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VİTHANAGE V, C.D. J, M.D.P. DE. C, RAJENDRAM S. Photodynamic Therapy : An Overview and Insights into a Prospective Mainstream Anticancer Therapy. JOURNAL OF THE TURKISH CHEMICAL SOCIETY, SECTION A: CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.18596/jotcsa.1000980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) procedure has minimum invasiveness in contrast to conventional anticancer surgical procedures. Although clinically approved a few decades ago, it is not commonly used due to its poor efficacy, mainly due to poor light penetration into deeper tissues. PDT uses a photosensitizer (PS), which is photoactivated on illumination by light of appropriate wavelength and oxygen in the tissue, leading to a series of photochemical reactions producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) triggering various mechanisms resulting in lethal effects on tumor cells. This review looks into the fundamental aspects of PDT, such as photochemistry, photobiological effects, and the current clinical applications in the light of improving PDT to become a mainstream therapeutic procedure against a broad spectrum of cancers and malignant lesions. The side effects of PDT, both early and late-onset, are elaborated on in detail to highlight the available options to minimize side effects without compromising therapeutic efficacy. This paper summarizes the benefits, drawbacks, and limitations of photodynamic therapy along with the recent attempts to achieve improved therapeutic efficacy via monitoring various cellular and molecular processes through fluorescent imagery aided by suitable biomarkers, prospective nanotechnology-based targeted delivery methods, the use of scintillating nanoparticles to deliver light to remote locations and also combining PDT with conventional anticancer therapies have opened up new dimensions for PDT in treating cancers. This review inquires and critically analyses prospective avenues in which a breakthrough would finally enable PDT to be integrated into mainstream anticancer therapy.
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Yuzhakova DV, Shirmanova MV, Klimenko VV, Lukina MM, Gavrina AI, Komarova AD, Gorbachev DA, Sapogova NV, Lukyanov KA, Kamensky VA. PDT with genetically encoded photosensitizer miniSOG on a tumor spheroid model: A comparative study of continuous-wave and pulsed irradiation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2021; 1865:129978. [PMID: 34487824 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2021.129978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Therapeutic effects of PDT depend on many factors, including the amount of singlet oxygen, localization of photosensitizer and irradiation protocol. The present study was aimed to compare the cytotoxic mechanisms of PDT under continuous-wave (CW) and pulsed irradiation using a tumor spheroid model and a genetically encoded photosensitizer miniSOG. METHODS 1O2 detection in miniSOG and flavin mononucleotide (FMN) solutions was performed. Photobleaching of miniSOG in solution and in HeLa tumor spheroids was analyzed. Tumor spheroid morphology and growth and the cell death mechanisms after PDT in CW and pulsed modes were assessed. RESULTS We found a more rapid 1O2 generation and a higher photobleaching rate in miniSOG solution upon irradiation in pulsed mode compared to CW mode. Photobleaching of miniSOG in tumor spheroids was also higher after irradiation in the pulsed mode. PDT of spheroids in CW mode resulted in a moderate expansion of the necrotic core of tumor spheroids and a slight inhibition of spheroid growth. The pulsed mode was more effective in induction of cell death, including apoptosis, and suppression of spheroid growth. CONCLUSIONS Comparison of CW and pulsed irradiation modes in PDT with miniSOG showed more pronounced cytotoxic effects of the pulsed mode. Our results suggest that the pulsed irradiation regimen enables enhanced 1O2 production by photosensitizer and stimulates apoptosis. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Our results provide more insights into the cellular mechanisms of anti-cancer PDT and open the way to improvement of light irradiation protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana V Yuzhakova
- Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Sq., 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.
| | - Marina V Shirmanova
- Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Sq., 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Vladimir V Klimenko
- Saint-Petersburg Clinical Scientific and Practical Center of Specialized Types of Medical Care (Oncological), 68A Leningradskaya St., Pesochny Settlement, 197758 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Maria M Lukina
- Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Sq., 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Alena I Gavrina
- Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Sq., 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Anastasya D Komarova
- Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Sq., 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Gorbachev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya St., GSP-7, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalya V Sapogova
- Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 46 Ulyanov St., 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Konstantin A Lukyanov
- Center of Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 30/1 Bolshoy Boulevard, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladislav A Kamensky
- Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 46 Ulyanov St., 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
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Algorri JF, Ochoa M, Roldán-Varona P, Rodríguez-Cobo L, López-Higuera JM. Light Technology for Efficient and Effective Photodynamic Therapy: A Critical Review. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3484. [PMID: 34298707 PMCID: PMC8307713 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a cancer treatment with strong potential over well-established standard therapies in certain cases. Non-ionising radiation, localisation, possible repeated treatments, and stimulation of immunological response are some of the main beneficial features of PDT. Despite the great potential, its application remains challenging. Limited light penetration depth, non-ideal photosensitisers, complex dosimetry, and complicated implementations in the clinic are some limiting factors hindering the extended use of PDT. To surpass actual technological paradigms, radically new sources, light-based devices, advanced photosensitisers, measurement devices, and innovative application strategies are under extensive investigation. The main aim of this review is to highlight the advantages/pitfalls, technical challenges and opportunities of PDT, with a focus on technologies for light activation of photosensitisers, such as light sources, delivery devices, and systems. In this vein, a broad overview of the current status of superficial, interstitial, and deep PDT modalities-and a critical review of light sources and their effects on the PDT process-are presented. Insight into the technical advancements and remaining challenges of optical sources and light devices is provided from a physical and bioengineering perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Francisco Algorri
- Photonics Engineering Group, University of Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain; (M.O.); (P.R.-V.); (J.M.L.-H.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - Mario Ochoa
- Photonics Engineering Group, University of Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain; (M.O.); (P.R.-V.); (J.M.L.-H.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - Pablo Roldán-Varona
- Photonics Engineering Group, University of Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain; (M.O.); (P.R.-V.); (J.M.L.-H.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39011 Santander, Spain
- CIBER-bbn, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | | | - José Miguel López-Higuera
- Photonics Engineering Group, University of Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain; (M.O.); (P.R.-V.); (J.M.L.-H.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39011 Santander, Spain
- CIBER-bbn, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
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Ponce Ayala ET, Alves Dias de Sousa F, Vollet-Filho JD, Rodrigues Garcia M, de Boni L, Salvador Bagnato V, Pratavieira S. Photodynamic and Sonodynamic Therapy with Protoporphyrin IX: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2021; 47:1032-1044. [PMID: 33446374 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Sono-photodynamic therapy is a promising anticancer technique based on the combination of sonodynamic and photodynamic therapy to improve the cancer treatment effectiveness. This study was aimed at analyzing the effects of the sono-photodynamic (SPD) activity on protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) solution and PpIX-loaded rat liver. In vitro, PpIX 5 μM solutions were irradiated with light (635 nm, 30-50 mW/cm2), ultrasound (1 MHz, 1-2 W/cm2) and both. The PpIX absorption spectra recorded over exposure time revealed that the PpIX decay rate induced by SPD activity (combined irradiation) was approximately the sum of those induced by photodynamic and sonodynamic activity. In vivo, rats were intraperitoneally injected with 5-aminolevulinic acid at the dose of 500 mg/kg weight. After 3 h of injection, the PpIX-loaded livers were irradiated with light (635 nm, 180 ± 9 J/cm2), ultrasound (1.0 MHz, 770 ± 40 J/cm2) and both using a single probe capable of illuminating and sonicating the liver simultaneously. After 30 h, the liver damage induced by each protocol was analyzed histologically. It was found that a greater necrosis depth was induced by the SPD activity. These results suggest that the SPD activity could improve the PpIX decay rate and have greater scope than photodynamic or sonodynamic activity. Further studies should be performed to gain a better understanding of this protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Leonardo de Boni
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Sebastião Pratavieira
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
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Computational study of necrotic areas in rat liver tissue treated with photodynamic therapy. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2019; 192:40-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Romano RA, Pratavieira S, Silva APD, Kurachi C, Guimarães FEG. Light-driven photosensitizer uptake increases Candida albicans photodynamic inactivation. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2017; 10:1538-1546. [PMID: 28464559 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201600309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic Inactivation (PDI) is based on the use of a photosensitizer (PS) and light that results mainly in the production of reactive oxygen species, aiming to produce microorganism cell death. PS incubation time and light dose are key protocol parameters that influence PDI response; the correct choice of them can increase the efficiency of inactivation. The results of this study show that a minor change in the PDI protocol, namely light-driven incubation leads to a higher photosensitizer and more uniform cell uptake inside the irradiated zone. Furthermore, as the uptake increases, the damage caused by PDI also increases. The proposed light-driven incubation prior to the inactivation illumination dose has advantages when compared to the traditional PDI treatments since it can be more selective and effective. Using a violet light as pre-illumination (light-driven incubation) source and a red-light system as PDI source, it was possible to demonstrate that when compared to the traditional protocol of dark incubation, the pre-illuminated cell culture showed an inactivation increase of 7 log units. These in vitro results performed in Candida albicans cells may result in the introduction of a new protocol for PDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan A Romano
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, PO Box 369, 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Sebastião Pratavieira
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, PO Box 369, 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana P da Silva
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, PO Box 369, 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Cristina Kurachi
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, PO Box 369, 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Francisco E G Guimarães
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, PO Box 369, 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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Mallidi S, Anbil S, Bulin AL, Obaid G, Ichikawa M, Hasan T. Beyond the Barriers of Light Penetration: Strategies, Perspectives and Possibilities for Photodynamic Therapy. Theranostics 2016; 6:2458-2487. [PMID: 27877247 PMCID: PMC5118607 DOI: 10.7150/thno.16183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a photochemistry based treatment modality that involves the generation of cytotoxic species through the interactions of a photosensitizer molecule with light irradiation of an appropriate wavelength. PDT is an approved therapeutic modality for several cancers globally and in several cases has proved to be effective where traditional treatments have failed. The key parameters that determine PDT efficacy are 1. the photosensitizer (nature of the molecules, selectivity, and macroscopic and microscopic localization etc.), 2. light application (wavelength, fluence, fluence rate, irradiation regimes etc.) and 3. the microenvironment (vascularity, hypoxic regions, stromal tissue density, molecular heterogeneity etc.). Over the years, several groups aimed to monitor and manipulate the components of these critical parameters to improve the effectiveness of PDT treatments. However, PDT is still misconstrued to be a surface treatment primarily due to the limited depths of light penetration. In this review, we present the recent advances, strategies and perspectives in PDT approaches, particularly in cancer treatment, that focus on increasing the 'damage zone' beyond the reach of light in the body. This is enabled by a spectrum of approaches that range from innovative photosensitizer excitation strategies, increased specificity of phototoxicity, and biomodulatory approaches that amplify the biotherapeutic effects induced by photodynamic action. Along with the increasing depth of understanding of the underlying physical, chemical and physiological mechanisms, it is anticipated that with the convergence of these strategies, the clinical utility of PDT will be expanded to a powerful modality in the armamentarium for the management of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srivalleesha Mallidi
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Sriram Anbil
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815
- The University of Texas School of Medicine at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Anne-Laure Bulin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Girgis Obaid
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Megumi Ichikawa
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Tayyaba Hasan
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
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Shirmanova M, Yuzhakova D, Snopova L, Perelman G, Serebrovskaya E, Lukyanov K, Turchin I, Subochev P, Lukyanov S, Kamensky V, Zagaynova E. Towards PDT with Genetically Encoded Photosensitizer KillerRed: A Comparison of Continuous and Pulsed Laser Regimens in an Animal Tumor Model. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144617. [PMID: 26657001 PMCID: PMC4686120 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The strong phototoxicity of the red fluorescent protein KillerRed allows it to be considered as a potential genetically encoded photosensitizer for the photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer. The advantages of KillerRed over chemical photosensitizers are its expression in tumor cells transduced with the appropriate gene and direct killing of cells through precise damage to any desired cell compartment. The ability of KillerRed to affect cell division and to induce cell death has already been demonstrated in cancer cell lines in vitro and HeLa tumor xenografts in vivo. However, the further development of this approach for PDT requires optimization of the method of treatment. In this study we tested the continuous wave (593 nm) and pulsed laser (584 nm, 10 Hz, 18 ns) modes to achieve an antitumor effect. The research was implemented on CT26 subcutaneous mouse tumors expressing KillerRed in fusion with histone H2B. The results showed that the pulsed mode provided a higher rate of photobleaching of KillerRed without any temperature increase on the tumor surface. PDT with the continuous wave laser was ineffective against CT26 tumors in mice, whereas the pulsed laser induced pronounced histopathological changes and inhibition of tumor growth. Therefore, we selected an effective regimen for PDT when using the genetically encoded photosensitizer KillerRed and pulsed laser irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Shirmanova
- Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- * E-mail:
| | - Diana Yuzhakova
- Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Ludmila Snopova
- Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Gregory Perelman
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Serebrovskaya
- Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Konstantin Lukyanov
- Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya Turchin
- Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Pavel Subochev
- Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Sergey Lukyanov
- Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladislav Kamensky
- Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Elena Zagaynova
- Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
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Rodrigues PGS, Campos de Menezes PF, Fujita AKL, Escobar A, Barboza de Nardi A, Kurachi C, Bagnato VS. Assessment of ALA-induced PpIX production in porcine skin pretreated with microneedles. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2015; 8:723-729. [PMID: 25319567 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201400081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is used for skin treatments of premalignant and cancer lesions and recognized as a non-invasive technique that combines tissue photosensitization and subsequent exposure to light to induce cell death. However, it is limited to the treatment of superficial lesions, mainly due to the low cream penetration. Therefore, the improvement of transdermal distribution of aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is needed. In this study, the kinetics and homogeneity of production of ALA-induced PpIX after the skin pre-treatment with microneedles rollers of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mm length were investigated. An improvement in homogeneity and production of PpIX was shown in a porcine model. Widefield fluorescence imaging three hours after the topical application of ALA-cream in the combined treatment with microeedles rollers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - André Escobar
- Department of Clinical and Veterinary Surgery, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal-SP, Brazil
| | - Andrigo Barboza de Nardi
- Department of Clinical and Veterinary Surgery, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal-SP, Brazil
| | - Cristina Kurachi
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Biophotonics Laboratory, Sao Carlos-SP, Brazil
| | - Vanderlei S Bagnato
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Biophotonics Laboratory, Sao Carlos-SP, Brazil
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McEwan C, Fowley C, Nomikou N, McCaughan B, McHale AP, Callan JF. Polymeric microbubbles as delivery vehicles for sensitizers in sonodynamic therapy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:14926-14930. [PMID: 25409533 DOI: 10.1021/la503929c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Microbubbles (MBs) have recently emerged as promising delivery vehicles for sensitizer drugs in sonodynamic therapy (SDT). The ability to selectively destroy the MB and activate the sensitizer using an external ultrasound trigger could provide a minimally invasive and highly targeted therapy. While lipid MBs have been approved for use as contrast agents in diagnostic ultrasound, the attachment of sensitizer drugs to their surface results in a significant reduction in particle stability. In this Article, we prepare both lipid and polymer (PLGA) MBs with rose bengal attached to their surface and demonstrate that PLGA MB conjugates are significantly more stable than their lipid counterparts. In addition, the improved stability offered by the PLGA shell does not hinder their selective destruction using therapeutically acceptable ultrasound intensities. Furthermore, we demonstrate that treatment of ectopic human tumors (BxPC-3) in mice with the PLGA MB-rose bengal conjugate and ultrasound reduced tumor volume by 34% 4 days after treatment while tumors treated with the conjugate alone increased in volume by 48% over the same time period. Therefore, PLGA MBs may offer a more stable alternative to lipid MBs for the site specific delivery of sensitizers in SDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor McEwan
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, University of Ulster , Coleraine, Northern Ireland BT52 1SA, United Kingdom
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Luo T, Wilson BC, Lu QB. Evaluation of one- and two-photon activated photodynamic therapy with pyropheophorbide-a methyl ester in human cervical, lung and ovarian cancer cells. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2014; 132:102-10. [PMID: 24607610 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Two-photon activated photodynamic therapy (2-γ PDT) has the potential of treating deeper tumors and/or improving tumor targeting. Here, we evaluated the one- and two-photon activated PDT efficacy of pyropheophorbide-a methyl ester (MPPa), a second-generation photosensitizer derived from chlorophyll a. We show that MPPa, when activated by femtosecond (fs) laser pulses at 674 nm, has high one-photon (1-γ) PDT efficacy against cisplatin-sensitive human cervical (HeLa) and cisplatin-resistant human lung (A549) and ovarian (NIH:OVCAR-3) cancer cells. At a low light dose of 0.06 J cm(-2), the IC50 (the MPPa concentration required to kill 50% of the cells) was determined to be 5.3 ± 0.3, 3.4 ± 0.3 and 3.6 ± 0.4 μM for HeLa, A549 and NIH:OVCAR-3 cells, respectively. More significantly, we also show that MPPa can be effectively activated by an 800 nm, 120 fs laser through 2-γ excitation; at a light dose causing no measurable photocytotoxicity in the absence of photosensitizer, the corresponding IC50 values were measured to be 4.1 ± 0.3, 9.6 ± 1.0 and 1.6 ± 0.3 μM, respectively. These results indicate that MPPa is a potent photosensitizer for both 1- and 2-γ activated PDT with potential applications for difficult-to-treat tumors by conventional therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Luo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Brian C Wilson
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, and Ontario Cancer Institute, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Qing-Bin Lu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; Departments of Biology and Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
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