections of STZ. The right Achilles tendons of all rats were tenotomized 1 month after STZ injections. The two experimental groups (n = 6 for each group) of non-diabetic rats were irradiated with a helium-neon (He-Ne) laser at 2.9 and 11.5 J/cm(2) for ten consecutive days. The two experimental groups of diabetic rats (n = 5 for each group) were irradiated with a He-Ne laser at 2.9 and 4.3 J/cm(2) for ten consecutive days. The tendons were submitted to a tensiometric test. Significant improvements in the maximum stress (MS) values (Newton per square millimeter) were found following LLLT at 2.9 J/cm(2) in both the non-diabetic (p = 0.031) and diabetic (p = 0.019) experimental groups when compared with their control groups. LLLT at 2.9 J/cm(2) to the tenotomized Achilles tendons in the non-diabetic and diabetic rats significantly increased the strength and MS of repairing Achilles tendons in our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Nouruzian
- Department of Anatomical sciences and Biology, Medical Faculty, Shahid Beheshti University, MC, PO Box 19395/4719, Tehran, 1985717443, Iran.
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da Rosa AS, dos Santos AF, da Silva MM, Facco GG, Perreira DM, Alves ACA, Leal Junior ECP, de Carvalho PDTC. Effects of Low-level Laser Therapy at Wavelengths of 660 and 808 nm in Experimental Model of Osteoarthritis. Photochem Photobiol 2011; 88:161-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2011.01032.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ramos L, Leal Junior ECP, Pallotta RC, Frigo L, Marcos RL, de Carvalho MHC, Bjordal JM, Lopes-Martins RÁB. Infrared (810 nm) low-level laser therapy in experimental model of strain-induced skeletal muscle injury in rats: effects on functional outcomes. Photochem Photobiol 2011; 88:154-60. [PMID: 22053933 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2011.01030.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Muscle strains are among the most prevalent causes for athletes' absence from sport activities. Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has recently emerged as a potential contender to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in muscle strain treatment. In this work we investigated effects of LLLT and diclofenac on functional outcomes in the acute stage after muscle strain injury in rats. Muscle strain was induced by overloading the tibialis anterior muscle of rats during anesthesia. The injured groups received either no treatment, or a single treatment with diclofenac 30 min prior to injury, or LLLT (810 nm, 100 mW) with doses of 1, 3, 6 or 9 J, at 1 h after injury. Functional outcome measures included a walking index and assessment of electrically induced muscle performance. All treatments (except 9 J LLLT) significantly improved the walking index 12 h postinjury compared with the untreated group. The 3 J group also showed a significantly better walking index than the drug group. All treatments significantly improved muscle performance at 6 and 12 h. LLLT dose of 3 J was as effective as the pharmacological agent in improving functional outcomes in the early phase after a muscle strain injury in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Ramos
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Marcos RL, Leal Junior ECP, Messias FDM, de Carvalho MHC, Pallotta RC, Frigo L, dos Santos RA, Ramos L, Teixeira S, Bjordal JM, Lopes-Martins RÁB. Infrared (810 nm) low-level laser therapy in rat achilles tendinitis: a consistent alternative to drugs. Photochem Photobiol 2011; 87:1447-52. [PMID: 21910734 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2011.00999.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used and can reduce musculoskeletal pain in spite of the cost of adverse reactions like gastrointestinal ulcers or cardiovascular events. The current study investigates if a safer treatment such as low-level laser therapy (LLLT) could reduce tendinitis inflammation, and whether a possible pathway could be through inhibition of either of the two-cyclooxygenase (COX) isoforms in inflammation. Wistar rats (six animals per group) were injected with saline (control) or collagenase in their Achilles tendons. Then, we treated them with three different doses of IR LLLT (810 nm; 100 mW; 10 s, 30 s and 60 s; 3.57 W cm(-2); 1 J, 3 J, 6 J) at the sites of the injections, or intramuscular diclofenac, a nonselective COX inhibitor/NSAID. We found that LLLT dose of 3 J significantly reduced inflammation through less COX-2-derived gene expression and PGE(2) production, and less edema formation compared to nonirradiated controls. Diclofenac controls exhibited significantly lower PGE(2) cytokine levels at 6 h than collagenase control, but COX isoform 1-derived gene expression and cytokine PGE(2) levels were not affected by treatments. As LLLT seems to act on inflammation through a selective inhibition of the COX-2 isoform in collagenase-induced tendinitis, LLLT may have potential to become a new and safer nondrug alternative to coxibs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Labat Marcos
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP-Brazil
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Joensen J, Gjerdet NR, Hummelsund S, Iversen V, Lopes-Martins RAB, Bjordal JM. An experimental study of low-level laser therapy in rat Achilles tendon injury. Lasers Med Sci 2011; 27:103-11. [PMID: 21547473 PMCID: PMC3254871 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-011-0925-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this controlled animal study was to investigate the effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) administered 30 min after injury to the Achilles tendon. The study animals comprised 16 Sprague Dawley male rats divided in two groups. The right Achilles tendons were injured by blunt trauma using a mini guillotine, and were treated with LLLT or placebo LLLT 30 min later. The injury and LLLT procedures were then repeated 15 hours later on the same tendon. One group received active LLLT (λ = 904 nm, 60 mW mean output power, 0.158 W/cm2 for 50 s, energy 3 J) and the other group received placebo LLLT 23 hours after LLLT. Ultrasonographic images were taken to measure the thickness of the right and left Achilles tendons. Animals were then killed, and all Achilles tendons were tested for ultimate tensile strength (UTS). All analyses were performed by blinded observers. There was a significant increase in tendon thickness in the active LLLT group when compared with the placebo group (p < 0.05) and there were no significant differences between the placebo and uninjured left tendons. There were no significant differences in UTS between laser-treated, placebo-treated and uninjured tendons. Laser irradiation of the Achilles tendon at 0.158 W/cm2 for 50 s (3 J) administered within the first 30 min after blunt trauma, and repeated after 15 h, appears to lead to edema of the tendon measured 23 hours after LLLT. The guillotine blunt trauma model seems suitable for inflicting tendon injury and measuring the effects of treatment on edema by ultrasonography and UTS. More studies are needed to further refine this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Joensen
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health and Social Science, Bergen University College, Bergen, Norway.
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Effect of equal daily doses achieved by different power densities of low-level laser therapy at 635 nm on open skin wound healing in normal and corticosteroid-treated rats. Lasers Med Sci 2008; 24:539-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-008-0604-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2008] [Accepted: 07/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Bertolini GRF, Silva TSD, Ciena AP, Trindade DLD. Efeitos do laser de baixa potência sobre a dor e edema no trauma tendíneo de ratos. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2008. [DOI: 10.1590/s1517-86922008000400008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A dor e o edema são sinais, entre outros, que ocorrem durante a fase inflamatória no processo de cura de tendões lesados. A terapia antiinflamatória farmacológica recebe algumas críticas, com relação a seus efeitos deletérios para o reparo. Dessa forma, ganha corpo o uso de recursos físicos para o controle do processo. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o uso do laser de baixa potência sobre a dor e edema em tendão calcâneo de ratos submetidos a trauma experimental. Foram utilizados 28 ratos Wistar, divididos em quatro grupos: GC - submetido à lesão traumática e ao tratamento placebo; G2 - submetido à lesão e irradiado com laser 2J/cm²; G4 - submetido à lesão e irradiado com 4J/cm²; G8 - submetido à lesão e irradiado com 8J/cm². A lesão foi realizada com a queda de um peso sobre a face lateral do tendão calcâneo direito de cada animal, com energia de aproximadamente 0,40J. A dor foi avaliada pelo tempo de elevação da pata (TEP) do animal caminhando durante um minuto, sobre um cilindro metálico com 30cm de diâmetro em 3rpm; a avaliação do edema ocorreu através de paquimetria; os momentos de avaliação foram: pré-lesão, pós-lesão, pós-tratamento, duas horas, oito horas, 24 horas e 5º dia de lesão. O tratamento com laser 670nm ocorreu de forma pontual e diária. Os resultados mostraram aumentos do TEP e formação de edema em todos os grupos após a lesão; para os grupos tratados houve redução da dor e do edema, fato observado no grupo controle apenas com relação à diminuição de edema no 5º dia de placebo. Conclui-se que o tratamento com laser de baixa potência diminuiu dor e edema nos animais com trauma tendíneo, de forma dose-dependente.
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Correa F, Lopes Martins RAB, Correa JC, Iversen VV, Joenson J, Bjordal JM. Low-Level Laser Therapy (GaAs λ = 904 nm) Reduces Inflammatory Cell Migration in Mice with Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Peritonitis. Photomed Laser Surg 2007; 25:245-9. [PMID: 17803379 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2007.2079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was designed to study the effect of an infrared low-level laser (GaAs lambda = 904 nm, 4 mW) on inflammatory cell migration in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced peritonitis in mice. BACKGROUND DATA It has been suggested that red wavelengths of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) can exert anti-inflammatory effects, but little is known about the anti-inflammatory effects of infrared lasers. Peritonitis is a potentially life-threatening inflammatory condition that may be suitable for studying anti-inflammatory effects of infrared lasers. METHODS Sixty male mice were randomly divided into five groups, and one group was given an intraperitoneal sterile saline injection. In the remaining four groups, peritonitis was induced by an intraperitoneal LPS injection. Animals in three of the LPS groups were irradiated at a single point over the peritoneum with doses of 3 J/cm(2), 7.5 J/cm(2), and 15 J/cm(2), respectively. The fourth group injected with LPS was an LPS-control group. RESULTS At 6 hours after injection the groups irradiated with doses of 3 J/cm(2) and 7.5 J/cm(2) had a reduced number of neutrophil cells in the peritoneal cavity compared with the LPS-control group, and there were significant differences between the number of neutrophils in the peritoneal cavity between the LPS-control group and groups irradiated with doses of 3 J/cm(2) (-42%) and 7.5 J/cm(2) (-70%). In the group irradiated with 15 J/cm(2), neutrophil cell counts were lower than, but not significantly different from, LPS controls (-38%; p = 0.07). At 24 hours after injection, both neutrophil and total leukocyte cell counts were lower in all the irradiated groups than in the LPS controls. The 3-J/cm(2) exposure group showed the best results at 24 hours, with reductions of 77% in neutrophil and 49% in leukocyte counts. CONCLUSION Low-level laser therapy (904 nm) can reduce inflammatory cell migration in mice with LPS-induced peritonitis in a dose-dependent manner.
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Carroll J. Photomedicine and LLLT LiteratureWatch. Photomed Laser Surg 2007; 25:233-4. [PMID: 17603866 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2007.5678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- James Carroll
- THOR Laser Ltd, The Old British Schoolhouse, Chesham, UK.
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